II.

Multiple choice (Biomolecules)

The digestive process is occurring. In order for organisms to
live and function they require energy. Eating and digesting
food provides the body with chemical energy in the form of
ATP.
CARBOHYDRATES
Most common organic molecule
 Function: Primary energy source our body needs
Supplies energy to our brain
Provide quick energy to our body
 Elements present: C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio)
 Monomer (building block):
Monosaccharides (Glucose is most common)
 Polymer: Polysaccharides (starch, Glycogen, Cellulose,
Chitin)
 Examples: Chocolate, Bread, Pasta, Fruits, Vegetables
beans, milk, popcorn, potatoes, cookies, spaghetti, soft
drinks, corn, and cherry pie.
MONOSACCHARIDES are the simplest form of
carbohydrates. Examples: Glucose, Fructose Galactose
POLYSACCHARIDES many
DISACCHARIDES two
MONOSACCHARIDES one
LIPIDS: FATS AND OILS
 Function: Store energy, Insulates your body
(maintains homeostasis), and make up the cell
membrane, Made mainly of carbon and hydrogen
(few oxygen), Fat best method of STORING, forms
cell membranes, Insulates nerve cells (myelin),
 Elements: C-H-O
 Monomer (Building blocks): glycerol & 3 fatty acids
 Polymer: Phospholipids, triglycerides
 Example: Steroids, cholesterol, fats, Oils, Nuts,
Waxes, and make up part of the cell membrane
Lipids are Hydrophobic (water fearing) and do not dissolve in
water!
SATURSTED: The bonds between all the carbons are single
bonds.
Solid at room temperature
Mainly animal fats (bacon grease, lard)
UNSATURATED: There is at least one double or triple bond
between carbons present.
Liquid at room temperature
Mainly plant based fats (olive oil, peanut oil) as well as oily
fish (Tuna, Sardines)
PROTEINS Function of Proteins
 Elements: C-H-O-N  Provides us with building blocks for life!
 Monomer (Building Block): amino acids (20 different  Also regulate most functions in a cell.
ones!)  Glycoproteins (antigens)
 Polymer: proteins (tons)  Combines w/DNA to form chromosomes
 Examples of proteins: hemoglobin in red blood cells,  Turns genes on and off
albumin in eggs, enzymes that control reactions in the  Antibodies (fights disease)
body, and antibodies  Provides structure & strength (fibers)
 Found in: fish, eggs, meat  Transports molecules in & out cells
“R” groups represent one of the 20 Amino Acids! (so, each  Hemoglobin (transports O2)
amino acid has something different in that spot)  Enzymes (speeds up rxns)- has –ase suffix
 Acts as hormones (insulin)- many proteins have suffix
MONOMER: Amino Acids
of -in
 Contains C, H, O, N
 20 types
 Has both hydrophobic & hydrophylic ends
 Differ in R-group
 R-group can be acidic, basic or neutral
 Makes polypeptide then makes proteins
POLYMER: Polypeptide (peptide means bond)
 Formed by dehydration synthesis
 Sequence determined by DNA
 3-D and folds to take up less space
NUCLEIC ACIDS  Contains phosphorus & oxygen
 Polymer: polynucleotide
 Function:
Provide our genetic information Function Polypeptide: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Holds the instructions to make proteins.
 contains the genetic code
 Elements: C-H-O-N-P
 stores & transmit heredity/genetic information
 Monomer : nucleotides
 found in the nucleus (mitochondria)
 A nucleotide is made up of:
Sugar  Double stranded (double helix)
Phosphate Function Polypeptide: RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Nitrogen Base: A, T, G, C, or U
 Polymer: DNA, RNA and ATP  Carries info from DNA to cell
 Helps in protein synthesis
Nucleotide: Nitrogen Bases  found in ribosomes & nucleoli
 5 types  Single stranded
 Cytosine Polypeptide: ATP
 Guanine
 Adenine  Contains adenine, ribose sugar, 3 phosphates
 Thymine (in DNA only)  Stores and releases energy
 Uracil (in RNA only)
 Purines or pyrimidines
Nucleotides: 5-carbon sugar and phosphate group
 2 types of sugars
Ribose (in RNA only)
Deoxyribose (in DNA only)
 Phosphate group