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SELF-PROJECTION
Self-Projection is a defense mechanism that involves attributing one’s own feelings, desires, or qualities
to another person, group, animal, or object. It is the tendency to project your behavior, traits, and impulses
onto someone else.
For example, the classroom bully who teases other children for crying but is quick to cry is an example
of projection. They’re projecting their own sense of shame and weakness for crying onto others as a
means of self-protection.
Why we do Self-Projection?
We tend to project because we have a trait or desire that is too difficult to acknowledge. Rather than
confronting it, we cast it away and onto someone else. This work to preserve our self-esteem, making
difficult emotions more tolerable. It’s easier to attack or witness wrongdoing in another person than
confront that possibility in one's own behavior. How we act toward the target of projection might reflect
how we really feel about ourselves.
Types of Self-Projection:
Projection doesn’t always look the same. In some cases, the individual attributes their negative qualities
or emotions onto someone else. In other cases, they attribute their positive qualities or emotions onto
someone else. Types of Projection are:
Neurotic Projection:
Neurotic projection is the most common variety of projection and most clearly meets the definition of
defense mechanism. In this type of projection, people may attribute feelings, motives, or attitudes they
find unacceptable in themselves to someone else.
For example:
Let’s take the help of an example to make this concept clearer. Say you’ve developed a zit on your face
and you’re extremely conscious about it. You enter your workplace with the thoughts about the zit
constantly running through your mind, and just as you enter your work area, your colleagues look up to
greet you. Since you’re conscious about your appearance, you immediately think that they’re staring at
your zit (even though they are not). And then you say something to the effect of “I know the zit is
unsightly, you don’t have to stare!” This is you projecting your insecurities onto your colleagues. The
truth is, you’re the one who’s feeling that the zit is unsightly, but because you can’t bring yourself to
accept it, you project these negative feelings onto someone else so that accepting the fact becomes easier.
Complementary Projection:
This is a form of projection where one assumes that others share the same opinions, impulses, and
thoughts as you, that they are just as excited about a particular issue or angered by an issue as you are.
For example
A person with a particular political persuasion might take it for granted that friends and family members
share those beliefs.
Complimentary Projection:
This form of projection involves projecting your positive skills and practices onto others. It is the
assumption that other people can do the same things as well as oneself.
For example
A person who is good in swimming, assumes that everyone else knows swimming as well. The thought
that they might never have learned it, never crosses his mind. Or an accomplished pianist might take it for
granted that other piano students can play the piano equally well.
It’s important to note that even if you don’t personally deal with projection issues, you may wind up on
the receiving end of someone else’s projection. For example, you could be accused of being lazy by
someone who is projecting that unpleasant trait away from themselves.
Life Experiences of Self-Projection:
Every person in the world has done some kind of projection in his life. There are many examples of self-
projection that I have experienced in my life:
When sometimes I have a bad haircut, I don’t feel confident about it and hate it. I set up in my made
that it is not a good haircut and get extremely dissatisfied with my hairs. So, whenever a person looks
at me, I always thought they are looking at me because of the bad haircut I have. They are also not
impressed with my haircut. But in fact, they haven’t said a word about my haircut nor they disliked
the haircut. Here I am projecting my disliking to the other person and thinks that they are also feeling
the same way as I am.
Whenever I admire a public figure or social media influencer, it is always because they have some
kind of characteristics or qualities that is somewhat present in myself. I can relate their characteristics
to myself. So all the qualities or traits that is present in me or I want that to be in me, when projected
in someone else I admire and idolize the person.
Environmental Ethics
We as human beings have been destroying the resources of earth as those only belong to us. And
not only destroying the earth but also polluting the environment which is causing harmful effects on other
species. The question arises that do we need to respect other living beings and nature? If yes, then how
much? And also why should we respect nature? The answer is that we are not only living species on the
earth, we are sharing this planet. In this regard there was had been a popular view in past known as
Anthropocenterism which forced on human centeredness. Decartes added up and said that human have
rationality, language and self awareness, this gives us moral status. The later philosophers focused on
pain and pleasure concept. They said that kicking a rock is different from kicking a mouse. This concept
stated that we had a moral obligation on all the living organisms such as plants and animals and bacterias
and mosquitos. Later philosophers said that we have a very low moral obligation towards plants. There
comes a theory known as utilitarianism which means providing greater benefit for the greater number.
Conclusion
We need to understand that we have a responsibility towards environment and plants and other
species living with us.
Core Points
● Anthropocentrism
● Pleasure and Pain concept
● Utilitarianism
Implications
If we start understanding environmental ethics we can:
● Manage global warming
● Manage Pollution
● Manage extinction of species
Making choice
What is the decision making process.
• Frame the Decision
• Structure your mind set
• Consider the Time-frame
• Establish your Approach
• Over view your past experience
• Ensure the pieces Are in place for Implementation
• And imagine the result
Ethics: Ethic is to close to your moral value.Morals depends on very much established principles of
Good and Bad that recommend what people should do, for the most part as far as privileges,
commitments, advantages to society, decency, or explicit ideals.Being moral is doing what the law
requires.
1)Meta-ethics
which deals with the nature of the right or the good, as well as the nature and justification of ethical
claims.
2)Normative ethics
which deals with the standards and principles used to determine whether something is right or good.
3)Applied ethics
It is ethic with respect to real-world actions and their moral considerations in the areas of private and
public life, the professions, health, technology, law, and leadership.
Three Broad Types of Ethical Theory:
Ethical theories are often broadly divided into three types:
i) Consequentialist theories
ii) Non-consequentialist theories
|||) Agent Cantered Theories
Consequentialist theories
• The Utilitarian Approach
• It based upon greatest happiness principle
• The action are right of they are use full to majority of people
For example: A scientist make a new medicine.During experiment some people is No more but this
medicine save more lives.
• The Egoistic Approach
Its bace on Self-interest when his/her wants.which people go with Egoistic approach ignore every UP
and Downs.He dose what is good for him.
• The Common Good Approach
Certain general conditions that are equal to everyone’s advantage.
For example :Building an eco-city for the enjoyment of society and betterment for the environment.
ii) Non-consequentialist theories
• The Duty-Based Approach
The ethical action is one taken from duty, that is ,it is done precisely because it is our obligation to
perform the action.
• The Rights Approach
This approach specifies that the best moral activity is what secures the moral privileges of the individuals
who are impacted by the activity. It underlines the conviction that all people reserve an option to poise.
• The Fairness or Justice Approach
The fairness or justice approach accepts that individuals ought to be dealt with similarly paying little
mind to their station throughout everyday life, that is, they ought not be dependent upon separation.
Normal Good Approach. The benefit of every one approach proposes that moral activities are those that
benefit all individuals from the local area.
• The Divine Command Approach
The believe that things are correct on the grounds that God orders them to be. At the end of the day.
|||) Agent Cantered Theories
• The Virtue Approach
This character-based way to deal with ethical quality expects that we secure temperance through training.
• The Feminist Approach
Feminism is an interdisciplinary approach to issues of fairness and value in light of orientation,
orientation articulation, orientation character, sex, and sexuality as perceived through friendly hypotheses
and political activism.
FRAMEWORKS FOR ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING
Three Frameworks:
• The Consequentialist Framework
we focus on the future effects of the possible courses of action.
• Duty Framework.
One action perform.
• The Virtue Framework.
See the out come.
CONCLUSIONS
Yes I am with all approaches . It help to take better decision in our life. Mostly go to Consequentialist
theory .But me prefer Non-Consequentialist theory . Its cover large amount of moral values.Strongly
agree with framework of ethical decision making.
Which approach help me in my daily life?
• The Fairness or Justice Approach. It stop to me judge the people by its look like.its order to me all
people are Equal and he deserve respect.
Definition of Bias
Prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another usually in a way
considered to be unfair.
How does bias affect our actions?
Most of us believe that we are ethical and unbiased. We imagine we’re good decision makers. Our
decision-making processes in a number of different ways.
Religion bias
Religious bias occurs when assumptions or pre-judgments are made upon a person's membership in a
faith group rather than on their individual merits.
Conformity Bias
Conformity bias is when our deep-seated need to belong causes us to adapt our behaviors to feel like part
of the group. Rather than using personal and ethical judgment, people imitate the behavior of others in a
bid to toe the party line.
Beauty Bias
Beauty bias is a social behavior that we actually have little control over. It adversely affects women in the
workplace. There are more chance to get job opportunities to intelligent women than the intelligent men.
Halo Effect
The "halo effect" is when one trait of a person or thing is used to make an overall judgment of that person
or thing.
Similarity Bias
Naturally, we want to surround ourselves with people we feel are similar to us. And as a result, we tend to
want to work more with people who are like us.
Communism political and economic doctrine that aims to replace private property and a profit-based
economy with public ownership and communal control of at least the major means of production (e.g.,
mines, mills, and factories) and the natural resources of society The main difference is that under
communism, most property and economic resources are owned and controlled by the state (rather than
individual citizens); under socialism, all citizens share equally in economic resources as allocated by a
democratically-elected government “From everyone according to his capacity to each according to his
need," he explained. 2 Capitalistic owners, he believes, would no longer siphon off all earnings. Instead,
the profits would be distributed to the employees. This meant, according to Marx, that individuals would
work hard at what they enjoyed and were good at. They would gladly share their abilities for the greater
benefit. Because they would work harder than in capitalism, the economy would develop. In the
Communist Manifesto, Marx and co-author Friedrich Engels explained 10 characteristics. Liberals
typically believe that government is necessary to protect individuals not pose a threat to liberty American
pamphleteer Thomas Paine expressed in Common Sense (1776), is also related with Liberals so there are
many types of Liberals who have different opinions regarding communism In the United States,
liberalism is connected with the New Deal welfare measures of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's
Democratic administration, although it is more frequently associated in Europe with a dedication to
limited government and laissez-faire economic policies.
Property to land is abolished, and all land rentals are used for public uses.
A high-income tax that is progressive or graduated.
All inheritance rights are abolished. Taking over all foreigners' and rebels' property.
Establishment of industrial armies and equal obligation of everyone to work.
Getting rid of the divide between city and rural.
Free public-school education for all children and the abolition of child labor in factories.
Credit centralized in the hands of the government.
Communication and transportation would be under governmental control.
State-owned factories and industrial equipment would develop wastelands and increase soil
quality.
The only communist countries in the world now are China, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam. Rather than having
achieved socialism or communism, these communist regimes typically claim to be building and striving
toward it in their countries.
Libertarianism (from French: libertaire, "libertarian"; Latin: Libertas, "freedom") is a political ideology
based on the notion of liberty. Libertarians seek to maximize autonomy and political freedom,
emphasizing free association, freedom of choice, individualism, and voluntary association. According to
the libertarian viewpoint, "as much liberty as feasible" and "as little government as required" produce
peace, prosperity, and social harmony. Libertarians range from market anarchists to advocates for a
smaller welfare state, but they all believe in personal liberty, economic independence, and distrust of
political power. They began to evolve into something resembling present libertarian thought in the
writings of such seventeenth- and eighteenth-century intellectuals as John Locke, David Hume, Adam
Smith, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine. Individualism, Libertarians see the individual as the basic
unit of social analysis. Only individuals make choices and are responsible for their actions. Individual
Rights, individuals are moral agents, they have a right to be secure in their life, liberty, and property.
Spontaneous Order The idea of a “spontaneous order”, i.e., an order which emerges as a result of the
voluntary activities of individuals and not one which is created by a government, is a key idea in the
classical liberal and free-market tradition. The Rule of Law, “people can do anything they want to, and
nobody else can say anything Limited Government, “Power tends to corrupt and absolute power
corrupts absolutely.”, Free Markets, Libertarians believe that people will be both freer and more
prosperous if government intervention in people’s economic choices is minimized. The Virtue of
Production There are two distinct classes of men in the nation, those who pay taxes, and those who
receive and live upon the taxes. Peace Libertarians have always battled the age-old scourge of war.
Imperative is a command which consider action as a mean of accomplishing any purpose. For example
Pay your taxes, close the door etc.
There are two type of imperatives : hypothetical &categorical
Hypothetical imperative is a command which compels a man to do or not do any act as a mean of a
accomplishing any other purpose. In hypothetical there is conditions on your having relevant desire.
Hypothetical command purpose is just to fulfil the particular/desire goal.
For example when a student decides that he has to pass a test in the first attempt, he studies as much as
possible to fulfil his purpose.
The categorical imperative is universal and impartial. This this command is unconditional.
For example: “Don’t cheat your friends.” Even if you want to cheat you may not cheat.
According to kant, morality must be based on the categorical imperative. He says that “Act only in
accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a ‘universal
law.’ It means that an idea can be only exposed when apply to every one. Cheating your friend can only
be moral when everyone else's cheating their friends
and it is justified. Kant came up with four formulations of the categorical imperative
The formula of the law of Nature
The formula of the End itself
The formula of autonomy
The formula of kingdom of end
I don't know if you have notice this but all our decisions about ethics so far have had one thing common
and that's God.
The theory of natural law as advanced by Thomas Aquinas, says that morality come from us but only
because we were made by God who preloaded us with moral sensibilities. But many other thinkers have
argued that humanity's moral code does not come from some super natural force.
According to Immanuel Kant, for one thought religion and morality were a terrible pairing and if
anything, the two should be kept apart.
Conclusion
A categorical imperative is based on universal concept of morality which is absolute and doesn't depend
on a personal desire. It states that a person must do or must not do somethings in life. For example; killing
is considered universally wrong so the person shouldn't not kill, no matter what are the circumstances.
Killing is not justified in any case. Same is the case with helping others in need. A person should help
needy people. Ignoring them, treating them as no one is considered universally unethical.
The above example shows that there are some things that are considered universally ethical and unethical.
To identify fairness, Rawls develops two important concepts: the original position and the veil of
ignorance: The original position is a hypothetical situation: Rawls asks what social rules and institutions
people would agree to, not in an actual discussion, but under fair conditions, where nobody knows
whether they are advantaged by luck.
For this Purpose, John Rawls published A Theory of Justice in 1971 and the work is credited with the
rebirth of normative political philosophy. A Theory of Justice argues in support of Rawls’s theory of
justice as fairness, which commands: equal basic rights ,equality of opportunity and raising the
prospects of the least advantaged in society.
Lastly, it can be seen how Rawls’ theory might evaluate the issues raised earlier. At least within
specific societies, each seems to violate his basic principles of justice, and so would be condemned as
unjust. So, even if we ultimately reject Rawls’ approach, it at least seems to offer intuitively correct
answers in several important cases, and for plausible reasons.
FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
The First Amendment of the U. A couple of analysts bundle a couple of those open doors under the
general term opportunity of articulation. Most state constitutions similarly contain courses of action
guaranteeing chance of verbalization. Some give substantially more imperative security than the First
Amendment. Chance of enunciation is central for individual opportunity and adds to what the Supreme
Court has called the business focus of musings.
The First Amendment acknowledges that the speaker, not the public power, should pick the value of talk.
Chance of enunciation is a vital normal opportunity. The ability to impart our viewpoint and talk
energetically is central to accomplish change in the public field. We are going through a period where
people would prefer not to be on a board with people they can't resist the urge to go against.
In any case, we should feel open to being in a room with people who can't resist the urge to go against us
as though not nothing will change. The option to talk unreservedly of talk is maybe the most important
and critical normal freedom. The First Amendment's protection of talk and verbalization is key to the
possibility of American political system. There is a prompt association between the option to talk
uninhibitedly of talk and dynamic larger part administers framework.
It enables people to get information from an assortment of sources, essentially choose, and give those
decisions to the public power. Past the political inspiration driving free talk, the First Amendment outfits
American people with a commercial focal point of thoughts. Rather than having the public power set up
and coordinate reality, the option to talk unreservedly of talk engages reality to ascend out of various
ends. The mind examination of choice researches why we subconsciously make the decisions we do, what
motivates those decisions, and what needs these decisions are expected to satisfy. Independence is the
ability to make their own decisions uninhibitedly and without impedance from others.
The ability to make our own decisions and approach our everyday schedules according to our own
characteristics and tendencies is essential to human balance including when we are more prepared.
Everyone has the honor to this autonomy and opportunity. For a few more prepared people, in any case,
the autonomy and opportunity they appreciated before in their lives is denied in more settled age - often
in light of the fact that others figure they can never again make their own decisions or excusal them when
they do. These cynical, ageist viewpoints towards more prepared people and more settled age are
ordinary, even in friendly requests where there remains a strong method of talking around respect for
more settled people.
Productively solidifying decisive reasoning and dynamic gadgets can help you with making totally
educated decisions, either autonomously or as a component of a get-together. Your decisions.
Obstructions ON FREEDOM OF SPEECH
The option to talk unreservedly is among those normal opportunities that showed up under the solid
mantra of regarding well known appraisal in all circles of the overall population by reasonable countries.
In 1791, as a piece of the First Amendment, the option to talk uninhibitedly was surrendered to
inhabitants of the US by which they allowed to impart their thoughts or go against any appalling events at
both public and official spots. The right which was given to amalgamate public thought into political
route, in light of everything, has become one of the huge purposes behind the dispersal of scorn talk
among the social orders. Also, character passing, encroachment of insurance opportunities, bias, etc are
those scourges in the public eye that moreover have their basic establishments without limits on the
option to talk uninhibitedly of talk.
Keeping in view the recently referenced dispute, various trained professionals and normal freedoms
activists showed up at a goal that unbridled capacity to talk and limitless right to talk openly would give
more harm than anything more to the country. This state of devastation has now required the states to go
to on lengths that would allow the option to talk unreservedly of talk to the degree where the words would
not work for criticizing or maligning others and inciting bias in the public field. Certain people will
investigate the size and repeat of the events that have made incredibly right to talk unreservedly a revile
rather than an assistance to society. There is the amount of events that happened from one side of the
planet to the other was a straightforward word communicated apparently assumed right to talk openly to
scrutinize the fair, achieved the death of the later.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 saw that
This clearly explains that the option to talk openly of talk doesn't maintain making any harm others or to
incite flimsiness in the public field. Along these lines, the public would be given the choice to convey
their objections while the public authority would be obliged to address those fights and ease the worries
of its masses.