BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

MODULE
Module No. 6: Week 6: Second Quarter
ANALYZING AND INTERPRETING DATA THROUGH GRAPHS

Learning Competencies
The learners are able to:
1. Give a set of business data; identify the graphs to be used
2. Draw the graph/table to present the data
3. Analyze and interpret the data presented in a graph/table

Code: ABM_BM11PAD-IIi-6, ABM_BM11PAD-IIi-8, ABM_BM11PAD-IIi-9

Objectives:
After reading this module, the learners will be able to:
1. determine the different kinds of graphs used in data presentation
2. identify the essential parts of a graph
3. determine what kind of graph to be used given a set of business data
4. interpret and analyze graphs
4. draw the graph/table to present a data

Let’s Recall
The following data below shows the sale of raffle tickets made each by 15 members of the Math Club.

5 9 15 25 8
10 16 20 30 5
28 11 33 44 6

Prepare a frequency distribution table.

Let’s Understand
In the previous modules, we knew about tables and how to analyze and interpret data
using measures of central tendency. For this module, we will interpret the data using graphs. This
module will also show the uses of each graph and its essential parts.

Graphs help you visualize data. While textual forms present information using words,
and tabular forms do present it by numbers, graphs present information by using pictures.

There are several types of graphs, among which are:

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1. Line graphs

Line graphs are generally used to show trends. It plots the value of the variable and then connects
the dots in order to give an idea of the relationship of consecutive points. Line graphs imply continuous
change. Line graphs best show the comparison of long series and is best used when attempting to
communicate a data trend.

Line graphs should contain title, label, scale, points, and line. For you to see the essentials parts
of a line graph, let’s have an example.

Example: The data below shows the number of ladders that Molina’s Hardware Store sold over
the last years. Draw a line graph and explain any trends.

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Number of 37 45 50 42 36 28 20
ladders sold

Solution:
To create a line graph:
1. Plot the scores on the x-axis
2. Plot the frequency on the y-axis
3. Connect the points plotted by a straight line.

The line graph below shows the ladder sales at Molina’s Hardware from 2000 to 2006.

Ladder Sales at Molina's Hardware from 2000 to 2006

Number of ladders sold

60 50
45 46
50 42
37
40 28
30 20
20
10
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year

Line graphs are composed of:

1. Title – Ladder Sales at Molina's Hardware Store from 2000 to 2006

2. Label – Number of ladders sold (vertical axis or y-axis), Year (horizontal axis or x-axis)
3. Scale – Number of ladders sold are equidistant; years are equidistant, meaning, the graph is
scaled. Also, scales could be linear or ordinal
4. Points – Points are plotted by matching the number of ladders sold with the year the ladders
were sold.
5. Line – The points are connected by the line

Based from the previous graph, we can say that from 2002 onwards, there is a downhill or
downward trend of ladder sales at Molina’s Hardware.

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 When smaller changes exist, line graphs are better to use than bar graphs. Line graphs can also
be used to compare changes over the same period of time for more than one group.

We can also have two or more lines in a single line graph for comparison purposes. The table
below shows three hardware stores and their sales from 2000 to 2006.

Ladder Sales at Molina's Hardware from 2000 to 2006

Number of ladders sold

60
50 50 49 Molina's
40
45 42 41 Hardware Store
37 38 36 39
30 30 30 34 Angela's

20 20 20 22 24 20
Hardware Store
Lolita's
10 12 Hardware Store
0 4
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year

Based from the previous graph, we can say that Angela’s Hardware Store has a rapidly increasing
trend in ladder sales as compared to Molina’s (decreasing from 2002 onwards) and Lolita’s
Hardware Stores (slightly increasing).

A frequency polygon is a special type of line graph wherein the first and the last point are
connected to the y-axes, forming a polygon.

Example: The data below shows the height of 20 players in a certain basketball team. Create a
frequency polygon.

67 71 69 72 75 74 68 72 72 70
70 69 70 68 71 72 72 70 73 68

Solution: The graph below shows a frequency polygon of the heights of a certain basketball team

Height of 20 Men in a certain Basketabll Team

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Number of players

5
4
3
2
1
0
66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
Height (in inches)

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2. Bar graph

Bar graphs are best used to compare values across categories. It shows data in terms of
rectangles, which are called bars, thus, bar graph. The bars represent different categories of data. The
length or height of the bar is equal to the quantity within the category of data.

Note that when trying to measure change over time, bar graphs are best when the changes are
larger.

For you to see the essentials parts of a bar graph, let’s have an example.

Example: Sheena wants to know the favorite color of her classmates. She collects the data and
wrote this.
Red Blue Orange Yellow Green
Blue Orange Blue Orange Orange
Orange Violet Yellow Green Blue
Yellow Blue Red Red Yellow
Violet Blue Green Blue Green
Blue Green Violet Blue Red
Green Violet Blue Yellow Violet
Orange Green Blue Green Blue
Solution: First, determine the number of students who chose red, orange, yellow, green, blue
and violet.

Red has 4, Orange has 6, Yellow has 5, Green has 8, Blue has 12, and Violet has 5

The table below shows a bar graph of Sheena’s favorite colors.

Sheena's Classmates' Favorite Color

15
Number of students

12
10 8
6
5 5
5 4

0
Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet
Colors

Bar graphs are composed of:

1. Title – Sheena's Classmates' Favorite Color
2. Label – Number of Students (vertical axis or y-axis), Colors (horizontal axis or x-axis)
3. Scale – Colors are equidistant; number of students are equidistant, meaning, the graph is
scaled. Also, scales could be linear or ordinal
4. Bar – The bars are clearly shown depicting the number of students to the colors. Take note
that each bar should have the same width.

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 As you can see on the graph above, many of Sheena’s classmates chose blue as their favorite
color. Colors yellow and violet are tied with 5 votes, while Red was the least, having only 4 students
wo chose it.

A histogram is a special type of bar graph. While bar graphs usually have spaces in between each
column, histograms don’t. It means that each column of bar graphs represents a group defined by a
categorical variable, while histograms represents a group by a continuous, quantitative variable.

Example: The table below shows the frequency distribution table of the people’s ages who
retired. Create a histogram using the data from the table below.
Age Frequency
55 1
57 2
58 2
59 3
60 3
63 4
64 5
Total 20

The histogram will have the frequency on the y-axis and the ages on the x-axis.

Age of Retirement
6
5
Number of People

5
4
4
3 3
3
2 2
2
1
1
0 0 0 0
0
55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
Age

3. Pie Chart/ Circle Graphs

Pie charts or circle graphs are used to compare parts of the whole. It is a circle with radii
connecting the center to the edge of the circle. The area between two radii is called a slice. The
proportions of the data values in the pie chart to the whole are reflected in the areas of the slices.
Generally speaking, it is divided into sections representing certain quantities.

In constructing a pie graph, find the percent for each category and then multiply each percent by
360° since there are 360° in a circle. Draw the graph using a protractor to measure the angles.

Pie charts should contain title, key or legend, and the circle. For you to see the essentials parts of
a line graph, let’s have an example.

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 Example: Aldous is a professor earning ₱30 000.00 a month. He spends his salary to the
following: ₱10 000.00 for food, ₱4 500.00 for rent, ₱2 000.00 for his load allowance, ₱5 000.00
for clothing, ₱2 500 for utilities and the rest for savings. Prepare a pie chart.

Solution: Determine his savings by adding all the expenses and subtracting it from his earnings.

Savings = Earnings – Expenses

Savings = ₱30 000.00 – (₱10 000.00 + ₱4 500.00 + ₱2 000.00 + ₱5 000.00 + ₱2 500.00)
Savings = ₱30 000.00 - ₱24 000.00
Savings = ₱6 000.00

Now, find the percent for each expense. Use the formula

𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ⨯ 100%.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

₱10 000.00
For food: ⨯ 100% = 33. 3̅% (33% 𝑖𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑) 33. 3̅% ⨯ 360° = 120°
₱30 000.00
₱4 500.00
For rent: ₱30 000.00 ⨯ 100% = 15% 15% ⨯ 360° = 54°
₱2 000.00
For load allowance: ₱30 000.00 ⨯ 100% = 6. 6̅% (7% 𝑖𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑) 6. 6̅% ⨯ 360° = 24°
₱5 000.00
For clothing: ₱30 000.00 ⨯ 100% = 16. 6̅% (17% 𝑖𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑) 16. 6̅% ⨯ 360° = 60
₱2 500.00
For utilities: ₱30 000.00 ⨯ 100% = 8. 3̅% (8% 𝑖𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑) 8. 3̅% ⨯ 360° = 30°
₱6 000.00
For savings ₱30 000.00 ⨯ 100% = 20% 20% ⨯ 360° = 72°

Take note that the sum of percents of each section/slice in a pie chart should be 100%

The graph below shows Aldous’ Monthly expense

Aldous’ Monthly Expense

Food
20% Rent
33%
Load Allowance
8%
Clothing
17% Utilities
15%
7%
Savings

Here are the essential parts of a pie chart

1. Title – Aldous’ Monthly Expense

2. Key or Legend – The colors and the expense are the key/ legend
3. Circle – The circle is the chart itself.

4. Scatter Diagram – A graph of paired data. The basic patterns in a scatter diagram are shown
below

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 25 30
20 25
20
15
15
10
10
5 5
0 0
0 10 20 0 10 20
A. B.

20 20 20

15 15 15

10 10 10

5 5 5

0 0 0
0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10 20
C. D. E.

The pattern in A shows a positive, somehow linear relationship, which means as the value of the
variable x increases, the values of the variable y increases as well. The pattern in B shows a negative,
somehow linear relationship, meaning as the value of the variable x increases, the values of the variable
y decreases. Patterns C and D have non-linear relationships. Pattern E shows no relationship between
variables.

Let’s have an example for you to know and understand how a scatter diagram.

Example: The data below shows the number of gold and silver medals won by various countries
in the Olympic games in a certain year. Draw and analyze a scatter plot for the data.
Gold, x 12 10 11 6 8 2 9 6 4 4
Silver, y 16 13 7 3 10 4 9 6 5 4
Solution:
Step 1: Draw the x and y-axes. Make two scales.
Step 2: Plot the points on the graph as shown below.

Gold and Silver Medals

18
16
14
Silver medals

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Gold medals

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 Based on the diagram above, we can see that there is a slight positive relationship between the
number of gold and silver medals a country won.

5. Stem and Leaf Plot – It uses part of the data values to form classes. It is a combination of histogram
and frequency distribution table. The stem is the leading digit while the leaf is the trailing digit.
Let’s have an example to fully understand the stem and leaf plot
Example: The ages of 30 CEO’s of large groups and companies are shown. Construct a stem
and leaf plot and make a conclusion.
62 70 64 56 48 63 59 61 63 55
52 47 65 73 75 60 59 61 48 57
56 63 74 63 62 69 67 56 65 78
Solution:
Step 1: Arrange the data in order. It will help you in drawing the plot.

47, 48, 48, 52, 55, 56, 56, 56, 57, 59, 59, 60, 61, 61, 62, 62, 63, 63, 63, 63, 64, 65, 65, 67, 69,
70, 73, 74, 75, 78

Step 2: Separate the data according to their first digit.

47, 48, 48
52, 55, 56, 56, 56, 57, 59, 59
60, 61, 61, 62, 62, 63, 63, 63, 63, 64, 65, 65, 67, 69
70, 73, 74, 75, 78
Step 3: Make a display using the leading digit (tens’ digit) as the stem and the trailing digit
(ones’ digit) as the leaf. For example, for the data value 76, 7 is the leading digit (tens’ digit)
while 6 is the trailing digit (ones’ digit). The plot can be constructed as shown:

Stem Leaf
4 7, 8, 8
5 2, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 9, 9
6 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9
7 0, 3, 4, 5, 8
The plot shows that the class with the most number (14) is 60 – 69.

6. Box and Whisker Plot – It is a way to show the spread and centers of a data set using the five-
number summary. It consists of the minimum (lowest score), 1st quartile, median, 2nd quartile and
maximum (highest score). The example below will show you how to make a box and whisker plot.

Example: James works at a gadget store. He also recorded the number of sales he made each
month. In the past 12 months, he sold the following numbers of smartphones.

52, 18, 26, 40, 7, 50, 63, 42, 21, 8, 44, 14.
Step 1: First, arrange the data in ascending order.
7, 8, 14, 18, 21, 26, 40, 42, 44, 50, 52, 63
Step 2: Find the median
𝑛+1
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( 2 )𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 where n is the number of values
12+1 𝑡ℎ
. 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( ) 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 6.5𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖on
2
26+40
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 2 = 33
Step 3: Find Q1 and Q3
There are 6 numbers below the median, namely 7, 8, 14, 18, 21, 26
Q1 = Median of the six

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 6+1 𝑡ℎ
. 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( 2
) 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 3.5𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖on
(𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑+ 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒) 14+18
𝑄1 = 2
= 2 = 16
There are 6 numbers above the median, namely 40, 42, 44, 50, 52, 63
Q3 = Median of the six
6+1
. 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( 2 )𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 3.5𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖on
(𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑+ 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒) 44+50
𝑄3 = = = 47
2 2
Step 4: Write the 5-number summary
Minimum = 7 Q1 = 16 Median = 33
Q3 = 47 Maximum = 63
Step 5: Draw the box and whisker plot.

Maximum (Highest
Score)
Q3

Median

Q1

Minimum (Lowest Score)

Note: A box and whiskey plot can be done either horizontal or vertical.

The flowingdata.com has given seven tips in preparing a chart/ graph:

1. Check the data – If your data is weak, your graph is weak, so make sure it makes sense.
2. Explain encodings – Provide a legend, directly labelling shapes or describing your graphic in a
lead-in paragraph.
3. Label axes - Labe your axes so that the readers know what scale points are plotted on
4. Include units - Indicate the unit of the numbers or values in the graph. It could be hours, ages,
units, or even currency
5. Keep your geometry in check – Size circles and other two-dimensional shapes by area, unless it
is a bar graph or something like that.
6. Include your sources – Always include where the data is from.
7. Consider your audience – Take into account who and what your graphs and charts are for, and
design accordingly.

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 Let’s Apply

Answer the following. Write your answers and solutions on a separate sheet provide.

1. The graph below shows the weekday ratings of Station A and Station B on a 10:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m.
timeslot.

Weekday Rating for 10 a.m. to 11 a.m. Timeslot

9.2 8.8
10 8.1
7.1 6.5
8 6 6.2 5.7
Axis Title

6 4.3
3.4
4 Station A
2
Station B
0
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Days

a. What day did Station A get the highest rating? The lowest?
b. What day did Station B get the highest rating? The lowest?
c. What conclusions can you get from the graph?

2. The graph below shows the number of men and women who voted for the best fruit juice flavor.

Votes of Men and Women for the Best Fruit Juice Flavor
500 450
375
Number of Votes

400 325 350 325 300

250 275
300
200 200
200 Men
100 Women
0
Orange Mango Pineapple Grapes Melon
Fruit Juice Flavors

a. What is men’s best fruit juice flavor? Women’s best juice flavor?
b. What is the total number of men who voted for the fruit juice flavors? Women?
c. How many percent of all men who voted, chose:
1. orange? 2. mango? 3. pineapple? 4. grapes? 5. melon?
d. How many percent of all women who voted, chose:
1. orange? 2. mango? 3. pineapple? 4. grapes? 5. melon?

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3. The diagram below shows ages of 20 elementary pupils and the age of their pet dogs in months.

Elementary Pupils and Their Pets

7
Age of dog in months

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Age of Elementary Pupils

a. What is the age having the oldest dog based from the data above? The youngest?
b. What can you conclude from the diagram above?

4. The graph below shows the shares of stocks of a certain company worth ₱1 000 000 000

Shares of Stock

Mrs. Cruz
20% Mr. Dy
30%
5% Ms. Lim
Mr. Panganiban
15%
3% Mrs. Ippi
12% 10% 5%
Mr. Yuz

1. How much is Mr. Yuz’s shares from the company? Ms. Ippi’s shares?
2. Who has the most shares of stocks? The least?

5. The diagram below shows the ages of 50 persons who committed theft at a certain city.

Stem Leaf
1 8, 8, 9, 9, 9
2 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
3 0, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9
4 0, 0, 1, 4, 4, 4, 5, 7, 9, 9
5 0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7

a. Which age range has the greatest number of thieves? The least?
b. What is the age having the greatest number of thieves at a certain city?
c. What can you conclude from the diagram above?

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6. The graph below shows Angela and Harley’s scores in their quizzes in Business Math and General
Mathematics.

a. Which student performed better in Business Mathematics?

b. Which student performed better in General Mathematics?
c. Which student performed better in Economics?

Let’s Analyze
Answer the following. Write your answers on the answer sheet provided.

1.. The data below shows the number of 300 students of a certain university who chose their major
fields of study in Education.

English Mathematics Science Filipino Total

Male 34 41 67 58 200
Female 26 39 23 12 100

a. Prepare a line graph in proper form and label the parts.

b. What percent of Science students are female?
c. What percent of male students chose Mathematics?
d. Prepare a bar graph for the total number of students in each subject.
e. What conclusions can you get from your graph?

2. You were given the following data on the hours Cherry spent on activities in a day.

Activity Number of Hours Spent

Work 9
Sleep 8
Travel 3
Leisure 2
Meals 2

a. Compute the corresponding percent for the activities.

b. Prepare a pie chart based on the table above. Label the parts of the chart.
c. What conclusions can you derive from the table

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3. The table below shows the age and the weight of 8 employees in pounds. Construct and analyze a
scatter plot diagram for the data.

Age, x 50 38 20 26 52 47 42 34
Weight, y 140 172 170 157 145 150 110 169

4. The data below shows the number of passengers on buses over a 24-hour period. Construct a stem
and leaf plot for this data and make a conclusion.

37 42 28 19 14 39 40 25
38 22 45 16 20 16 27 37
35 31 27 18 29 22 10 25

5. The data below shows the height of 15 growing plants in a span of 2 months. Construct a box and
whiskey plot.
37 42 28 19 14

38 22 45 16 20

35 31 27 18 29

Let’s Try
The table below shows the age group of the confirmed number of cases of COVID-19
in the Philippines as of August 23, 2020.

Age Group Number of cases Age Group Number of cases

9 years and younger 4 538 50-59 years old 22 336
10-19 years old 7 955 60-69 years old 13 027
20-29 years old 46 478 70-79 years old 5 756
30-39 years old 43 297 80 years old and older 2 184
40-49 years old 29 790

Create a line graph, bar graph, and pie chart using the table above. Answer the following questions
below afterwards.

1. Which chart/graph did you make it the easiest? Why?

2. Which chart/graph did you make it the hardest? Why?

3. Which chart is the easiest to understand? Why?

4. Which chart is the hardest to understand? Why?

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