JE MONDEJAR COMPUTER COLLEGE

BRGY. 71 NAGA-NAGA

TACLOBAN, CITY

Program Title:

Subject: MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE, AND TECHNOLOGY

Topic/s: PATTERNS AND SHAPES

Module: 2

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
a. Define and discuss the patterns and shapes
b. Identify the different kinds of patterns and shapes
c. Give some examples of patterns and shapes

LESSON PROPER
In Mathematics, a pattern is a repeated arrangement of numbers, shapes, colors and so on. The
Pattern can be related to any type of event or object. If the set of numbers are related to each
other in a specific rule, then the rule or manner is called a pattern. Sometimes, patterns are also
known as a sequence. Patterns are finite or infinite in numbers.

For example, in a sequence 2,4,6, 8? each number is increasing by sequence 2. So, the last
number will be 8 + 2 = 10.
Few examples of numerical patterns are:
Even numbers pattern -: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 1, 14, 16, 18, …
Odd numbers pattern -: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, …
Fibonacci numbers pattern -: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 ,13, 21, … and so on.

NUMBER PATTERNS
A list of numbers that follow a certain sequence is known as patterns or number patterns. The
different types of number patterns are algebraic or arithmetic pattern, geometric pattern, Fibonacci
pattern and so on.
ARITHMETIC PATTERN
The arithmetic pattern is also known as the algebraic pattern. In an arithmetic pattern, the sequences
are based on the addition or subtraction of the terms. If two or more terms in the sequence are given,
we can use addition or subtraction to find the arithmetic pattern.
For example, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, __, 14, __.

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Now, we need to find the missing term in the sequence. Here, we can use the addition process
to figure out the missing terms in the patterns. In the pattern, the rule used is “Add 2 to the
previous term to get the next term”. In the example given above, take the second term (4). If we
add “2” to the second term (4), we get the third term 6. Similarly, we can find the unknown terms
in the sequence. First missing term: The previous term is 10. Therefore, 10+2 = 12. Second missing
term: The previous term is 14. So, 14+2 = 16. Hence, the complete arithmetic pattern is 2, 4, 6, 8,
10, 12, 14, 16.
GEOMETRIC PATTERN
The geometric pattern is defined as the sequence of numbers that are based on the multiplication
and division operation. Like the arithmetic pattern, if two or more numbers in the sequence are
provided, we can easily find the unknown terms in the pattern using multiplication and division
operation.
For example, 8, 16, 32, __, 128, __.
It is a geometric pattern, as each term in the sequence can be obtained by multiplying 2 with the
previous term. For example, 32 is the third term in the sequence, which is obtained by multiplying 2
with the previous term 16. Likewise, we can find the unknown terms in the geometric pattern. First
missing term: The previous term is 32. Multiply 32 by 2, we get 64. Second missing term: The previous
term is 128. Multiply 128 by 2, we get 256. Hence, the complete geometric pattern is 8, 16, 32, 64,
128, 256.

FIBONACCI PATTERN
The Fibonacci Pattern is defined as the sequence of numbers, in which each term in the sequence is
obtained by adding the two terms before it, starting with the numbers 0 and 1. The Fibonacci pattern
is given as 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, … and so on.

Explanation:
Third term = First term + Second term = 0+1 = 1
Fourth term = second term + Third term = 1+1 = 2
Fifth term = Third term + Fourth term = 1+2 = 3, and so on.
RULES FOR PATTERNS IN MATHS
To construct a pattern, we have to know about some rules. To know about the rule for any
pattern, we must understand the nature of the sequence and the difference between the two
successive terms.
Finding Missing Term: Consider a pattern 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, In this pattern, every number is the square
of their position number. The missing term takes place at n = 6. So, if the missing is xn, then xn =
n2. Here, n = 6, then xn = (6)2 = 36.
Difference Rule: Sometimes, it is easy to find the difference between two successive terms. For
example, consider 1, 5, 9, 13, In this type of pattern, first, we must find the difference between
two pairs of the sequence. After that, find the remaining elements of the pattern. In the given
problem, the difference between the terms is 4, i.e.if we add 4 and 1, we get 5, and if we add 4
and 5, we get 9 and so on.
TYPES OF PATTERNS

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In Discrete Mathematics, we have three types of patterns as follows:

• Repeating – A type of pattern, in which the rule keeps repeating over and over is called
a repeating pattern.
• Growing – If the numbers are present in the increasing form, then the pattern is known
as a growing pattern. Example 34, 40, 46, 52, …..
• Shirking – In the shirking pattern, the numbers are in decreasing form. Example: 42, 40,
38, 36 ….

SHAPES
In geometry, a shape can be defined as the form of an object or its outline, outer boundary or
outer surface.
Everything we see in the world around us has a shape. We can find different basic shapes such
as the two-dimensional square, rectangle, and oval or the three-dimensional rectangular
prism, cylinder, and sphere in the objects we see around us. These geometric shapes appear in
objects we see as credit cards, bills and coins, finger rings, photo frames, dart boards, huts,
windows, magician’s wands, tall buildings, flowerpots, toy trains, and balloons.

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHAPES
Shapes can be classified into open and closed shapes.

In geometry, an open shape can be defined as a shape or figure whose line

segments and/or curves do not meet. They do not start and end at the same point.

In geometry, a closed shape can be defined as an enclosed shape or figure whose line segments
and/or curves are connected or meet. They start and end at the same point.

Closed geometric shapes can further be put into two broad categories, namely two-
dimensional and three-dimensional shapes.

• A 3-Dimensional Shape is a
solid shape.
• The 2-Dimensional shape is flat.
• It has two dimensions, that
• It has two dimensions, that is,
is, length, width, and depth.
length and width.

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Here’s a list of 2-D or two-dimensional shapes with their names and pictures:

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 Here’s a list of 3-D or three-dimensional shapes with their names and pictures:

The color, overall size, and orientation called the non-defining attributes of a two-dimensional
or three-dimensional shape do not define or affect the shape in any way. These attributes can
change without any effect on the shape.

On the other hand, defining attributes such as the number of sides (parallel or non-parallel,
straight or curved), vertices, edges, and faces of a shape, whether the shape is open or closed,
and the angle measures determine the shape of a two-dimensional or three-dimensional object.
Any change in these defining attributes will change the shape.

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EVALUATION
Direction. Answer the ff. Write your answer on your OFFICIAL ANSWER SHEET.

Name the shapes (2pts)

1. Outline of the door
2. A polygon with 6 sides
3. When you fold square corner to corner
4. A square and triangle on top of it.
5. Shape where life exist.
Determine the value of A and B in the following pattern. (3pts)
A. 15, 22, 29, 36, 43,
B. 57, 64, 71, 78, 85,

Determine the value of P and Q in the following pattern. (3 PTS)

P. 85, 79, 73, 67, 61, 55, 49, 43
Q. 31, 25

What is called a number pattern? (4pts)

Prepared by:

FREDERICK NORADA LIPON

Instructor

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