NOTEBOOK OF

RETAKING ACTIVITIES
GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
2nd ESO

HISTORY UNITS
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 Units 1 and 2: Islam and Al-Andalus

Islam is a monotheist religion that believes in an only God. The prophet Muhammad preached this religion
in Arabia during the 7th century (from 622 onwards). The new religion spread throughout Asia, north of
Africa and part of Europe. The Muslims arrived to the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) in 711 and remained
there until 1492. They influenced our culture, art and customs.

A.-Read and study: Pages 22,23,30,31,32,33,34

Study the unit focusing on the appearance of Islam, Muhammad, the expansion of Islam and the phases of
the conquest of Al-Andalus.

B.- Activities.

1-Complete the following sentences:

– Islam appeared in the ……… century in the ……………… Peninsula.

– Arabia is placed between the ……………. sea and the …………….. Gulf.
– The founder of Islam was ……….……. and its teachings are collected in the …………….., the holy book.
– The Muslim calendar begins in 622, when Muhammad fled to ………………. This event is known as the
…………...
2- Explain who was Muhammad and which were the most important events in his life.

3- Define the following concepts: Caliph, berbers, emir, mozarab.

4.- Explain what is this building, the name and function of its different parts.

5- Which are the five pillars of Islam? Tell other codes of behaviour of Islam that you know.

6- How was it called the state that the Muslims founded in the Iberian Peninsula? What were the different
political phases and its most important political events?

7- Mark, in the adjoining map of the situation of the Mediterranean Sea between the 8th and 9th centuries,
the big empires at that time, the cities where Islam emerged and the territories across which Islam
expanded.

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 Unit 3: Feudal Europe

At the time of Feudalism the society was formed by privileged and non-privileged. The nobility and the
clergy were part of the privileged and they owned the power; the non-privileged were the poor people that
lived in the countryside.

A.-Read and study: Pages 53, 54, 56, 60 and 62

Study the unit focusing on the feudal system of relationships and the medieval society: privileged and non
privileged.

B.- Activities.

8- What is a estate? Which are the three estates in medieval society?

What was the function of each estate?

9- What was the place of the King in the social pyramid? What did he have exclusive authority on? Who
adviced him?

10- Draw the pyramid of the feudal society.

11- Explain all what you know about vassalage.

12- Define fiefdom and explain the parts in which it was divided.

13- What kind of peasants farmed the land of the lords?

Units 4 and 7 : The Peninsular Kingdoms

During the 8th century, after the Muslims occupied the Iberian Peninsula, the inhabitants of the Cantabrian
and Pyrenean areas could oppose their advance. Since then, they founded kingdoms and counties and the
process of Reconquest started.

A.-Read and study: Pages 72, 73, 78, 136,140 and 142

Study the unit focusing on the points of the formation of the first Peninsular Kingdoms, the Jacobean Route
and the kingdoms of Castile, Aragon and Navarre.

B.- Activities.

14- Write the name of the different areas of Christian resistance.

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 15- Identify as true (T) or false (F) the following sentences:

a- Pelagius was an Asturian leader that resisted in Covadonga the Muslim attack.

b- Charlemagne founded the Marca Hispánica along the Pyrenees.

c- The only Christian kingdom was founded in the Pyrenees.

16- Define the following concepts: Marca hispánica, Pre-romanesque, taxes.

17- Explain the concept of Reconquista.

18- 0bserve the image in page 78 and explain what is the Camino de Santiago (who walked by it, what
clothing and elements people wore, what has been its importance in art, its route).

19- Explain the Government Institutions in the Crown of Castile.

20.- Copy the diagram: The Functioning of the Medieval Cortes (p. 137)

21- What is the basis of the prosperity in the Crown of Aragón? Explain which was the social group that
ruled this activity.

22- What problems affected Navarre since the 13th century?

23- Complete the following sentences:

In Castile the monarchy was ................. : it was formed by one .............................. In the Crown of Aragon
the monarchy was………... ..................…….... : it was formed by several kingdoms (Aragón, ………………………,
…………………..and ..............)

Unit 5 : the Romanesque

During the High Middle Ages a new artistic style, known as the Romanesque, developed in western Europe.
It began in the 11th century and reached its peak along the 12th century. This style was characteristic of the
feudal world.

A.-Read and study: Pages 96, 97, 100,102

Study the unit focusing on the characteristics of the Romanesque art: Architecture, Painting and Sculpture.

B.- Activities.

24- Observe the image and answer the questions:

- What kind of painting is it? Fresco, panel painting or miniature?

- What technique do you think has been employed? Explain it.
- Indicate the characteristics of the romanesque painting that can be observed in this image.

25-Explain the most relevant characteristics of the romanesque sculpture.

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 26.Complete : Analizing a romanesque church.
Observe the drawings and indicate the proper
word : buttress/ semicircular arch/ vault/ latin cross
floorplan/ barrel vault

27-Identify in the following image the constructive elements by indicating the number that appears in the
book in page 107:

A vault. What kind of vault?

An arch. What kind of arch?
The central nave.
A lateral nave.
The apse.
The crossing
The dome.
What is the name of this floorplan?
How were the walls of the romanesque churches?
And the windows?

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 Unit 6: Cities in Medieval Europe.

From the 12th century, improvementsin agricultura and a growing population helped Europe’s economy to
grow. This favoured the revival of cities and urban life.

A.-Read and study: Pages. 112,114, 116, 118, 123, 124, 125

Study the unit focusing on the improvements in agriculture, the revival of cities, the social groups of the
cities and the Black Death.

B.- Activities.

28- What determined the increase of the agricultural productivity at the end of the 11th century?
29- Write the name of some farming tools that contributed to the development of the European agriculture
between the 11th and 13th centuries.
30- Mark the following sentences as true (T) or false (F).
a)- The increase in production was a consequence of the agrarian expansion.
b)- The increase of agrarian activities worse the nutrition.
c) -The improvements in agriculture increased the land farmed.
d)- Agrarian activities favoured the revival of trade.
31-Write the concept that define the following sentences:
a) Association of artisans who made the same products
b) Meetings of merchants that took place once a year in some cities.
c) The artisans work in small workshops.
32- Describe, observing the image in page 127, the artisan home-workshop.
33- Explain the Late Middle Ages crisis.
34- Copy the diagram in page 123.
35- What was the Black Death? What were its consequences?

Unit 8: The Gothic Art

During the Late Middle Ages an important urban expansion was expressed in the foundation of new cities
or in the growth of the existing ones. Medieval cities expanded and changed its appearance. Architecture
played an important role, the new buildings were the way to show their power and prosperity. This was the
origin of Gothic Art that spread troughout western Europe since 12th century.

A.-Read and study: Pages. 156,160

Study the unit focusing on the characteristics of Gothic Art: Architecture, painting and sculpture.

B.- Activities.
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 36- Analize the most important characteristics of the Gothic art by indicating its elements in the
photograph:

37- Explain the function of the different elements indicated in the image:

Bóveda de crucería: ribbed vaulting

Pináculos: Pinnacle
Arbotante: Flying buttress
Contrafuerte o estribo: Buttress
Nave central: central nave
Nave lateral: Side nave

GEOGRAPHY UNITS

Unit 1: The Planet’s Inhabitants

Population is a group of people that lives in a territory and demography is the science that studies
population. The increase of the population requires the study of its growth in poor countries, its ageing in
rich countries, the huge flows of migration and how to provide the needs of the world population.

A.-Read and study: Pages. 4, 8, 9,16

Study the unit focusing on the population of the planet, the structure of the population, the population
pyramids and the European population.

B.- Activities.

40- What factors affect the unequal world population distribution ?

41- Write ten cities densely populated indicating the number of inhabitants.
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 42- Define the concepts : natural increase, births, deaths and life expectancy.
43- What are the three population economic sectors ? Explain its characteristics. 
44- Which sector do you think that is predominant in Madrid ? Why ?
45- Mark the following sentences as true (T) or false (F) :
a- The fertility rate in Europe is very high.
b- In Europe there are 738 millions inhabitants.
c- The lowest density of the European population is showed in the countries of the North of Europe.
46- How is the structure of the European population ?
47- What is the future of the European population ?

Unit 2: The population in Spain

Spain is a sparsely populated country with a relatively low average density compared to other European
countries. The distribution of the inhabitants is very irregular and it shows the common characteristics of a
progressively ageing country.

A.- read and study: Pages. 26,28, 32,36

Study the unit focusing on the territorial organisation of Spain, the size of the spanish population, the
structure and the settlement.

B.- Activities

48- Indicate the name of the autonomous communities and provinces and colour the map.

49- What factors influence the size of the spanish population?

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 50- Observe the table in page 29 and indicate which are the three autonomous communities with less
population and the three ones with more population.

51-52- Analize the population pyramids, trying to explain the causes of the differences between them.

53- What is settlement? What kind of settlements are there?

54- Explain the differences between the three kinds of rural settlement.

55- What kind of urban settlement has Madrid? Why?

Unit 3: Human societies and migration

The migration flows have favoured diversity and pluralism in our current world. Spain is an immigration
receiving country but in the last years this tendency has decreased and on the contrary, many people have
been forced to emigrate.

A.-Read and study: Pages. 54, 55, 56, 57

Study the unit focusing on the migrations, current migration flows and consequences of migrations.

B.- Activities.

56- Remember the two kinds of migrations. What are their causes?

57- Look at the map in page 55 and indicate four countries that receive immigrants and four countries that
send emigrants.

58- How are the migration movements today?

59- What are the three effects of migration?

60- What is the difference bettween multiculturalism and interculturalism?

61.- Do you think the cultural diversity is positive in our highschool? Why?

The mark of each exercize is 0,15 except the question 48 whose mark is 1 point.
60 questions x 0,15 = 9 points
Question 48 = 1 point

TRABAJO DE RECUPERACIÓN DE PENDIENTES DE 2º ESO - CURSO 2019- 2020