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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region VII, Central Visayas
Division of Bohol
DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL
SCIENCES
First Semester
Quarter : 1 Week : 6 Day : 1 Activity No. : 1

Competency: : Describe the clientele of social work
Objective : To be able to describe the clientele of social work
Topic : Clientele and Audiences of Social Work
Materials :
Reference : DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES
by: Elias M. Sampa , page 89
Copyrights : For classroom use only
Concept Notes:
Characteristics of Clientele and Audiences of Social Work

All people with various social concerns (in terms of being marginalized or
experiencing social injustice or having their rights violated or disrespected) share
characteristic qualities of the clientele and audience of social work: families, groups,
and communities experiencing being left out or having some personal social problems
like loss of job, getting sick especially becoming terminally ill, all those deserving of
social welfare benefits, and so on. It is not just about being old and retired, being
employed and having concerns in that place of work, being health-care facility, home
for the elderly, home or street children, drug rehabilitation center, mental health
facility, or having conditions that would warrant one to be in such facilities. Being a
minority, a migrant, a divorced woman, neglected child, sexually physically, or
mentally abused child, suffering discrimination of any kind characterize one as
clientele and audience of social work.
Test Your Knowledge

A. Describe at least three types of clientele for counselling and briefly describe their
characteristics. Use the table below.
Clientele Characteristics
B. Approach someone you are close to, such as a family member, who you know has
undergone a life-challenging situation. interview him/her and discern how a social worker
would have helped him/her go through those difficult times
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SCIENCES
First Semester

Competency: : Distinguish the needs of individuals, groups, organizations and
communities
Objective : To distinguish the needs of individuals, groups, organizations and

communities
Topic : Needs of Various types of Clientele and Audiences of Social Work
The Individual as Clientele of Social Work
Materials :
Concept Notes:
Needs of Various Types of Clientele and Audiences of Social Work
The needs are generally that of wanting to be empowered, to be socially included by
way of insuring that one receives what is legally due him/her and that one receives the
necessary care he/she deserves. Some people need their rights respected, some need
justice, and other need social welfare help to put them on their feet. Each context of
social work discussed in this book reflects a unique type of clientele and audience.
However, commonalities do exist.
The Individual as Clientele of Social Work
We have pointed out that social work can happen on one, two, three, or four levels.
The individual level is generally work on an individual who has to be assisted to fit in a
larger environment or someone who has been deprived space by the larger environment
calling for change in the very environment or simply improving one’s ability to cope
with it.
Test Your Knowledge
A. Describe the individual as client of social work. Give three instances when an
individual would benefit from social work.
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SCIENCES
First Semester

Competency: : Distinguish the needs of individuals, groups, organizations and
communities
Objective : To distinguish the needs of individuals, groups, organizations and
communities
Topic : Needs of group and organization and community as Clientele of
Social Work
Materials :
Concept Notes:
The Group and Organization as Client of Social Work
Group are people existing with similar or common identity. Gay men and lesbians,
migrants, women, abused or neglected children, elderly, pensioners, veterans, military
service men and women, people in conflict with the law, unemployed, people with
substance abuse and addiction represent groups that social work may focus its services
on. There are also groups such as members of an organization or place of employment,
or pupils and students in school of level of services they have to receive.
The Community as Client of Social Work
Community has the largest share in the clientele share in the clientele and audience
of social work because individuals and families are essentially members of the
community. Everything happens in a community may exist as marginalized sector, and
in which case, the social work services may gear toward their emancipation and
empowerment. In some cases, they may constitute the majority imposing general norms
that seek to marginalize minorities and those different from them. In this case, social
work may focus on community transformation to cause environmental change so as to
make it possible for individuals and groups on the minority to achieve social well-being
or social justice and respect for their rights.
Test Your Knowledge
A. Describe the group and organization as client of social work. Give three instances when
a group or organization would benefit from social work.
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SCIENCES
First Semester
Competency: : Illustrate the different processes and methods involved in
undertaking
Objective : To understand how to conduct social work needs assessment for
individuals, groups, organizations and communities;
To perform monitoring and evaluating for social work effectivity.
Topic : Social work services, processes, and methods
Materials :
Concept Notes:
Conducting Needs Assessment for Individuals, Groups, Organizations, and Communities
Social work services are not launched without careful and proper planning. Anticipation of
needs and the scale as well as allocating necessary resources is part of guarantying effective and
efficient delivery of social work services. Needs assessment for individuals, groups, organizations,
and communities is a step taken to systematically identify the actual needs. This is done through
analysis of the collected information become the basis for planning, identifying the kinds of social
work needed, the processes, methods, and tools needed to deliver efficient and effective services.
Where there is heavy drug addiction and substance abuse, the social work practice may decide to
focus on rehabilitation, care and prevention that are supported by social policy of any form. this
ends in the planning phase. The phases that come next would be the implementation and post
implementation phases.
Monitoring and Evaluating Social Work Effectively
When social work intervention is planned, implementation is accompanied by a detailed
process documentation to be able to explain what is happening on both sides, the social work, and
on the recipients of services. Hence, this is called monitoring. after a certain period of
implementation, or after accumulating a number of services recipients, or at the very end of the
intervention program, a more comprehensive examination of the impacts and influence of the
services on the recipients is done to determine the efficacy and effectivity of the program and
services and to make informed decision of what to do next about the program. It can be phased out
or the need to expand it may be found necessary. This is the meaning and intent of the valuation of
social work services.
Test Your Knowledge

A. Name three ways of performing needs assessment in social work.
1.
2.
3.
B. Describe the monitoring phase within the process of social work.
C. What is the main intention in doing evaluation at the end of social work endeavor?
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SCIENCES
First Semester
Competency: : Identify the goals and scope of communication;
Explain the principles of communication
Objective : To identify communication;
to describe the context and the basic concepts of communication
Topic : Disciplines of Communication
Materials :
by: Elias M. Sampa , pages 111-113
Concept Notes:
Definition of Communication
The processes that bond humans together are founded on communication. It is by
communication that one opens up to another and receives confirmation of some kind.
Communication in this sense is essentially transactional, giving and receiving content, which may
take a wide variety of forms. What we communicate is meaning but communication
simultaneously involves construction of meaning. It constitutes both the construction of meaning
and the exchange of meaning. Unlike other forms of exchange, communication accounts for so
many other elements, which make the study of communication a fascinating task. The context, the
culture, the relationship, the society, the message, and the medium—all form part of the
communication process. Communication involves acting on information, responding to stimulus,
a creative act, making sense of the world, assigning meaning to experience and feelings, and can
also be intentional as well as unintentional.
Alberts, Nakayama, and Martin (2007) defines communication as a “transactional process in
which people generate meaning through the exchange of verbal messages in specific contexts,
influenced by individual and societal forces and embedded in culture.” Culture here is considered
as the provider of patterns of perceptions, values, and the behavior that the group transmits and
makes a shared heritage. Context tends to be culturally defines so much that the individual is
made to discern from the given options available to society; hence, culture provides the strongest
fabric to societal forces. Therefore, the role of culture cannot be underestimated, “ culture affects
all or almost all communication interaction” (Alberts, Nakayama, & Martin 2007).
The human communication factors include the important role of individual and societal forces,
contexts, and culture that shape and give coherence to the communication process. It is possible
and very common to analyze the communication process on the technical level, the semantic level,
and the pragmatic level. On the technical level, we can understand the message by ascertaining the
extend to which the intended meaning of the information or message being transmitted is
understood or misunderstood by the receiver due to all forms of noise. On the pragmatic level, we
can understand a unit of communication by gauging the kind and extent of the actual impact,
effect, or outcome or result of the communication process including the relationship field of
experience and the sender-receiver dynamics.
Context and the Basic Concepts of Communication
Context is among the most essential aspects in human communication, and by and large,
listeners base their interpretation of expressions of language and actions on their inter prior
knowledge and wide range of contextual information. It is the context that gives meaning to the
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communication process. Even if we understand words in a language, it is difficult to fully
appreciate meaning unless it is contextualized . the context can be email, television, with a friend,
with family, a political campaign or a protest rally, a celebration, a religious or social event.
Many communication scholars and experts affirm that it is the context of what is done or said
that determines how that message is interpreted. Actions and words in themselves mean less
outside of context. Joking with a friend is considerd as normal but joking with a grieving person
may be considered being insensitive. Many conflicts, particularly in intercultural communication,
tend to be associated with context. Hence, intercultural communication researches, using the
concept of context to understand people, have identified several “frames of reference” within
which people construct and interpret “reality” and communicate or interact with others.
A frame of reference is a lens through which reality is perceived and filtered to create meaning
or a standpoint formed through a complex set of criteria or assumed values against which
measurements, understanding, or judgments are made. The six commonly identified frames of
reference are psychological frame of reference, cultural frame of reference, social frame of
reference, spatial frame of reference, temporal frame of reference, and historical frame of
reference.
1. Psychological frame of reference may refer to a set of parameters that define one’s mental
schema.
2. Cultural frame of reference may refer to a set of parameters that define one’s cultural
bias.
3. Social frame of reference may refer to a set of parameter that define one’s social bias.
4. Spatial frame of reference may refer to a set of egocentric experience, environmental, and
geographical parameters that define one’s interpretation of reality.
5. Temporal frame of reference may refer to set a transient parameters, such as space and
range of experience types that underlie immediate representations, which define one’s
interpretation of reality.
6. Historical frame of reference may refer to a set of parameters that define one’s historical
bias.
Simply put, we make meaning of facts by placing them in some context, a frame of reference.
Therefore, the meanings we make of facts are determined more by our frame of reference than by the
facts themselves. Along this line of reasoning, all meaning are generated and constrained by the
frames of reference. These frames of reference shape the communicators’ actions and words.
Goals of Communication
Every day, we communicate with a variety of people, for a variety of rasons, in a variety of ways.
We have defined communication as a meaning-making systems that follows the goal of conveying the
intended message from the sender to the receiver as accurately as possible. Communication conveys
messages to parties involved through the different mediums such as through speech, email, letters and
so on. In this way, people who believe in a common cause can be linked together with a view to
strengthen their relationship. Communicate with one another in order to better understand each other
and connect. It also provides opportunity for communicators to disseminate information, to transduce
emotions and/or thoughts from one to another. This, however, has the potential to either create goal of
all communication is to change behavior and that is why people read new books or seek help to
understand things or reality.
The aim is to create social and political change, say, by exposing the absurdities and injustices of
the courts, schools, prisons and workhouses of the context. Communication can be deeply political in
intent or shaped by a social and political agenda: the desire to normalize certain kinds of human
behavior (and incidentally to demonize others), see the world in new ways, and act in new ways as a
consequence. Communication shapes the receiver’s behavior in a way that is compatible both with
their own goals and the goals of the communicator. By helping the people reach their behavioral
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goals, a communicator wins their consent to behave in ways that favor his/her message too.
Communication is essential for everyday life. The goal is to make group life possible through
socialization, enculturation, intergenerational solidarity, nation building, and social change. In more
specific terms, the goals of communication are: expressing one’s needs and wants; transferring or
conveying information; establishing social etiquette, that is, to conform to the social conventions of
politeness. Ultimately, when two or more persons interact, the communication structure is erected
upon which a system of relationships is formed.
Test Your Knowledge

A. Go online and search for various ways that communication is defined. Write down
atleast three different definitions you found.
B. Compare and contrast the definitions you found. Note the main similarities and
differences among them using the Venn diagram below.
C. What is the goal of communication? Explain it in your own words.

SCIENCES
First Semester
Division of Bohol
Competency : Describe the elements and levels of the communication processes
Objective : To describe the elements and levels of the communication processes
Topic : Elements and levels of the communication processes
Materials :
Concept Notes:
Basic Elements of the Communication Process
Communication, as a process where people share information, feelings, and ideas, consists of four
basic elements: the message, the medium, the sender, and the reliever. Basically, communication
happens when a message is conveyed, the generator and communicator of the message, and the
recipient to whom the message is intended. However, due to complexity of the communication
process, these elements may be modified and detailed in several ways. Alberts et al.(2007) present six
basic elements of communication: the setting, participants, message, creation, channels, noise and
feedback to explain how communication interaction unfolds. Other writers put it as follows: sender-
receiver, message, channel, noise, feedback and setting (Bovee & Thill 1992 & 1998; Burnett &
Dollar 1989; Gibson & Hodgetts 1990).
Sender-Receiver
Communication means that the sender and the receiver get involved in communication because
they have ideas and feelings to share. This sharing, however, is not one-way or turn-taking process. In
most communication situations, people are sender and receivers at the same time. They are the
participants in communication.
Message
The message is made up of ideas and feelings that the senders/receivers want to share.
Moreover, ideas and feelings can only be shared if they are represented by symbols. Symbols are
things that stand for something else. All communication messages are made up of two symbols:
verbal and non-verbal.
The verbal symbols are all the words in language, which stand for a particular thing or idea. A
word is used to generally mean one thing. Verbal symbols can be even more complicated when they
are abstract than concrete. Abstract symbols stand for ideas rather than objects. When two people use
abstraction (examples: love, beauty, justice), they may have different meaning because they had
different experiences with the concept.
The non-verbal symbols are anything we communicate without using words such as facial
expressions, gesture, posture, colors, vocal tones, appearance, etc. they have certain meanings
attached to them, which are culturally or even personally encoded and decoded.
Channels
The channels are routes traveled by message as it goes between the senders/receivers. Sound
and sight are primary channels in face-to-face communication, and even in not face-to-face. At
present, it is increasingly common to use social networking sites for communication where we see and
hear the person we are communicating with a manner similar to face-to-face. In mass media, the
channels may be radio, records, television, newspapers, magazines, etc.
Feedback
A feedback is a response of the receiver to the sender and vice versa. This is very important in
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communication since it tells how ideas and feelings have been shared in the way they are intended to.
Noise
Noise keeps a message from being understood or accurately interpreted. It occurs between
sender and receivers. Noise may be an external or internal interference in transmitting and receiving
the message. External noise is a noise that comes from the environment that keep the message from
being heard or understood. Internal noise occurs in the minds of the sender and receivers such as prior
experience, absent-mindedness, feeling or thinking of something other than the communication taking
place. Semantic noise is also a form of internal noise caused by people’s emotional reactions to words
such as reactions to ethnic or sexist remarks.
Setting
The setting is essentially the context where communication occurs. It may be a venue, formal
or informal seating arrangements, attire, use of sound system, etc.
In this communication process, the six elements can be summed up as: Who, the source
(sender); What, the message; How, the medium; To Whom, the recipient (receiver); Why, the
influence, impact, world view; and Where, the context.
Levels of communication: From Intrapersonal to Mass Communication
Communication involves the interactions between and among people. The prefix inter-signifies
reciprocity, being carried between, and shared or derived from two or more. This means that a
meaningful communication entails a two way principle, mutuality, and influence or being acted upon.
Therefore, “inter+action” means reciprocally influencing or affecting each or one another.
Communication as such takes place on several levels. There is the face-to-face communication and
the mediated communication, which may take the form of print such as newspapers, newsletters, and
other written forms, or non-print using electronic equipment such as computer technology, TV, radio,
etc.
Intrapersonal Communication
This refers to communication that occurs within us. This involves feelings, thoughts, and the way we
look at ourselves. The self is the only sender and receiver. The channel is your brain. The feedback is
in the form of talking to oneself or discarding certain ideas and replacing them with others.
Interpersonal Communication
The communication that occurs on one-to-one basis usually in an informal, unstructured setting is
interpersonal communication. Messages consist of both verbal and non-verbal symbols. The most
channels are sight and sound.
Intercultural Communication
This is an interpersonal communication that occurs between or among members of different
cultures or people who are enculturated differently. This is more apparent between persons coming
from two different cultures of upbringing but it can also be among people of the same culture but
brought up in different times or cultural contexts.
Interviewing makes use of a series of questions and answer usually involving two groups. Its
purpose is to obtain information on a particular subject. In an interview, communication takes place
verbally in a face-to-face setting, and a lot of non-verbal information are exchanged. Feedback is very
high and instant and drives the conversation.
Small Group Communication
Small group communication occurs when a small group of people meets to solve a problem. There
is cooperative thinking; there is a specific purpose. Communication process in small groups is more
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complicated than in interpersonal communication.
Mass Communication
The sender-receiver (speaker) sends a message (speech) to an audience in a highly structured
manner. Additional visuals may be used.
Test Your Knowledge

A. Name the six elements of communication
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
B. Name the six levels of communication

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
C. How does miscommunication occur?
D. Describe the key roles of the six elements in the communication process.
Elements of
Role
Communication
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

SCIENCES
First Semester
Competency: : Explain the roles and functions of communicators and journalist
Objective : To define the roles and functions of communicators and journalist
Topic : Roles, Functions, and Competencies of Communicators and
Journalist
Materials :
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Concept Notes:
Defining the Roles, Functions, and Competencies of Communicators and Journalists
The foremost important role of communicators and journalists is to make available information
and evidence to inform the public about issues that matter to them in the most neutral way
possible. They provide facts for the public to form judgment and decisions. In some case, they
facilitate accurate processing and analysis of such facts in a professional and ethical way.
In this way, their functions follow naturally: to collect and document information, facts and
opinions, and present them for public analysis and deepening to the root of reality. To
communicate is to deliver truth and facts. Professional communicators and journalist are at the
service of truth. They gather news, facts, and information that are critical to public life and well-
being. The functions include being present where the news is happening and having the ability to
record what is happening accurately with available technology.
The competencies of communicators and journalists are along their delivery of roles and
functions. They need to have listening, reading, writing, and speaking skills. Listening and reading
are data-and information-gathering skills necessary for accurate writing and speaking. But writing
and speaking skills are necessary for communication as tools. Poor writing and speaking skills can
distort the message regardless of the good intentions of the communicator.
Test Your Knowledge

A. Describe the roles and functions of communicators and journalist.

SCIENCES
First Semester
Competency: : Identify specific work areas in which communicators and journalists
work
Objective : To define areas of specialization in which communicators and
journalist work
Topic : Areas of Specialization of Communicators and Journalist
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Materials :
Concept Notes:
Areas of Specialization of Communicators and Journalist
Communicators and journalists can work in a number of areas of specialization: speech writing
and taking minutes of meeting; advertising, marketing, and sales; communication education;
electronic media, radio-television, and broadcasting; public relations; journalism; theater,
performing arts, and dramatic arts; public communication and opinion management; and
international relations management and negotiations.
The specialization can be in copy writing, production directing; professional blogging,
communication education, language arts coordination, forensic and debate coaching, drama
directing, film and tape librarian, news editing, news directing, news writing, news anchoring,
transmitter engineering, and technical directing. As journalist, they can also specialize in field
reporting, news editing, news casting, author, copywriting, script writing, publishing, news service
research, technical writing, acquisition editing and interviewing.
Test Your Knowledge

A. Name at least two career opportunities for the different areas of specialization of
communicators and journalists.
1. Advertising and Marketing
2. Communication Educators
3. Public Relations
4. Theater and Performing Arts
5. International Relations

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Republic of the Philippines

Quarter : 1 Week : 6 Day : 1 Activity No. : 1

Characteristics of Clientele and Audiences of Social Work

Test Your Knowledge

Quarter : 1 Week : 6 Day : 2 Activity No. : 1

Objective : To distinguish the needs of individuals, groups, organizations and

Test Your Knowledge

Quarter : 1 Week : 6 Day : 3 Activity No. : 1

Test Your Knowledge

Test Your Knowledge

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL

Test Your Knowledge

C. What is the goal of communication? Explain it in your own words.

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL

Test Your Knowledge

B. Name the six levels of communication

C. How does miscommunication occur?

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL

Test Your Knowledge

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL

Test Your Knowledge

4. Theater and Performing Arts

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