Physical Pharmacy Chapter 2 - States of Matter

SY 2022-2023 Mr. Hertz Breshnev Achas

Prelim 09/07/2022

Phase Diagram ● The temperature involved in the gas equations is given

according to the absolute or kelvin scale. Zero degrees on the
centigrade scale is equal to 273.15 kelvin (K)

Boyle’s Law
● Relates the volume and process of a given mass of gas at
constant temperature.
● Inverse relationship of P & V at constant T.
● As pressure increases, volume decreases.

P1V1 = P2V2

Primary States of Matter
● Gases, liquids, and crystalline solids are the primary states of
matter or Phases
● The molecules, atoms, and ions in the solid state are held in
close proximity by intermolecular, interatomic, or ion forces.
● As the temperature of a solid substance is raised, the atoms
acquire sufficient energy to disrupt the ordered arrangement of
the lattice and pass into the liquid form.
● Finally, when sufficient energy is supplied, the atoms or
molecules pass into the gaseous state.
● Solid with high vapor pressures, such as iodine and camphor,
can pass directly from the solid to the gaseous state w/o melting
at room temperature (Sublimation)
● Sublimation is very important in the freeze-drying process
Charles Law
● Direct relationship of V & T at constant P.
● As temperature increases, volume increase
● Charles states that the volume and absolute temperature of a
given mass of gas at constant pressure are directly proportional.
T1 T2
——— = ———-
V1 V2
Gay Lussac’s Law
● Direct relationship of P & T at constant V.
● As temperature increases, pressure increases as well.
● Gay Lussac states that the volume and absolute temperature of a
given mass of gas at constant pressure are directly proportional.

P1 P2
Sublimation in Freeze-drying (Lyophilization)
-—— = ——-
T1 T2
● Freeze drying is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for
the manufacture of heat-sensitive drugs.
● Freeze drying is the most common commercial approach to
making a sterilized powder.
● As implied by its name, freeze drying is a process where a drug Combined Gas Laws
suspended in water is frozen and then dried by a sublimation
process. ● Ideal situation is:
- no intermolecular interactions exist
- collisions are perfectly elastic
The Gaseous State
- no energy is exchanged
● Gas molecules travel in random paths and collide not only with
one another but also with the walls of the container in which they P1V1 P2V2
are confined. —----------- = —---------
● They exert a pressure, a force per unit area expressed in T1 T2
dynes/cm2.
● Pressure is recorded in the atmosphere or in millimeters of
mercury bcoz of the use of the barometer in pressure
measurement.
● Another important characteristics of a gas, its volume is usually PRACTICE SOLVING
expressed in liters or cubic centimeters (1 cm3 =1 ml) IN MIDTERM:))))

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 Kinetic Molecular Theory

● The theory that was developed to explain the behavior of gases

and to lend additional support to the validity of the gas laws is
called kinetic molecular theory.

● 1. Gases are composed of particles called atoms or molecules,

the total volume of which is so small as to be be negligible in
relation to the volume of the space in which molecules are
confined. This condition is approximated in actual gases only at
low pressures and high temperatures, in which case the
molecules of the gas are far apart.

● 2. The particles of the gas do not attract one another, but instead
move with complete independence; again, this statement applies
only at low pressures.

● 3. The particles exhibit continuous random motion owing to their

kinetic energy. The average kinetic, E, is directly proportional to
the absolute temperature of the gas or E = RT

● 4. The molecules exhibit perfect elasticity; that is, there is not net
loss of speed of transfer of energy after they collide with one
another and with the molecules in the walls of the confining
vessel, which latter effect accounts for the gas pressure.

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