4.

2 Human
Reproductive
System
• Identify the structures and function of the male and female
reproductive system.
• Communicate about the physical changes that occur during
puberty.
• Compare and contrast the male gamete and female gamete
Structure & Function
of Reproductive
System
Male Reproductive System

Sperm duct
Male
Part Function
Seminal Vesicle Secretes nutritional fluid for the sperms
Urethra A channel to discharge sperms and urine
from body
Sperm duct Transports sperms from the testis to the
urethra inside the body
Penis Transfers sperm into the vagina of the
female during copulation.
Scrotum Holds and protects the testes
Testis Produces male gamete (sperm) and male
sex hormone (testosterone)
Prostate glands Secrete fluid which contains nutrients and
protects sperm cell
Female Reproductive System
Female
Part Function
Fallopian tube Place for fertilization between sperm and
ovum.

Ovary Produce female gamete (ovum) and female

sex hormone (estrogen)
Uterus Place for embryo development and growth
Cervix • Produce mucus to enable sperms to
swim into uterus.
Vagina • Receive sperms
• Act as channel for baby to be born
• Contains microflora to keep vagina
healthy and free infection.
Physical Changes during Puberty
Male
Voice
• Vocal cord enlarges
• Voice becomes deeper

Body
• Moustache & beard grow
• Hairs on armpits and chest

Reproductive organs
• Testes starts to produce sperms
and sex hormone
• Hair grow
• Penis and scrotum enlarge
Female

Body
• Breasts grow
• Hips became firm and broader
• Hair grows on armpit

Reproductive organs
• Ovaries start release ova and
sex hormones
• Hair grows at pubic region
• Menstrual cycle begins
Comparison between Male and
Female Gamete
Male

Middle piece
 Gel Layer

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Cell Membrane
 The
Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual
-MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND
Cycle
THE CHANGES IN UTERINE
LINING

-FERTILE PHASE

-HYGIENE DURING
MENSTRUATION
What is menstruation?
• Menstruation is the breakdown of the lining of the
uterine wall and discharge of blood through the
vagina.

• Menstrual cycle: series of changes that occurs in

the uterine wall and the ovaries.
 Continue
• Menstrual cycle is controlled by the brain and endocrine

system that secretes hormone.

• Normally, the cycle lasts for 28 days
• Factors that affect the menstrual cycles are:
Nutrition Body weight

Emotional changes Mental pressure

 Menstrual Cycle
M
Menstrual
phase
Day 1-5
R
Premenstrual
phase
Day 18-28
Repair phase
F
Day 6-11

P
Fertile phase
Day 12-17
 Menstrual Phase
(Day 1-5)

• Uterine lining breaks

down
• Menstruation begins
• Blood, unfertilized
ovum and mucus is
discharged
 Repair Phase
(Day 6-11)

• Uterine lining starts to

rebuild and thicken.
• Blood vessels are
formed in uterine
lining
• Ready to received the
implantation of
fertilized ovum.
 Fertile Phase
(12-17)
• An ovum is released from the ovary on
the 14th day (ovulation).
• Uterine lining continues to thicken.
• High chances for fertilization.
 Premenstrual Phase
(Day 18-28)
• The uterine lining continues
to thicken & rich with blood
vessels.
• If fertilization occurs: ready
for embryo implantation.
• If no fertilization :
menstrual cycle will repeat
 Irregular menstruation and its
negative effects:
• It is a condition
where a woman Infertility
has too long/
too short
menstrual Family planning
cycles.
difficulties
• These are some
of the negative
effects of Health problems
irregular such as anemia
menstruation:
Personal Hygiene~
Change the pads 3-4 times a day
Wash the pubic area as clean as
you can.

Bathe frequently
Fertilization and
Pregnancy
~THE STORY ABOUT US~
 • The process of fertilization and
implantation of embryo
• The importance and functions of
Let’s Learn placenta and umbilical cord
• Development of a zygote into an
embryo and foetus until birth.
 The Magic of Life

Fertilization Process

Sperm + Ovum Zygote

The Journey
The zygote will divide itself
and become a ball of cells
known as embryo that will
be implanted on the uterine
wall 3

If ovum present in the

Fallopian tube, fertilization
may occur. Sperm will fuse
with ovum to form zygote
2
Sperms will swim
into the vagina
during copulation
1
The Development of Zygote

Embryo

Zygote Embryo Foetus Baby

 Pregnacy
The implanted embryo will grow to become
a foetus.

Thus, the woman is considered as pregnant.

Day by day and after 38 weeks a new soul

will be born ^_^
 Week 1-4 Week 7-9 Week 10-19 Week 20-
-Hands and -Nose, -Embryo 37 Week 38-40
feet form ears and looks like a -Foetus Next page
-Has a tiny fingers baby. resemble
tail develop Known as a baby
foetus
 Week 38-40
• Foetus is formed completely.
• Head will be engaged to the cervix.
• The muscle of the uterine lining will
contract strongly, the amnion will
burst, and amniotic fluid will be
released.
• Foetus is pushed out of the uterus
through the vagina and then out of
the body.
 Function of Placenta and umbilical
cord
Placenta
-made of mothers and
embryo tissue
-place for oxygen and
carbon dioxide
exchange, supply
nutrients and removal Amnion
of waste from baby to -Membrane that
mother’s blood. forms a sac and
contains fluid

Umbilical cord
Amniotic fluid
-Tube that
- Act as cushion
connects the
to protect the
foetus to placenta
foetus.
- Contains blood
vessels for blood
transportation
Sperm

Egg Cell
 6 weeks

umbilical
 8 weeks

placenta
4.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE
DEVELOPMENT OF A FOETUS AND
BABY
In this subtopic, we are going to:

• Relate the importance of taking nutritious food during

pregnancy to the health of both mother and foetus.
• Justify the importance of avoiding the intake of harmful
substances to the foetus.
• Justify the benefits of breastfeeding compared to
formula milk on the infant’s development.
• Realise that every living creature has a right to live even
if it is in the womb.
 Protein
• Not Pregnant:
Calcium
Carbohydrate 39g • Not Pregnant:
• Not Pregnant: • Pregnant:
400-500mg
9450kJ 85g • Pregnant:
• Pregnant:
1000-1500mg
11592kJ

Calorie Requirement
Vitamin A Vitamin C
• Not Pregnant: • Not Pregnant:
750µg Iron 30mg
• Pregnant: • Not Pregnant: • Pregnant:
900µg 10mg 50mg
• Pregnant:
15mg
 Nutrients Needed for
Pregnant Woman

Fibre Carbohydrate Iron

Calcium &
Vitamin C Folic Acid Protein
Phosphorus
Nutrients Needed
for Pregnant Fibre
Woman Prevents constipation

Iron Carbohydrate & fat

Formation of haemoglobin Provide energy for
to prevent anaemia daily activities
 Vitamin C Folic Acid
For skin health of foetus and Important for the nervous
mother and prevent gum system development of the
bleeding. foetus.

Protein Calcium and phosphorus

For the growth of new For a healthy formation of
cells of the foetus. foetus bones and to protect
mother’s bone and teeth
 Things should be avoid during pregnancy
Substance Effects
Cigarette • The baby may have low birth weight.
• The baby may have higher mortality
rate.
• The baby may become retarded and
have physical disabilities.
• May be born premature.
• Miscarriage of foetus may happen.

Alcoholic drinks • The baby may be born wih Foetal

Alcohol Syndrom
• Foetal development may be delayed.
• The brain, nervous system and the
heart may be damaged

Drug • Foetal defects may occur.

Importance of
breast milk
Contains
Contains all
all
the
the essential
essential
nutrients
nutrients for
for
aa baby.
baby.

Baby
Baby that
that
consume
consume breast
breast
Contains
Contains milk
milk has
has better
better
antibodies
antibodies that
that digestion
digestion
can
can protect
protect aa Important
Important for
for baby
baby compared
compared toto
baby
baby from
from emotional formula
emotional formula milk.
milk.
certain
certain diseases.
diseases. development
development byby
relationship
relationship bonding
bonding
between
between mother
mother and
and
baby
baby during
during
breastfeeding.
breastfeeding.
• Every living thing has the right to live even though it is
still in womb.
• Thus, pregnant women must take a good care of their
health and foetus by consuming sufficient nutrients and
avoid taking harmful substances
4.6 Infertility &
Contraception
In this subtopic, we will learn about:

• The meaning of infertility and how to overcome them.

• Methods of contraception.
• Importance of practicing frequent health screening and to
get immediate treatment for problems related to
reproductive system.
• Criticise the abuse of knowledge on contraception
methods and its effect to society.
Infertility
Definition: inability to produce
offsprings.
When a couple is unable to
bear children, the husband or
wife or both may be sterile.
Factors of Sterility in Males &
Female
Testes Ovaries
Hormone
cannot cannot
imbalance
produce produce
sperms ovum

Low Blokage
in the
sperm
Fallopian
count tubes
Defective
Factors of reproductive Factors of
sterility in organs or
infected with
sterility in
males disease females
Produces
low Abnormal
quality of uterus
sperms
Health Tumour
Impotent problems in the
like uterus
diabetes
 Methods to Overcome Sterility

There are several types of methods to overcome sterility and

some of them are:

Hormone treatment Surgery In vitro fertilisation (IVF)

Hormone treatment Surgery In vitro fertilisation (IVF)
Hormone Treatment
• This treatment is suitable for
individuals who have imbalance
hormone.

Surgery
• Surgery is done on women
who have blockage in their
Fallopian tube or men who
have blockage in their sperm
duct.
In vitro Fertilisation (IVF)
• The procedure is for
women who have
blockage in their
Fallopian tube.
• Ovum will be taken out
to be fertilised with the
sperms outside the body
(in a glass dish).
• The embryo formed is
then put inside the
uterus.
Successful
IVF Baby
Methods of Contraception
Contraception is a way for married couple to plan their family. These
are several methods of contraception:
Contraceptive pills Implants

Contraceptive pill can prevent ovulation. Implants secrete a hormone that prevent
ovulation.

Condom Intrauterine Contraceptive Device, IUCD

Worn over the penis before copulation. Inserted in woman’s uterus to prevent
implantation.
Methods of Contraception
Vasectomy
Surgery is carried out to cut the sperm duct
and the two ends are then tied to prevent the
transportation of sperms to urethra.
Ligation
Surgery is carried out to cut the Fallopian
tubes and the two ends are then tied to
prevent the ovum from meeting the sperms.
 The Importance to Have a
Frequent Health Screening to
Get Immediate Treatment for
Reproductive System
Problems
SCIENCE FORM 1
4.7 Plant
Reproduction
Introduction
• For survival, plants also need to reproduce to
replace with their new generations.

Reproduction
 Structures & Function of Flower
Parts
Pistil: Female
Petal:
reproductive
Usually
organ.
colourful to
attracts insect
and animals.

Sepal:
Usually Stamen: Male
green, protect reproductive
the flower organ.
during bud
stage.
 2 Types of Flower

Unisexual Bisexual Flower

Flower
Contain either stamen Contain both stamen and
or pistil on 1 flower pistil in the same flower
 Unisexual vs Bisexual Flower

UNISEXUAL FLOWER BISEXUAL FLOWER

• Consist of female • Both male and female
flower and male flower reproductive organs are on
• Example: Papaya plant, the same flower
corn plant, salacca • Hibiscus plant, dragon
plant. fruit and durian plant.
Salacca flower (Unisexual)
Dragon fruit flower (bisexual)

Stamen

Pistil
Pollination
• Definition: The process of
transferring matured pollen grains
from anther to stigma.
• The matured anther will burst and
spread the pollen grains.
• Some pollen grains might fall on
soil while some of them are
brought by pollinating agent to the
flower stigma.
• There are 2 types of pollination:

Self-pollination Cross-pollination
Types of Pollination
Pollinating Agents
• Pollinating agents helps plant to transfer the pollen
grains from the anther to the stigma of the flower.
 Pollinating Agent
1) ANIMALS AND
2) WIND
INSECTS
• Pollen grains usually stick on the beak or • Light pollen grain are blown by the wind
the animals body. and reaches the stibma of another flower.
• If insects lands on a flower to suck its nectar, • The characteristics of flower:
pollen grains will stick to its furry feet and  White or pale petals
body.
 Long and furry stigma
• The character of flower: big & colouful
 Have plenty of small, smooth and light
petals, have nectar and smell nice, produce
pollen grains
rough & sticky pollen grain.
 Have long filament and style.
• Eg: hibiscus, sunflower, durian
 Eg: corn, grass, paddy
Animal and insects pollinating
agent flower
Wind Pollinating Agent Flower
Advantages of Cross-Pollination

New
Healthier
plantsplants
that are
which
morecan
resistance
adapt better
to pests
to
New varieties
Goodand
quality of plants
of seeds
changes in the
diseases
environment
FERTILISATION IN PLANT

FORMATION OF SEEDS AND FRUITS IN PLANTS AND

THE GERMINATION OF SEED.
Fertilisation Process
After pollination, fertilization will occur. The male
gamete in the pollen grains fuses with female
gamete in the ovule
Formation of Fruit and Seeds
• After fertilization, the ovule grows inside the ovary.
• The ovule will develop into seeds.
• The ovary will develop into fruit flesh.

Ovary Fruit flesh

Ovule
Seed
Continue
• A seed is made up of an embryo wrapped in a seed
coat or testa. The other parts of the flower will wither
and fall.
Structures of a Seed and Their
Functions
• There are 2 types of seeds: Monocotyledonous,
dicotyledonous.

Dicotyledonous Monocotyledonous
Dicotyledonous Monocotyledonous
 Germination of Seeds
• During germination, testa bursts and the radicle starts to appear and
grow downwards into the soil, forming a root.
• Plumule grows upwards to form new shoot.
• If cotyledons are carried out of the soil,  epigeal germination.
Germination of Seeds
• If cotyledons are remained in the soil,  hypogeal germination.
 Epigeal germination

Hypogeal germination
Required Conditions For Seeds
Germination

Water
Water Air
Air

Suitabletemperature
Suitable temperature