SEAN RODRIGUEZ

BSN 2-A
REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT the production of eggs and influence menstrual
cycles throughout women’s lives.
REPRODUCTIVE AND SEXUAL HEALTH

REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT

• Begins at the moment of conception and

continues through life.
• Intrauterine development
o Sex assigned at birth is generally determined at
the moment of conception by chromosome
information, which is supplied by the sperm
that joins the ovum to create the new life.
• GONAD – is a body of organ that produces the
cells necessary for reproduction (The ovary for in
female, the testicles in males).
• At approximately week 5 of intrauterine life,
mesonepthric and paramesonephric duct, the
tissue that will become ovaries and testes have
already formed.
• By week 7 or 8 – in chromosomal males, this early
gonadal tissue begins formation of testosterone.
Under the influence of testosterone, the
mesonephric duct develops into male
reproductive organs and the paramesonephric
duct regresses.
• By week 10 – If the testosterone is not present,
paramesonephric duct becomes dominant and
develops into a female reproductive organ. When
ovaries form, all oocytes (cells that will develop
into eggs throughout the woman’s mature years)
already present.
• At about 12 weeks – the external genitals begin
to develop. In males, penile tissue elongates and
the ventral surface of the penis closes to form a
urethra. In females, with no testosterone ROLE OF ANDROGEN
present, the uterus, labia minora and labia • Responsible for muscular development, physical
majora form. growth, and the increase in sebaceous gland
PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT secretions that cause typical acne in both boys
and girls during adolescence.
Puberty – is the stage of life at which secondary sex • In males, androgenic hormones are produced by
changes begin. In most girls, these changes are the adrenal cortex and the testes and, in female,
stimulated when the hypothalamus synthesizes and by the adrenal cortex and the ovaries
releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH),
which then triggers the anterior pituitary to release THE ROLE OF ESTROGEN
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing • When triggered at puberty by FSH, ovarian
hormone (LH). Production of androgen and estrogen follicles in female begin to excrete a high level of
begin which initiate secondary sex characteristics. the hormone estrogen.
• FSH and LH are termed gonadotropin (gonads = • This increase influences the development of
ovary; tropin = growth ) – they continue to cause uterus, fallopian tubes, and vagina; typical female
 fat distribution, hair patterns; and breast
development.
• It also closes the epiphyses of long bones in girls
the same way testosterone closes the growth
plate in boys.
• The beginning of breast development is termed
thelarche, which usually starts 1 to 2 years before
menstruation.
Males:
SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
• Increase in weight
Females: • Growth of testes
• Growth spurt • Growth of face, axillary, and pubic hair
• Increase in the transverse diameter of the pelvis • Voice changes
• Breast development • Penile growth
• Growth of pubic hair • Increase in height
• Onset of menstruation • Spermatogenesis (production of sperm)
• Growth of axillary hair
• Vaginal secretions

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EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES
MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH NURING
• Refers to philo-mother and child relationship to
one another and consideration of the entire
family as well as the culture and socio-economic
environment as framework of the patient.
PHILOSOPHY OF MCHN
• Pregnancy, Labor, delivery and puerperium are
part of the continuum of the total life cycle. They
are meaningful only in the context of life
• Personal, cultural and religious attitudes and
beliefs influence the meaning of pregnancy for
individuals and make each experience unique.
• Maternal-child nursing is family centered. The
father of the child is as important as the mother
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL HEALTH GOALS FOR MCHN
To ensure that every expectant and nursing mother
maintain:
• GOOD HEALTH
• LEARNS THE ART OF CHILD CARE
• HAS A NORMAL DELIVERY
• BEARS HEALTHY CHILDREN
1. To provide measures to promote the health and
well-being of the young people who are potential
parents.
2. Help them develop the right approach to family
life and the place of the family in the community
3. Give guidance in parent craft and in problems
associated with infertility and family planning that
every child:
o Lives and grows up in a family unit with love
and security in healthy surroundings
o Receives adequate nourishment
o Health supervision and efficient medical
attention
o Taught about the elements of healthy living
o Promotion and maintenance of optimal health
of women and their fetuses/ newborn
TRENDS ON MATERNAL AND CHILD CARE:
IMPLICATIONS
1. Families are smaller than in previous decades.
o Fewer family members are present as support
in a time of crisis. Nurses must fulfill this role
more than ever before.
2. Single parents are increasing in number
o a single parent may have fewer financial
resources; this is more likely if the parent is a
woman.
o nurses need to inform parents of care options
and to serve as a backup opinion when needed
3. An increasing number of mothers work outside
the home
o Health care must be scheduled at times a
working parent can bring a child for care.
o Problems of latch-key children and the
selection of child care centers need to be
discussed
4. Families are more mobile than previously; there is
an increase in number of homeless and children
o Good interviewing is necessary with mobile
families so a health data base can be
established; education for health monitoring is
important
5. Abuse is more common than ever before
o Screening for child or intimate partner abuse
should be included in family contacts. Be
aware of the legal responsibilities for reporting
abuse.
6. Families are health-conscious than previously
o families are ripe for health education;
providing this can be a major nursing role
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7. Health care must respect cost containment.
Referral to specialists
o Comprehensive care is necessary in primary
care settings because referral to specialists
may no longer be an option.
STATISTICAL TERMS USED TO REPORT MCH
1. BIRTH RATE – number of births per 1,000
population.
2. FERTILITY RATE – the number of pregnancies per
1,000 women of child-bearing age.
3. FETAL DEATH RATE – the death in utero of a child
(fetus) weighing 500g or more, roughly the weight
of a fetus of 20 weeks or more gestation.
• the overall quality of maternal health and
prenatal care.
• the number of fetal deaths (over 500g) per
1,000 live births
• Maternal factors: maternal disease,
premature cervical dilation, or maternal
malnutrition.
• Fetal factors: fetal disease, chromosome
abnormality, or poor placental attachment
4. NEONATAL DEATH RATE – reflects not only the
quality of care available to women during
pregnancy and childbirth but also the quality of
care available to infants during the first month of
life.
• the number of deaths per 1,000 live births
occurring at birth or in the first 28 days of life.
• Neonatal period – the first 28 days of life.
• Neonate – child during this time.
• Leading causes: prematurity (early gestational
age), low birthweight (weight less than
2,500g), and congenital anomalies.
5. PERINATAL DEATH RATE- the sum of the fetal and
neonatal rates
• the number of deaths of fetuses more than
500g and in the first 28 days of life per 1,000
live births
6. MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE – death from
childbirth.
7. INFANT MORTALITY RATE – the number of deaths
per 1,000 live births occurring at birth or in the first
12 months of life.
TRENDS IN HEALTH CARE ENVIRONMENT
1. Managed Care
• A system of health care delivery that focuses
on reducing the cost of health care.
2. Alternative Settings And Styles For Health Care
• LDR (labor-delivery-recovery)
• LDRP (labor-delivery-recovery-postpartum)
3. Strengthening The Ambulatory Care System
• Less patients are admitted in the hospital;
ambulatory clinics or home.
4. Shortening Hospital Days
• require intensive health teachings; self-care
and providing support and reassurance that
the client or parents are capable of this level of
care.
5. Including The Family in The Health Care Setting
6. Increase in the number of ICUs.
7. Regionalization of intensive care
• To avoid duplication of care sites; centralized
maternal and pediatric health services.
8. Increased Reliance on Comprehensive Care
Settings
• Comprehensive health care is designed to
meet all of a child's needs in one setting.
9. Increased Use of Alternative Treatment
Modalities
• acupuncture or therapeutic touch
10. Increased Reliance on Home Care.
11. Increased Use of Technology
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THE CHILDBEARING AND CHILDREARING FAMILY
AND THE COMMUNITY
INFLUENCE OF FAMILY ON ITS MEMBERS
• Provides long-lasting emotional ties
• Provides a depth of support
• Determines how members relate to people
• Influences what moral values members follow
• Molds the members’ basic perspectives on the
present and future
FAMILY
• “A group of people related by blood, marriage, or
adoption living together.”
• “Two or more people who live in the same
household (usually), share a common emotional
bond, and perform certain interrelated social
tasks.
BASIC FAMILY TYPES
• Family of orientation: the family one is born into
(e.g., oneself, mother, father, and siblings, if any)
• Family of procreation: the family one establishes
(e.g., oneself, a spouse or significant other, and
children, if any)
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RECOGNIZED FAMILY STRUCTURES • Increase the rate of infants who are breastfed
until 6 months from 43.5% to 60.6%.
• Childfree or childless family
• Reduce physical violence directed at women by
• Cohabitation family
male partners to no more than 27 per 1,000
• Nuclear family
couples from a current baseline of 30 per 1,000
• Extended (multigenerational) family couples.
• Single-parent family
• Blended family ---------------------------------END---------------------------------
• LGBT family
• Foster family
• Adoptive family

COMMON FAMILY FUNCTIONS

• Physical maintenance
• Socialization of family members
• Allocation of resources
• Maintenance of Order
• Division of Labor
• Reproduction, recruitment, and release of family
members
• Placement of members into the larger society
• Maintenance of motivation and morale

DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF THE FAMILY

1. Marriage
2. Early childbearing family
3. Family with a preschool child
4. Family with a school-age child
5. Family with an adolescent
6. Family with a late adolescent (“launching”)
7. Family of middle years
8. Family in retirement or older age

2020 NATIONAL HEALTH GOALS RELATED TO

IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF FAMILY LIFE

• Increase the percentage of adult smokers aged 18

years and older attempting to stop smoking from
48.3% to 80%.
• Increase the proportion of young children who
are screened for an autism spectrum disorder
(ASD) and other developmental delays by 24
months of age from a present level of 19.5% to
21.5%.
• Reduce postpartum relapse of smoking among
women who quit smoking during pregnancy
• Increase the proportion of children with special
healthcare needs who receive their care in
family- centered, comprehensive, and
coordinated environments from a present level
of 20.4% to 22.4%.

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