MAT 120: Calculus and

Analytic Geometry I

Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif

Lecturer in Mathematics
Department of General Education
Canadian University of Bangladesh

Lesson 06
 Lecture Outline

Secant Line and Tangent Line

Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Maximum and Minimum Value of a Function

Determination of Maxima and Minima of Functions

MAT 120 Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 06

 Secant Line and Tangent Line
Secant Line: A secant line is a straight line joining two
points on a function 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 . It is also equivalent to the
‘average rate of change’ or simply the ‘slope between
two points’.
Δ𝑦 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
∴ 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝑚 = =
Δ𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

𝑓 𝑥2 − 𝑓(𝑥1 )
=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

= 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

Average Rate of Change = Slope = Secant Line

MAT 120 Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 06

 Secant Line and Tangent Line
Tangent Line: A tangent line is a straight line that touches
a function at only one point. The tangent line represents
the ‘instantaneous rate of change’ of the function at that
one point. The slope of the tangent line at a point on the
function is equal to the derivative of the function at the
same point.
Instantaneous Rate of Change = Derivative = Tangent Line
𝑓 𝑥0 + Δx − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑓′ 𝑥0 = lim ; Δ𝑥 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥0
Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥
′
Δ𝑦
𝑜𝑟, 𝑦 = lim
Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥

′
𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑜𝑟, 𝑓 𝑥 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
MAT 120 Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 06
 Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Let 𝑓 𝑥 be a differentiable function on the interval 𝑎, 𝑏 then

1. If 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 > 0 for 𝑥 in 𝑎, 𝑏 , then 𝑓 𝑥 is increasing there.

2. If 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 < 0 for 𝑥 in 𝑎, 𝑏 , then 𝑓 𝑥 is decreasing there.
3. If 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 0 for 𝑥 in 𝑎, 𝑏 , then 𝑓 𝑥 is constant.

Critical Point: Where the derivative is 0. [𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 0]

(Possibilities for relative max’s and min’s)

Concave Up: Second derivative is positive. [𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 > 0]

Concave Down: Second derivative is negative. [𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 < 0]

Inflection Point: The point where concavity changes and second

derivative is 0.

MAT 120 Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 06

Maximum and Minimum Value of a Function
Let 𝑓 be a function defined on an interval 𝐼. Then
(a) 𝑓 is said to have a maximum value in 𝐼, if there exists a point 𝑐 in 𝐼 such that 𝑓 𝑐 > 𝑓 𝑥 , for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐼.
The number 𝑓 𝑐 is called the maximum value of 𝑓 in 𝐼 and the point 𝑐 is called a point of max value.
(b) 𝑓 is said to have a minimum value in 𝐼, if there exists a point 𝑐 in 𝐼 such that 𝑓 𝑐 < 𝑓 𝑥 , for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐼.
The number 𝑓 𝑐 is called the minimum value of 𝑓 in 𝐼 and the point 𝑐 is called a point of min value.

MAT 120 Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 06

 Maxima and Minima of a Function
Working Procedure for Finding Maximum & Minimum Value of a Function

1. Let the function be 𝑓 𝑥 .

2. Find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) and 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 .

3. For critical points set 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 0.

4. Find the values of 𝑥 from 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 0.

5. Put the value of 𝑥 in 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 .

6. If 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 < 0, then 𝑓 𝑥 has a maximum value and determine the maximum value by putting the

value of 𝑥 in 𝑓 𝑥 .

7. If 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 > 0, then 𝑓 𝑥 has a minimum value and determine the minimum value by putting the
value of 𝑥 in 𝑓 𝑥 .

MAT 120 Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 06

Determination of Maxima and Minima of Functions
Example: Find maximum and minimum values for the function 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 3.
Solution: Let, 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 3
∴ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 6𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 12
∴ 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = 12𝑥 − 18
For Critical Points,
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 0
⇒ 6𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 12 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 −2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2 = 0
⇒𝑥 𝑥−2 −1 𝑥−2 =0
⇒ 𝑥−2 𝑥−1 =0
𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟, 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ∴ 𝑥 = 2
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥−1=0 ∴𝑥 =1
∴ 𝑥 = 1, 2
MAT 120 Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 06
Determination of Maxima and Minima of Functions

When 𝑥 = 1, When 𝑥 = 2,
𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = 12𝑥 − 18 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = 12𝑥 − 18
∴ 𝑓 ′′ 1 = 12 ∙ 1 − 18 = −6 < 0. ∴ 𝑓 ′′ 2 = 12 ∙ 2 − 18 = 24 − 18 = 6 > 0.
Since 𝑓 ′′ 1 < 0, hence the function has a maximum Since 𝑓 ′′ 2 > 0, hence the function has a minimum
value at 𝑥 = 1. value at 𝑥 = 2.

∴ Maximum value of 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 3 is ∴ Minimum value of 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 3 is

𝑓 1 = 2 ∙ 13 − 9 ∙ 12 + 12 ∙ 1 − 3 𝑓 2 = 2 ∙ 23 − 9 ∙ 22 + 12 ∙ 2 − 3
= 2 − 9 + 12 − 3 = 16 − 36 + 24 − 3
= 14 − 12 = 2 = 40 − 39 = 1

Maximum Value = 2 at 𝑥 = 1 and Minimum Value = 1 at 𝑥 = 2

MAT 120 Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 06

Determination of Maxima and Minima of Functions
Example: Find maximum and minimum values for the function 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 1.
Solution: Let, 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 1
∴ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 36
∴ 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = 12𝑥 + 6
For Critical Points,
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 0
⇒ 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 36 = 0
⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 +3𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 6 = 0
⇒𝑥 𝑥+3 −2 𝑥+3 =0
⇒ 𝑥+3 𝑥−2 =0
𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟, 𝑥 + 3 = 0 ∴ 𝑥 = −3
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥−2=0 ∴𝑥 =2
∴ 𝑥 = −3, 2
MAT 120 Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 06
Determination of Maxima and Minima of Functions

When 𝑥 = −3, When 𝑥 = 2,

𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = 12𝑥 + 6 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = 12𝑥 + 6
∴ 𝑓 ′′ −3 = 12 ∙ −3 + 6 = −36 + 6 = −30 < 0. ∴ 𝑓 ′′ 2 = 12 ∙ 2 + 6 = 24 + 6 = 30 > 0.
∵ 𝑓 ′′ −3 < 0, hence the function has a maximum ∵ 𝑓 ′′ 2 > 0, hence the function has a minimum
value at 𝑥 = −3. value at 𝑥 = 2.

∴ Maximum value of 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 1 is ∴ Minimum value of 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 1 is

𝑓 −3 = 2 ∙ −3 3 + 3 ∙ −3 2 − 36 ∙ −3 + 1 𝑓 2 = 2 ∙ 23 + 3 ∙ 22 − 36 ∙ 2 + 1
= −57 + 27 + 108 + 1 = 16 + 12 − 72 + 1
= 136 − 54 = 82 = 29 − 72 = −43

Maximum Value = 82 at 𝑥 = −3 and Minimum Value = −43 at 𝑥 = 2

MAT 120 Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 06

 Next Lecture

➢ Introduction to Integral Calculus

➢ Basic Integration Formulas

➢ Method of Substitution

➢ Standard Integral

MAT 120 Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 06