WHOLE NUMBERS: Arithmetic Operations Without Calculators Electrical MATH13431 N.

Potter

PLACE VALUE: Eg. 2,452,678,932

Hundred Ten Hundred Ten

Billion Millions Millions Millions Thousands Thousands Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
2 4 5 2 6 7 8 9 3 2

ADDITION OF WHOLE NUMBERS:

Eg. Find the sum: 581 + 1,036 + 22

1. Write the problem 2. Working from 3. If the sum of any

vertically, lining up right to left, add the column is greater than 9,
digits with the same digits in each place the one’s digit in
place value. column. Write the the column’s sum and
sum in the same carry the ten’s digit to the
column. next column to the left.

Practice: Unit 1, p. 3: odds as needed

1) 7,312 + 2,504 2) 6,878 + 4,995 3) 2,391 + 3,276 + 8,789 + 1,498 4) 99,999 + 112

Answers: 1) 9,816, 2) 11,873, 3) 15,954, 4) 100,111

Always double check your answers, preferably using a different method.

To check addition, add the numbers again in a different order or use “Casting out Nines”.

SUBTRACTION OF WHOLE NUMBERS:

Eg. Find the difference: 526 - 274

1. Write the problem vertically, lining
up digits with the same place value.
2. Working from right to left, subtract 3. If the top digit in any column is less than
the digits (top minus bottom) in each the bottom digit, borrow 1 from digit
column. Write the immediately to the left.
difference in the
same column.

Remember that ORDER MATTERS when you subtract.

Practice: Unit 2, p. 11: odds as needed

1) 9,768 – 4,320 2) 6,246 – 1,879 3) 8,686 – 358 4) 7,007 – 6,349 5) 6,000 – 3,149

Answers: 1) 5,448, 2) 4,367, 3) 8,328, 4) 658, 5) 2,851

Always double check your answers, preferably using a different method.

To check subtraction, use addition. Eg. 145 – 18 = 127, Check: 127 + 18 = 145
MULTIPLICATION:
Method 1: Traditional Multiplication Eg. Find the product: 1,264 X 382

1. Write the problem vertically, 2. Working right to 3. If the product is more

putting the number left, multiply each than 9, carry the tens
with most digits on digit of the top digit to the next column.
top. number by the Add this digit to the next
ones digit in the multiplication.
bottom number.

4. Multiply each digit of the top 5. Continue 6. Add all the

number by the tens multiplying each digit products to get
digit in the bottom of the top number by the final answer.
number. Line up the any remaining digits
product starting in the in the bottom
tens digit column. Use number, lining up
a zero placeholder. products as before.

Practice: Unit 3, p. 16: odds as needed

1) 87 x 32 2) 746 x 62 3) 245 x 837 4) 306 x 274 5) 408 x 704

Method 2: Lattice Multiplication Eg. Find the product: 162 x 83

1. Draw a “lattice” that has one column
for each digit of the first factor, and one
row for each digit of the second factor.
Draw diagonal lines through the corners
of the boxes and that extend out the
bottom and left side.
2. Each box in the lattice represents a
multiplication. Multiply the digit
above each box by the digit to the
right of the box. Place the ones digit
of the product under the diagonal line
and the tens digit above.
3. Add each diagonal column, carrying
digits to the next column when
necessary. Place the sum for each
column outside the lattice. Read the
final answer left to right.

162 x 83 =
13,446

Practice:
6) 87 x 32 7) 509 x 88 8) 1,258 x 47

Always double check your answers, preferably using a different method.

To check multiplication, multiply the numbers again in a different order or use “Casting out Nines”.

Answers: 1) 2,784, 2) 46,252, 3) 205,065, 4) 83,844, 5) 287,232, 6) 2,784, 7) 44,792, 8) 59,126

DIVISION:
Division Symbols and Words:

Eg. Find the quotient: 3,276 52

1. Find the largest number that will 2. Multiply this number by the divisor 3. Bring down the next digit of the
divide into the first digit(s) of the and write the dividend. Repeat steps 1 and 2.
dividend. Write this number in the product under the Continue until all
quotient, lining it up with the correct dividend. Subtract. digits in the
digit in the dividend are
dividend. brought down.

Practice: Unit 4, p. 22: odds as needed

1) 112 7 2) 3,174 6 3) 5,084 31 4) 6,030 45 5) 21,350 14

Answers: 1) 16, 2) 529, 3) 164, 4) 134, 5) 1,525

Always double check your answers, preferably using a different method.

To check division, multiply. Eg. 234 3 = 78, Check: 78 x 3 = 234

ORDER OF OPERATIONS (BEDMAS):

If a question contains more than one arithmetic operation, follow the rules of BEDMAS to solve.

B Brackets Perform all operations in brackets first

E Exponents Perform all power or root calculations next
DM Division, Multiplication Perform division and multiplication in the order they occur from left to right.
AS Addition, Subtraction Perform addition and subtraction in the order they occur from left to right.
Eg. (3 x 10) + 24 (11 – 3) – 5 = 30 + 24 8 – 5 = 30 + 3 – 5 = 28

Practice: Unit 5, p. 26: odds as needed

ROUNDING:
Eg. Round 45,823 to the nearest thousand

1. Locate the digit in the round off
place. Draw a line to the right of this
digit. The digit to the right of the line is
the test digit.
2. If the test digit is 5 or higher, round
up. That is, replace the digit in the
round-off place by the next highest
number. Replace all digits right of the
line with zeroes.
3. If the test digit is less than 5, keep
the round-off digit the same. Replace
all digits right of the line with zeroes.

Practice:
1) Round 238,497 to the nearest: 2) Round 4,892,991 to the nearest
a) thousand a) thousand
b) hundred b) ten thousand
c) ten c) hundred

Answers: 1) a) 238,000; b) 238,500; c) 238,500, 2) a) 4,893,000; b) 4,890,000; c) 4,893,000