‫س‬ ‫ك ف ش‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر ف‬ ‫سا‬

Traffic Safety in Land Transport by Vehicles in Sudan Road

Network
‫د ط‬
‫ط‬ ‫ط ط ئ‬ ‫ف‬
‫زميل الجمعية ال ندسية الس دانية‬

1026 ‫ف‬ 1026 ‫ف‬

‫ســ ْ ـ ـ‬
ْ ‫ـ‬
ً‫ئ غ ف‬ ‫ ف‬. ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ً ف‬ ً
‫ ف‬. ‫ئ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫غ‬
‫خا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬
، ‫ط‬ ‫إ‬
‫ئ‬ . ‫ئ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ف‬
‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫أ‬
‫خ‬ ‫ط‬
. ‫ئ‬ ‫خ‬
. ‫ط‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ً ‫آ‬

. ‫ئ‬ ، ، ‫ ا‬، ‫ا‬ : ‫ح‬

Abstract: Transport is an important component of social and economic
development. At present, transport networks and means vary geographically and
continuously change with time, while the primary means of travel are still the
different modes of land transport. The aim of this study is to contribute in
enhancing the level of traffic safety in land transport by vehicles in the Sudan road
network, through the inventory of the requirements and specifications of vehicles
and roads established by the Sudanese Standards and Metrology Organization
(SSMO), and then determine the responsibility of government authorities in
developing and follow-up the regulations for vehicles and drivers. The results of
the study showed the main reasons that contribute in reducing the level of traffic
safety are non-compliance with applying laws and specifications issued by the
ministries of transport and interior with the SSMO for roads and vehicles and other
reasons related to the drivers. The study also provided some suggestions and
recommendations that are expected to have positive impacts on traffic safety in
land transport by vehicles if applied.

Keywords: Traffic safety, requirements and specifications, vehicles, drivers.

Sudan Engineering Society Journal, Sep. 2017, Volume63; No.2 91

 ‫س‬ ‫ف ش‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر ف‬ ‫سا‬

‫خ‬ ‫‪ .1‬ق‬
‫)‬ ‫غ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫( فا ‪،‬‬ ‫ط‬
‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬
‫ف‬ ‫)‬ ‫غ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫( ط ‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ئ )‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫غ‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ف‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ئ خ‬ ‫طئ‬
‫ف‬
‫ط ‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ئ‬
‫ا‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ئ‬
‫ئط‬ ‫ط‬
‫أ‬ ‫‪ ..‬خ‪.‬‬
‫ط‬ ‫ف‬
‫ئ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪ ،‬غ‬ ‫ا‬
‫ط‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫أخ‬ ‫ا ظ ف‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ط‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ف‬
‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ئ‬
‫ئ ‪.‬‬ ‫ط‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪.)2‬‬ ‫ئ (‬ ‫خ ئ‬
‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫طء‬
‫ق‬ ‫‪1.1‬‬ ‫ء‬ ‫‪،‬ف‬
‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫خ ف‬ ‫ً‬
‫ا‬ ‫‪.‬ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ط‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ط‬
‫ف‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ط‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫أخ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫غ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬
‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬
‫ف‬ ‫ا ‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ف‬
‫غا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ً ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ف‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ط‬
‫ف‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ط‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫إ‬
‫ئ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫إ‬

‫إ‬ ‫ئ‬
‫]‪.[4] [3‬‬
‫ا‬ ‫ً ف‬ ‫ً‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫إ‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ف‬
‫إ‬ ‫ط‬
‫ف‬ ‫خا‬
‫‪ ،‬إ ف‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ر س عف‬ ‫ع أح‬ ‫ر‬ ‫‪ :1‬ح‬ ‫ش‬
‫أ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫س‬
‫ط‬ ‫]‪ . [5‬ا‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫ً ف‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ا‬
‫جع أ‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫أ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫‪1.1‬‬
‫ف‬ ‫خ‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫خ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ف‬
‫ف‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬
‫س‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ق‬ ‫‪1.1‬‬ ‫إ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫إ ء‬
‫أ‬ ‫إ‬
‫‪285400‬‬ ‫غط‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ط‬
‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫ا ا ‪ .‬ف‬
‫ط‬ ‫‪55000‬‬
‫"خ‬ ‫”‪“Transport‬‬ ‫”‪ “Oxford‬ف‬
‫ئ‬ ‫ا‬
‫ً‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫آخ‬ ‫ئ‬
‫ف‬ ‫]‪.[6‬‬ ‫ً‬
‫ً‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫طئ ‪،‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫ف‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫ط‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ط‬ ‫آخ‬ ‫أ‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫ئ‬
‫ا ط‬ ‫ف ط‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ط‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ف‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ط‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪Sudan Engineering Society Journal,‬‬ ‫‪Sep. 2017, Volume63; No.2‬‬

 ‫د ط‬

‫ر‪:‬‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ط‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ط ا‬ ‫ط‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ف‬ ‫إ‬
‫ط‬ ‫ط‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ف‬
‫ط‬ ‫ط‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ئ‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫اط‬
‫ا‬ ‫خط‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ئ‬
‫ً‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ف‬
‫ا‬ ‫ً‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫]‪. [9‬‬ ‫ف‬
‫ف‬ ‫ق ‪:‬‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أ لا ‪-‬‬
‫ض ء‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ف‬ ‫إ‬
‫ف ‪،‬‬ ‫غ‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ئ‬
‫أ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫إ‬ ‫إ‬
‫ء‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫إ‬
‫إ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ئ‬
‫" ]‪.[10‬‬ ‫ء "‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ف‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫خ‬
‫ف‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫ف‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫ء غ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ق س‪:‬‬ ‫س‬ ‫ث ا ‪-‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ئ ‪،‬‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬
‫ف‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬
‫]‪.[11‬‬ ‫ط‬ ‫فا‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ف‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
‫إ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ف‬
‫غ‬ ‫ً إخ ا‬ ‫غاف‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬
‫أط‬ ‫ط ‪ .‬إ ف‬ ‫غ ‪.‬‬
‫أ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ء‬
‫]‪.[10‬‬ ‫ر‪:‬‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ث ثا ‪ -‬إ ر‬
‫ائ‬ ‫ف‬
‫ق‬ ‫ق س‬ ‫‪ 1‬إش‬ ‫ف‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫خ‬
‫إ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬
‫‪،‬‬
‫إ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫غ‬ ‫خ‬
‫ط‬ ‫‪ ،‬إ‬ ‫ط ‪،‬‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ك‬ ‫‪1.1‬‬
‫‪،2‬‬ ‫ف‬
‫أ‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬
‫‪.1‬‬ ‫ف‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫ف‬
‫ر ]‪)[12‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫ك‬ ‫س‬ ‫‪ :1‬أ ع‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ر ‪:‬‬ ‫إ ح‬
‫ف قط‬ ‫إرت ع‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬
‫ك‬ ‫ع‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫ر ()‬ ‫()‬ ‫()‬ ‫()‬
‫‪27‬‬ ‫ف‬ ‫أ ط‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ط‬
‫‪21.4‬‬ ‫ط‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫]‪،[8‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪3.1‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫أخ غ ً ا‬ ‫ا ‪،‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫ط‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا ‪،‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫ط‬
‫ف‬ ‫ط‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫ئ‬
‫ر ]‪)[12‬‬ ‫ك (‬ ‫ح ر‬ ‫س‬ ‫‪ :2‬أ‬ ‫ج‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫ءف‬ ‫خ‬
‫)‬ ‫ه(‬ ‫س‬ ‫أق‬ ‫ح ر‬ ‫ع‬ ‫خ ‪،‬‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫أ ‪،‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫إ ف‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫ا‬

‫‪Sudan Engineering Society Journal,‬‬ ‫‪July 2017, Volume59; No.2‬‬ ‫‪95‬‬

 ‫س‬ ‫ف ش‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر ف‬ ‫سا‬

‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫رف‬ ‫رس ح‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫ف‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪6 7 ، 8‬‬ ‫أ‬
‫ا‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ف‬
‫ط‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫)‪.‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫ط‬
‫ئ‬ ‫ا‬
‫ئ‬
‫أ‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ف‬
‫خا‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ط إ‬
‫أ‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.1024‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ف‬ ‫إ‬
‫أ‬ ‫غ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫رس‬ ‫‪ 1.1‬ج ع‬
‫ئ‬ ‫إ‬
‫ا‬
‫‪.1‬‬ ‫ف‬
‫]‪.[13‬‬ ‫خ‬ ‫إ‬
‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫غ‬
‫‪.3‬‬ ‫إ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ط‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ف‬
‫ا ظ‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪%24‬‬ ‫إ‬ ‫‪%35‬‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ط‬ ‫أ‬
‫خ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪%28‬‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫‪. 1024‬‬ ‫خا‬
‫‪ ،‬أ ط‬ ‫إ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ف‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ئج‬ ‫ح‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫غ‬
‫ط‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫إ‬

‫ر ]‪)[13‬‬ ‫ع ‪( 2115‬‬ ‫‪ 111,111‬س‬ ‫ل‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫‪ :3‬ع‬ ‫ج‬

‫ع ح‬
‫ح‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ج‬ ‫س‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫رق‬
‫‪ 111,111‬س )‬ ‫(‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪25001‬‬ ‫‪286,060‬‬ ‫‪650845237‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪207‬‬ ‫‪37,961‬‬ ‫‪355005600‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪201‬‬ ‫‪8,806‬‬ ‫‪258265828‬‬ ‫ف‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪264‬‬ ‫‪11,446‬‬ ‫‪151335528‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪202‬‬ ‫‪10,267‬‬ ‫‪151725043‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪51‬‬ ‫‪43,107‬‬ ‫‪253235326‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪71‬‬ ‫‪14,247‬‬ ‫‪252765422‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪9,430‬‬ ‫‪7505840‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪5,094‬‬ ‫‪250115267‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪7,652‬‬ ‫‪256205258‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪213‬‬ ‫‪8,653‬‬ ‫‪456615242‬‬ ‫ف‬ ‫‪،‬غ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬غ‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪257‬‬ ‫‪11,509‬‬ ‫‪752145723‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬
‫ف‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪836‬‬ ‫‪--‬‬ ‫‪--‬‬ ‫ط‬ ‫‪22‬‬
‫‪111‬‬ ‫‪5757‬‬ ‫‪38,425,252‬‬

‫ر ]‪)[13‬‬ ‫ع ‪( 2115‬‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫‪ :4‬إح‬ ‫ج‬

‫تس‬ ‫ع ح‬ ‫تس‬ ‫ع ح‬
‫س‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ع ح‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ع‬
‫أ‬
‫‪32.4‬‬ ‫‪4463‬‬ ‫‪2046‬‬ ‫‪2515‬‬ ‫‪782‬‬
‫‪28.8‬‬ ‫‪4212‬‬ ‫‪1641‬‬ ‫‪2743‬‬ ‫‪424‬‬
‫‪25.5‬‬ ‫‪1217‬‬ ‫‪2227‬‬ ‫‪534‬‬ ‫‪254‬‬
‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪21712‬‬ ‫‪5816‬‬ ‫‪3218‬‬ ‫‪2662‬‬

‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪Sudan Engineering Society Journal,‬‬ ‫‪Sep. 2017, Volume63; No.2‬‬

 ‫د ط‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪%26‬‬ ‫‪%27 ، %28‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬

‫‪%2 %3‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪60‬‬

‫أ‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫ئ‬ ‫ف‬
‫‪50‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫خ‬ ‫‪40‬‬

‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬

‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫‪35‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫الن ل ال‬ ‫الن ل الع‬ ‫الن ل ال ج‬
‫‪20‬‬

‫‪15‬‬

‫‪10‬‬
‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ف‬ ‫س‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ف‬ ‫‪ :3‬أ‬ ‫ش‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪45‬‬
‫مج د‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬
‫‪40‬‬

‫ع‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫‪ :5‬ع ل‬ ‫ش‬ ‫‪35‬‬

‫‪30‬‬
‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬

‫ف‬ ‫‪15‬‬

‫ا ظ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ف‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫‪%22‬‬
‫‪5‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫أخ‬ ‫‪%23‬‬ ‫ا مل‬ ‫ة الزا د‬ ‫الس‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫نج‬

‫‪%12 %13‬‬ ‫ف‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ق ع ح‬ ‫‪ :3‬أس‬ ‫ش‬
‫ف‬ ‫ف‬
‫‪.%22 - %1‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫‪.3‬‬ ‫إ‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫ف‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫‪%53‬‬ ‫‪%33‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪%26‬‬ ‫‪%6‬‬ ‫أخ‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪ %4‬ط ‪.%22‬‬
‫‪70‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫ل ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫د ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬
‫لي‬ ‫‪30‬‬

‫‪20‬‬
‫ر‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫‪ :6‬ع ل‬ ‫ش‬
‫‪10‬‬

‫ت‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫م‬ ‫مية‬ ‫ن مية‬ ‫س م‬ ‫د اج‬ ‫ما‬ ‫ا‬
‫من م‬
‫ء ف‬ ‫ء‬
‫خ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫‪ :4‬ع ل‬ ‫ش‬
‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ف خ‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫ئ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫فا‬ ‫ا ظ‬ ‫ف ‪.‬‬
‫ف‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫‪%28‬‬
‫ا ‪.‬‬ ‫ء‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫‪Sudan Engineering Society Journal,‬‬ ‫‪July 2017, Volume59; No.2‬‬ ‫‪95‬‬

 ‫س‬ ‫ف ش‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر ف‬ ‫سا‬

:‫جع‬ ‫ا‬ 
[1] ، ‫ط ف ط‬ ، ‫خا‬
. ‫غ‬ ‫ط‬

Oxford Dictionaries, by site:
http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ ‫ف‬ ‫ط‬
english/ transport, 2013. . ‫ط‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬
9 ، ‫ غ‬، ‫ط‬ - ]1[ ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ف‬ 
.2860 ،40 . ‫خ‬ ‫ط‬
‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ أ‬، ‫] خ‬2[ ‫ئ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ 
، ‫ف‬ ‫خ‬ ‫أ‬ . ‫ط‬
.2009, ، 38 ، ، ، ،
48
9 ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬

‫ف‬ ‫ط‬ ، ]3[
،" ‫طغ‬ " ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬ ) ) ‫ء‬
.2010 -2011 ،12 ، ، ‫ا‬

.1 ، ، ]4[ ، ‫ئ‬
[6] National Highway Authority, "Road sector .
Management Program Report" ‫ئ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ 
Sponsored by SIDA, Swedish Agency, ‫ئ‬ ‫خط‬
2005. . ‫ف‬
[7] https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/ ‫ف‬ ، ‫ط‬ ‫ف‬ 
‫ط‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ئ‬
، ، ‫ه‬ ]7[
‫إ‬
.179-176 ، 1980 ، ، ‫ط‬
.‫ف‬

‫ط‬ ، ]8[
‫ط‬ ‫ط‬
‫ف‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ف‬
.2010-2011 .، ، ‫ئ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ط‬
‫غ‬ ‫أ‬
‫ف‬ ‫ط‬ . ]20[
9 .) ‫أ‬ ‫(إ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
‫ئ ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ط‬ ‫آف‬ . ً‫ف‬

. ، 1022 .
[11]United Nations Economic Commission for ‫غا‬
Europe, transport for sustainable ‫خ‬ ‫ط‬
development in the ECE region united ‫ئ‬
nation economic commission for Europe . ‫ف‬ ‫غ‬
united, Geneva, Suisse, 2011, P: 79. ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ 
[12]Ministry of the Cabinet, Sudanese ‫ط‬ ‫ف‬
Standard and Metrology Organization ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬
(SSMO), "Sudanese Standard, General .
Requirements for Automobiles," SDS 
0505:2013. . ‫أ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ف‬
"، ‫إ‬ ]22[
‫ط ئ‬ ‫خ‬ ، "1024
.1024 ،
]23[

96 Sudan Engineering Society Journal, Sep. 2017, Volume63; No.2