‫ﻳﮑﺴﻮ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ دﻗﻴﻖ‬

CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box 20

 ‫ﻳﮑﺴﻮ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ دﻗﻴﻖ ﻧﻴﻢ ﻣﻮج‬

CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box 21

 ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻟﮕﺎرﻳﺘﻤﯽ‬

Vin
Vout  VT ln
R1 I S

CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box 22

 ‫ﻣﺪار ﺟﺬرﮔﻴﺮ‬

2Vin
V out    VTH
W
 n C ox R1
L

CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box 23

 ‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ هﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺁپ اﻣﭗ‬
‫)ﺁف ﺳﺖ ‪(dc‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺮاﻧﺰﻳﺴﺘﻮرهﺎﯼ زوج ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯽ‪ ،‬در ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ورودﯼ‪-‬ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ﺁپ‬
‫اﻣﭗ اﻧﺤﺮاف ﻳﺎ هﻤﺎن ﺁف ﺳﺖ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬در ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﺁپ اﻣﭗ داراﯼ وﻟﺘﺎژ ﺁف ﺳﺖ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬

 ‫اﺛﺮ ﺁف ﺳﺖ ‪ dc‬ﺁپ اﻣﭗ در ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ هﺎ‬

‫‪ R1 ‬‬
‫‪Vout‬‬ ‫‪ 1  Vin  Vos ‬‬
‫‪ R2 ‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﺸﺎهﺪﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ هﻤﺎن ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎل ورودﯼ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد وﻟﺘﺎژ اف ﺳﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ هﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺁپ اﻣﭗ‬
‫)ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺎﻳﺎس ورودﯼ ﺁپ اﻣﭗ(‬

‫‪ ‬در ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺮاﻧﺰﻳﺴﺘﻮرهﺎﯼ دوﻗﻄﺒﯽ زوج ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﯽ داراﯼ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺎﻳﺎس هﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺪار ﻓﻮق‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮب را ﻣﺪل ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬
 ‫اﺛﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺎﻳﺎس ﭘﺎﻳﻪ هﺎﯼ ورودﯼ ﺁپ اﻣﭗ در ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ هﺎ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺳﻌﯽ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ از ﺟﻤﻊ اﺛﺎر‬ ‫‪ R1 ‬‬

‫اﻳﻦ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ را ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Vout   R2 I B 2     R1I B 2‬‬
‫‪ R2 ‬‬

‫‪CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬

 ‫ﺣﺪف اﺛﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺎﻳﺎس ﭘﺎﻳﻪ هﺎﯼ ورودﯼ ﺁپ اﻣﭗ‬

‫‪ R1 ‬‬
‫‪Vout  Vcorr1   I B2 R1‬‬
‫‪ R2 ‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﺎ اﻋﻤﺎل وﻟﺘﺎژ اﺻﻼح ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ‪ Vcorr‬در ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺁپ اﻣﭗ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان اﺛﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺎﻳﺎس ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫هﺎﯼ ورودﯼ اپ اﻣﭗ را ﺧﻨﺜﯽ ﮐﺮد‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪار اﻳﻦ وﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﻮد‪:‬‬
‫)‪Vcorr=-IB2(R1||R2‬‬
‫‪CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
 ‫ﭘﻴﺎدﻩ ﺳﺎزﯼ ﻋﻤﻠﯽ‬

IB1  IB2

CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box 29

 ‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ هﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺁپ اﻣﭗ‬
‫)ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺁپ اﻣﭗ(‬

‫‪V out‬‬ ‫‪A0‬‬

‫‪s  ‬‬
‫‪V in 1  V in 2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻏﻠﺘﻴﺪن ‪roll off:‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺁپ اﻣﭗ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺁپ اﻣﭗ ﮐﺎهﺶ ﻣﯽ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ هﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺁپ اﻣﭗ‬
‫)ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺁپ اﻣﭗ(‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ‪Slew Rate:‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬

 ‫اﺛﺮ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ‪ Slew Rate‬در هﻨﮕﺎم ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻳﮏ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎل ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﯽ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﻮج ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﻳﺪﻩ ﺁل‬

‫‪dVout‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪R1 ‬‬

‫‪ V0 1   cos  t‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪ R2 ‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﺎداﻣﻴﮑﻪ ﺷﻴﺐ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎل ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ از ‪ SR‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺸﮑﻠﯽ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺨﻮاهﺪ داﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬اﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎل ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﯽ و ﻳﺎ داﻣﻨﻪ وﻟﺘﺎژ ﺁن زﻳﺎد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ در ﺁن ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ‪slew‬‬
‫‪ rate‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻋﻮﺟﺎج در ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﻮج ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬

‫‪CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬

 ‫)‪Full-Power Bandwidth (ωFP‬‬
‫ﻋﺮض ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺗﻮان‬

‫‪V max  V min‬‬ ‫‪V max  V min‬‬ ‫‪SR‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪sin  t ‬‬ ‫‪ FP‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪V out‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Vmax  Vmin‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ ‬اﺑﺘﺪا ﻣﺤﺪودﻩ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎت ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ﺁپ اﻣﭗ را ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎل‬
‫ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﯽ را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﯽ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ‪ slew rate‬ﻣﺎ را ﻣﺤﺪود ﻧﮑﻨﺪ و‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻋﻮﺟﺎج ﺳﻴﮕﻨﺎل ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ﻧﺸﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪CH8 Operational Amplifier as A Black Box‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬