REVIEWER FOR
NCM 10? BIOETHICS: INTRODUCTION TO BIOETHICS
FR. BRYLLE CALLERA I OCT 1, 2021 (FRI)
TOPICS
1. the importance of bioethics.
2. the definition of terms, especially those terms that we will use or you
will encounter as we go along with our discussions in this course.
3. the history of ethics, or more specifically in particularly the history
of bioethics.
A.
BIOETHICS is defined as a discipline that deals with the
ethical implications of biological research, in the field of
healthcare in the field, field of medical technologies, and
sciences.
(We do research. And of course, these researchers, these practices
have ethical implication because they involve persons, and by ethics,
look into that. It gives us the principle; it gives us the regulation, and
guidelines how to do those researches.)
B.
Bioethics is the study of ethical issues that emanate from
the changes and developments in the life science
technologies.
(Bioethics is defined as the study of those ethical issues that emanate
from changes and developments in those life sciences and
technology. Among of these is genetics, researches that affects, the
genes of a human person, so we can mention genetic engineering, or,
or any, you know, population control those that ethical issues that
arise from developments and changes that happens in life sciences
and technologies.)
C.
It is a branch of ethics that deals with the life sciences,
and their impact in society.
(So, this third definition is more or less a larger scope. It says that it is
the branch of ethics, that deals with the life sciences also Life
Sciences also we can mention a number of Life Sciences, not just
healthcare. We can also include, the beginning the conception of life.
Even death and dying, you know, they are part of life sciences, and
its impact in society.
How does these sciences, impact the society? Or our conception of
what is right and what is wrong? How it affects our communities? Also,
for us persons as we are.)
D.
It is defined as a branch of ethics that goes into biological
science and medicine.
(Also, anything to do with life, and of course medicine.)
F.
It is defined as a systematic study of the human conduct
in the areas of the life sciences and healthcare.
(So more or less. This definition now, is more specific, it goes into the
human conduct in the areas of life sciences, and healthcare. So diri
la hiya na focus hin issues, diri la hya bagan nakadto hito nga mga
changes that arises from developments and changes in life sciences,
technologies, but also in human conduct that deals with healthcare
and life sciences.
So, everything we do as we care to haaton pasyente, everything we
do in relation to our patients or clients it involves bioethics.)
G.
It is defined as it belongs to the hospices, of medical
ethics, and is loosely anchored in the avenues of Life
Sciences.
(So, bioethics bagat hiyat gn susuksuk ha medical ethics, and loosely
anchored in the avenues of Life Sciences and bagat distantly related.
So those sciences that pertains to life.)
H.
It is the study of the moral problems in medicine and
biological technology.
(So, bioethics is defined as the moral study on the moral problems. A
key is the moral problems, when we say about morality it pertains to
what is right and what is wrong.
And of course, it gives us a specific area, a specific scope kung kutob
ngain it bioethics. In the problems in medicine, and biological
knowledge.)
So, those were just a few definitions of bioethics. As mentioned in our
book from Dr. Eddie Gaborno bioethics, a philosophical journey,
and a critical analysis into the life sciences. A Guide to health care
providers.
BIOETHICS
So, from those definitions, we can define in a larger scope or more in
particular are clearly kung anot Bioethics.
What is bioethics?
First, we can say, you know, that bioethics, as a science deals with
the life sciences, namely, medicine, healthcare, genetics,
biology, research, and the like.
(So iton bioethics, dakot iya scope, it looks into medicine, it looks into
healthcare, the way we handle our patients, the way we execute
healthcare, and genetics, and especially those researches and
biology.)
Etymologically, it means from the Greek word bios and
ethos. Bios; life and ethos; behavior, ethics pertains to the
philosophical discipline that deals with the morality of human
conduct.
(So, morality again, morality pertains to the correctness, the rightness
of an action, of a human conduct.)
Bioethics as we can see is a collective effort in philosophy,
theology, law and medicine, as it confronts the complex
crisscrossing and intertwining of science and technology in the
ambit of human life.
(So iton Bioethics actually is a collective effort, inin mga principio, mga
principles, coming from philosophy, theology, law, medicine nga bagat
gn kukuhaan and as we look into it look into the complex issues now
intertwining crisscrossing of Sciences and Technology, of course,
more specifically in the ambit of human likeness.
So amo iton it bioethics, more or less makakasiring kita nga it
bioethics is that science is that ethics that deals with the sciences, life
sciences, mainly medicine, healthcare, genetics, biology, and
research, and the ??, more or less, we can understand more simply,
what bioethics is in that sense.)
WHY IS BIOETHICS IMPORTANT?
(Kayano ba mag kailangan mag study hit bioethics? Di nala kita
kumita diretso dayon panambal? Diri nala kita diretso kung how to
provide healthcare? Kayano we have to study Bioethics? Why do we
have to take this course, or take this subject?)
Now, bioethics is important, first, because there is a
prevalence of Bioethical Issues, whether we like it or not
damo iton it bioethical issues, that pertains to life, (e.g.,
abortion, genetic engineering, even euthanasia.)
Issues that deal to the correctness and rightness of an
action.
(There is a ?? issue, ethical issue that pertains to bioethics, so
mayada kita hini mga issues na sugad nga nahihinabo, or that
is happening as we are having this discussion.)
There is a prevalence of biomedical issues. That is why
bioethics;
1. As a field of study, that gave us guidelines
regulations or principles, how to go along with
them is very much important.
2. Progress and advances in biological technology
have affected human values.
(So, we know, ethics, gives us the principle or give us the idea, the
rightness know what to do. What’s the right thing to do?
So, biological technology, whether we like it or not, have affected our
human values.
So, yana amo iton an development han biological technology naiba
na ghapon an aton human values. Example, an issue on euthanasia
and assisted suicide, or dying. Pag patay han mga kalagsan na waray
na gamit ha society, as those people who advocate those things tells
us so inin na mayda mga tawo nga nasiring “Okay la ito” may mga
tawo nga nasiring nga “Tama la ito.”
So, again, iton development of biological technology have affected our
human values. An issue on abortion or the use of contraception, yana
nag iiba iba ito but, of course, as a Catholic priest, I know where we
where we stand. Pero yana mag iba iba na iton, for example mayda
na siring na okay la iton may nasiring nga diri liwat iton. Depende ito
1

NCM 10? BIOETHICS: INTRODUCTION TO BIOETHICS
FR. BRYLLE CALLERA I OCT 1, 2021 (FRI)
hiton hit era pag understand hit personhood ngan human life. kung
anot pinagkaiba.)
3. Because ethics is essential to the practice of
healthcare, for it provides knowledge of the
morality of an act, and service as a guiding
principle for healthcare practitioners observed in
addressing healthcare issues that are in the first
place, moral issues where the forces of
goodness should prevail over the forces of evil.
(So, ini klaro ini yana kayano importante it bioethics, that was
according to ?? ethics is very essential nga practice of healthcare
because it serves as a guiding principle for healthcare practitioners in
addressing healthcare issues, which in the first place, moral issues,
why man moral issues? Because it deals with a person, nag aalaga
kamo, nag aalaga kamon tawo. Everything that pertains to a person,
it is always a moral issue. Mayda ghap iton moralidad pag abot hiton
tawo, because whether we like it or not, man is a moral being. Kaparte
hit iya pag ka tawo.
So very important, because bioethics gives us a guiding principle in
addressing healthcare issues, especially on our researchers na aton
gn hihimo, para ano? for goodness to prevail, and evil will be avoided.)
4. Good may be done, and evil be avoided in the
practice of healthcare.
(So of course, maaram kita ito na it practice of healthcare, kay danay
baga diri maupay or danay may gray area. May mga situation na we
have to make a decision, for example a situation where you are forced
kung ano tim bubuhuion kung an nanay or an baby? Gin hahatag ito
it bioethics kung anot hihimoun na tama. So very important it bioethics
in the practice of healthcare, but in the core of that, kayano important
ini,
Because healthcare issue is first and foremost a moral issue,
because it deals with persons. So, that is why bioethics is
important.)
So makadto kita it some definitions of terms na are very
important, as we start, as we go along in our course ha
discussion.
The first thing to note is ethics.
1. Ethics - is defined as a philosophical and
practical science that deals with the morality of
human acts or human conduct.
(So, when we say in inga tutulo nga mga butang, we have to be
reminded, first is ethics as a science. Kayano Science it Ethics.
Science means – a systematized body of knowledge.
Ethics - is a systematized body of knowledge.
So tikang pa han una nakada na in inga ethics, and there have been
a collection of ethical views, magiba iba na pagintindi hit ethics and it
is a systematized body of knowledge.)
2. PhilosophIcal (diri ini an pilosopo na diri ito
amo an waray gamit na baton)
- Ethics is philosophical, because it seeks out; it
looks into the ultimate causes the ultimate principles,
the ultimate truth of human conduct.
(And of course, ethics, being practical, it's a practical science,
because it deals of things, because it deals about what to do. Kung
anot angay himoun for every given situation, or for every given
problem or issue that may arise iton na aton exercise of human
conduct or in bioethics, in our exercise of healthcare services.
So, ethics are a philosophical and practical science that deals with the
morality of the human acts or human conduct.
So, meaning of ethics, aside from those three words na akon discuss.
We have to look into the morality of human acts or human conduct. Of
course, we know morality means what is right, or the rightness or the
wrongness of an action, but the key word is HUMAN ACTS, and
HUMAN CONDUCT.
It covered la hit ethics are those what we call human acts or human
conduct, kay mayda liwat gn sisiring in some other way. Act of man –
buhat han tawo, may pag kaiba. HUMAN ACTS it involves our
intellect and will. Act of man – pag katurog, pahkaon, ganoin.
Nagagawas ito hya ha scope of ethics. Kung Human Act na it goes to
the ambit of ethics.)
3. Biology
REVIEWER FOR
BIOETHICS
- study of living organisms.
4. Bioethics
- the study of the morality of human conduct
concerning human life in all its aspects, from the
moment of its conception to its natural end.
(So, by ethics is the study of the morality of the human conduct
concerning human life. From the moment of conception to its natural
end.)
5. Health Ethics
- is the study of the morality of the human
conduct concerning health and healthcare.
Healthcare - is concerned about life in
relation to health, and not in relation to other
fields.
(Health Ethics is different from bioethics, it goes into the
study of human conduct concerning health and
healthcare, specifically health and healthcare. Samantala
it Bioethics, anything about life, anything basta kanan
kinabuhi, basta nag kikiwa, bisan zygote la or ano la dida,
basta may kinabuhi hit kanan tawo ada kay sulod ito it
Bioethics. Pero iton healthcare, it pertains to only health
and healthcare only.)
Healthcare ethics, it sets the standards of guidelines,
relative to studies inquiries and decisions on the part
of healthcare professionals in relation to the delivery
of healthcare.
It treats issues such as our withdrawal of life support
system, testing of diseases, access to healthcare
services, brain death, clinical death, suicide,
euthanasia, vices and virtues, and conscience, and
??
What is the relationship between bioethics and
healthcare ethics?
(Because I know that health care ethics is incorporated to
bioethics. Nasusulod it healthcare ethics ha bioethics.)
6. Professional Ethics
- pertains to the normative moral system that
injuncts a kind of behavior that is expected of a
professional.
(So when we say professional ethics now those are the
behaviors, expected of a professional, of course, iba tim
expectation ha nakahuman pagskwela compared ha waray
nakaskwela, education is important, iba’t gios hit waray naka
eskwela ha naka eskwela. Not of course, diri kita
nakakaminus hit waray maka skwela, they can be good
people…)
HISTORY OF ETHICS
- Ethics as a philosophical ??? has been there since the
ancient philosophers. It is said that it began with the
Greek Sophists. They were those wise men of the
Greeks of ancient time around 5th century BC.
(Plato, Aristotle, even Socrates, they go into that depth, into
that field of study, ethics, the conduct of a human person anot
angay himoun hit human person. Even it aton Asian
philosophy, an era una na mga pakiana is on the area of
ethics. Sanglit mga Chinese philosophers or Asian
philosophies. They always look into the ideal citizen, the ideal
person, something like that.
We can say that the term, the word or the study of ethics have
been there, since the dawning of philosophy. But more
importantly, as we look into the history ethics, they have been
there, Ancient to Medieval Period, Nakada iton hira St.
Thomas and later on to the modern area, but more importantly
we should look into the history of bioethics. Kakano ba nag
start an bioethics?)
HISTORY OF BIOETHICS
2
 REVIEWER FOR
NCM 10? BIOETHICS: INTRODUCTION TO BIOETHICS
FR. BRYLLE CALLERA I OCT 1, 2021 (FRI) BIOETHICS
- the word bioethics was introduced by Danielle
Callahan, in 1969. Together with Willard
Gaylin as the founder of the Hastings Center.
(So, the term bioethics. It was introduced in 1969. This is 20th
century term. But it was Van Rensselaer Potter who
popularized the term Bioethics in the year 1979. Hastings
Center was founded by Willard Gaylin and Daniel Callahan,
and it was the center that addressed the issues of death
and dying, behavior control, genetic engineering, genetic
counseling, population control, ethical issues in
biomedicine, public policy. 1969 mayda na sinisiring
genetic engineering, very advanced at that age. So, it was
popularized at the Kennedy Institute of Ethics an mga founder
ini is Andre Hellegers and father Henry Richardson in
Georgetown University.
So, at the Kennedy Institute of Ethics. The main intensive
trainings in bioethics for healthcare workers, hospital
administrators, politicians, lawyers, public policymakers,
sociologists, theologians, and philosophers. So ano an gn
himo han Kennedy Institute ethics now. Gin serve like a school
and a training center, para han mga kalain lain na mga
professionals na may kalabutan hiton bioethical issues.
Mind you ha States, dako ito na kaso when it pertains to
healthcare practice, crucial ini haira na issue, kay it deals with
the right of persons. 1970, nag abot ghapon an The Society
of Health and Human Values. It was founded by the
Committee on medical ethics and theology of United
ministries in education and methodist, and Presbyterian
Churches Society.)

(In this Society they’ve looked into those. Nauna an Hastings

Center, an death and dying, behavior control, an bioethical
issues, na mag pepertain han health and life on. So, from then
on, until right now, naka-carried out ini na bioethics, bisan an
Catholic Church mayda man ini gn sisiring na opisina that
deals and looks into these bioethical issues na ig didiscuss as
progress and technology.
(This is where we end an aton first part. So, to wrap up. So,
we have discussed, the introduction to bioethics. What is
bioethics? And we looked into the importance of bioethics,
definition, and the short history of bioethics of 1969. So as a
field of study. So, it aton sunod na discussion will be on the
human person and we will discuss the personhood, the human
acts and acts of human. Thank you.)