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If you want complete alternative to practical (ATP) notes for GCE O Level Chemistry
:
(5070), you will love this comprehensive resource I am about to share with you.
But before moving ahead, note that this written paper consists of multiple
(compulsory) short answer questions (along with structured questions). This paper
tests your knowledge about laboratory practical procedures.
Table of Contents
1. Alternative to Practical (ATP) Notes:
1.1. Laboratory Apparatus:
1.2. General rules of solubility (for common salts):
1.3. IdentiXcations of cations:
1.4. IdentiXcation of anions:
1.5. Test for Gases:
1.6. How to solve Moles questions in ATP?
1.7. Some other ATP Concepts:
2. Conclusion:
I will show you (with examples) how to solve these questions. But before that, here is
some basic knowledge about laboratory apparatus you should know.
Laboratory Apparatus:
Below are some details (and uses) of some common laboratory apparatus:
Test tube: They are used for reactions and handling chemicals. They can
be also used for heating solids and liquids for a reaction (but in a small
amount).
Gas syringe: This apparatus is used to add or remove gas from a (closed)
system. Moreover, it is also used during experiments to Xnd out the
volume of gas released (which allows to Xnd out the rate of reaction).
These were some basic uses of the most commonly used apparatus in the laboratory.
Now, let’s move on to the topics which appear commonly in CIE ATP exams.
Note: It is important to know the solubilities of some salts because their preparation is
a part of your syllabus.
Halides:
Bromide (Br -) All are soluble except lead (Pb2+) and silver
2.
Chloride (Cl -) (Ag+)
Iodide (I -)
:
Carbonates (CO3 They (all) are insoluble except K+, NH4+
3.
2−) and Na+
Oxides &
5. All are soluble except K+ and Na+
Hydroxides
When you know about the solubilities of salts, it will be easier to learn the topic about
the preparation of salts (because the method to prepare soluble and insoluble salts is
different).
With this, it is time to move on to another very important topic for the ATP paper, which
is about the identiXcation of cations and anions.
IdentiWcations of cations:
This is a part of qualitative analysis (salt analysis) and is one of the most important
topics for this paper. Therefore, the table below will help you to memorise some
important details.
This table is about the effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia on
cations. (ppt refers to precipitate in the table).
:
Some points regarding the identiXcations of cations (positive ions) are:
Copper (Cu Light blue ppt (insoluble Light blue ppt (soluble in
2+) in excess) excess)
:
2+) in excess) excess)
Now, let me share another important topic with you, which is about the identiXcation of
anions (negative ions).
IdentiWcation of anions:
5. Iodide ion (I -)
The table above will help you to learn about the tests (and observation) for the anions
required by your syllabus.
With this, let’s move on to another very important topic which is about the tests for
some gases.
Further Reading:
Below are some details for you about the tests for some gases. Remember that this
topic is important for your Chemistry exam. Therefore, try to learn them.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) → Bubble it through limewater (it turns milky). A white
precipitate is formed.
Hydrogen (H2) → Place a lighted splint. It goes off with a “pop” sound.
Chlorine (Cl2) → It turns moist blue litmus paper red (because it is acidic in nature),
and then is bleached.
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) → It turns purple acidiXed Potassium Manganate (V||) colourless.
Note that these questions carry a lot of marks (and you have to practise them to get
good grades).
Below I have solved a complete past paper (moles) question (so you know how to
solve them). Therefore, try to understand the concept so that you can solve questions
like this easily.
The mass of calcium hydroxide in 1.00 dm3 of limewater is found out by a student.
The student takes the following steps:
The HCl is added to the \ask until the mixture changes colour.
(a): The diagram below shows the initial and Xnal titration results (I have completed
the below table for you).
(b) (ii): Suggest a more accurate piece of apparatus for the experiment (that can be
used for the experiment).
Answer: Pipette or Burette because they are more accurate than the measuring
cylinder.
(b) (iii): The student adds HCl (hydrochloric acid) drop-by-drop near the endpoint of the
titration. Suggest why the student adds HCl drop by drop?
Answer: This ensures that the experiment is more accurate. This is because if the
experiment is done in this way, it will prevent going past the endpoint.
Lastly, it will ensure that the correct volume (amount) of neutralisation is measured.
(c): The exact experiment is repeated by the student (three more times). The results
are shown in the table below. Tick the best titration result.
Note: The best titration results are those results that are closer to each other (I have
:
completed the table for you).
(i): Use the ticked values (from the table above) and calculate the average volume of
0.100 mol/dm3 the hydrochloric acid (HCl) used.
(ii): Find out the number of moles of the HCl used in the average volume of 0.100
mol/dm3 HCl.
(iii): Calculate the number of moles of Ca(OH)2 (calcium hydroxide) in 25.0 cm3 of
limewater by using the equation below:
2 HCl + Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + 2 H2O
Answer: Using the equation, we can say that the ratio of the number of moles of HCl
and Ca(OH)2 is 2:1.
This means that the number of moles of Calcium hydroxide will be half the number
of moles of hydrochloric acid (HCl).
(iv): Calculate the number of moles of calcium hydroxide in 1.00 dm3 of limewater.
So the number of moles in 1.00 dm3 (or 1000 cm3) of limewater will be equal to:
Answer: To Xnd the Mr, we are going to add relative atomic mass of all the atoms.
Mr = 40 + (2×16) + (2×1) = 74
:
(vi): Calculate the mass of Ca(OH)2 in 1.00 dm3 of limewater. (Use part (iv) and (v) for
this question).
With this, our moles related question has come to an end. If you are having trouble
understanding any question, do leave a comment below.
Moreover, the impurities (in a solution) increase the boiling point. This is because
more heat is required to vaporize the impure solution.
:
The table below shows the colour changes of some indicators (these are
often asked in the moles related questions).
To ensure that the results are accurate (and reliable), we repeat the
experiment and takes the average values.
Conclusion:
Now, I turn it over (to you people).
Which alternative to the practical (ATP) concept you enjoyed reading the most? And
which topic you found the most challenging?
Reply
Alishba
waleedgohar
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