P

PETROLEUM
COAL AND PETROLEUM
MINERAL OIL
an inflammable liquid composed of
hydrocarbons which constitute to
90 – 95% of petroleum, remaining
are organic compounds consisting
of oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and
traces of organo-metallic
compounds
 CRUDE PETROLEUM
●consists of mixture of hydrocarbons
(solid, liquid and gaseous)
●includes compounds belonging to
paraffin and some unsaturated
hydrocarbons and small proportion of
benzene group
 UTILIZATION OF
PETROLEUM
•provides the most important
lubricating agents and is used as
an important raw material for
various Petro-chemical products

• easily transported from the

producing areas to the consuming
areas with the help of tankers and
more conveniently, efficiently, and
economically by pipelines.
ORIGIN AND OCCURENCE
Oil and natural gas originated from animal or
vegetable matter contained in shallow
marine sediments, such as sands, silts and
clays deposited during the periods when land
and aquatic life was abundant in various
forms, especially the minor microscopic
forms of flora and fauna
 Pre-requisite of Oil Reservoir

‘(i) ‘(ii) ‘(iii)

porosity to permeability to the porous sand beds

accommodate discharge oil and/or sandstone, conglomerates of
sufficiently large gas when well has fissured limestone
amounts of oil been drilled. containing oil should be
capped by impervious beds
so that oil does not dissipate
by percolation in the
surrounding rocks
 Petroleum
Reserves Production Imports
Refining
RESERVES
- Indian Mineral Yearbook 1982 estimated a reserve of 468 million
tons of which 328 million tons was available in Mumbai High
- In 1984, the reserves were estimated at 500 million tons
- The Indian Petroleum and Natural Gas Statistics put the total
reserves of crude oil at 581.43 million tons in 1986-87
- prognosticated hydrocarbon resource base in Indian sedimentary
basins including deep water has been estimated at about 28 billion
tons
- only about one-fourth of hydrocarbon reserves have been
established as on 1 April 2002
- About 70 per cent of the established hydrocarbon reserves is oil
and rest are gas
- recoverable hydrocarbon reserves are of the order of 2.6 billion tons
 Production
- India was a very insignificant producer of petroleum at the time of
Independence and remained so till Mumbai High started production on
a large scale
- off-shore production did not start till the mid-1970s and the entire
production was received from on-shore oil fields
- In 1980-81 about half of the production of crude oil came from on-
shore fields while the remaining half was received from the off-shore
resources
- off-shore production increased at a much faster rate than the on-shore
production
- about two-thirds of the production of crude oil is provided by the off-
shore fields for more than two decades
PETROLEUM REFINING
- Oil extracted from the oil wells is in its crude form and contains many
impurities
- It is refined in oil refineries before use
- after refining, various products such as kerosene, diesel, petrol,
lubricants, bitumen, etc. are obtained
- India’s first oil refinery started working way back in 1901 at Digboi in
Assam, it remained the only refinery in the whole of India for more than
half a century
IMPORTS
- Consumption of oil and its products has always outstripped
production in India
- In 1950-51, India produced only 2,700,000 tons of oil against
consumption of 3,400,000 tons
- Need for oil has increased automatically in the post-independent era
as industries and transport progressed
- Imports of oil were more than three times the indigenous production