3 basic structures of cells

- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- nucleus

genetic info of DNA

- genome

prokaryotes - long single dna molecule

eukaryotes - many
- packed into chromosomes

humans - 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes

PHASES OF CELL CYCLE

all body cells except sex cells (i.g. bacteria) - mitosis
meiosis - produce sex cells

shortest part of cell cycle, which includes both mitosis &

cytokinesis - mitotic phase

longer stage, where cell grows and copies its chromosome as

preparation for cel division - interphase

interphase subphases:
1. g1 or g sub 1 (first gap) - cellular contents except chromosomes are duplicated
2. s phase (synthesis) - where dna or chromosomes duplicates
3. g2 or g sub 2(second gap) - once the preperation is
completed (double checks)
4. mitotic (m) phase - starts to divide
the cycle repeats

self-check
1. g1
2. s phase
3. s phase
4. m phase
5. all interphase subphases

mitosis
- only occurs in eukaryotes
- nucleus of the cell divides into 2 nuclei w/ genetic material
- funtion: repair of tissues, growth and development, part of asexual
reproduction

MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

(1) prophase
- coiling of long thread-like chromatids from interphase
- formation of spindle fibers
(2) metaphase
- longest stage of mitosis
- sister chromatis aligned at the center
- centrosomes are now in opposite poles
(3) anaphase
- shortest stage of mitosis
- each sister chromatid becomes full-fledged chromosome
- chromosome begin to move on the opposite poles
(4) telophase & cytokineses
a. telophase
- chromosomes in the opposite poles starts to uncoil
- nuclear membrane starts to form
b. cytokinesis
- exterior of cell moves inward until it's divided into 2 cells

MEIOSIS I
- separates homolgous chromosomes
- new combination of inherited parental traits from sexual reproduction
- two stages: meiosis I and II
- DNA has already duplicated before meiosis I begins
- process starts with prophase I (substages: leptotene, zygotene, pachytene,
diplotene, diakinesis)

PROPHASE 1
(1) leptotene
- chromosomes becomes 2 long threads of sister chromatid adter replicating in
s phase
(2) zygotene
- pairing of chromosome starts a.k.a. homologous chromosomes
(3) pachytene
- "crossing over" places when chromosome and its homologous partner exchange
DNA
(4) diplotene
- chromosome begins to uncoil
(5) diakenesis
- dispersion (process of distributing things) of paired chromosome in the nucleus

MEIOSIS I - separates homologous chromosomes

MEIOSIS II - separates sister chromatids

skip

self-check
telophase - g. or k
prophase. - h. or i.
anaphase - d.
tumor - b.
cell plate-c.
metaphase- a.
cleavage furrow- f.or k

e. and j.

cell cycle control system

- handles operation in the cell
－triggers and coordinates key events in cell cycle
＂checkpoint"
a. where stop & go-ahead signals are being regulated
b. if it fails, it loses control over its cell cycle
c. mutations call "neoplasm" passed along cells descendants; accumulation of
abnormal dividing cells; forms a lump in the body called tumor