Module 4

Module 4. STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION

Intended Learning Outcomes 

At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Realize the importance of the measure of central tendency in describing the
characteristics of a set of data.
2. Discuss and explain the characteristics of each measure of central tendency.
3. Compute the three measures of central tendency given a grouped or ungrouped data
4. Be familiar of the use of calculator or Excel software to shorten the process of getting
important statistical measurements.

Discussions 

Lesson 1. MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

MEAN
- is the most frequently used measure of central tendency because it is subject
to less error; it is rigidly defined; and it is also easily calculated.
- Its standard error is less than the median; and the sum of the deviation of the
cases about the mean is zero.
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- The most widely used and familiar average, the most reliable and the most
stable of all measure of central tendency.
- It is the best central measure but it is greatly influenced by extreme scores

Formulas:
Ungrouped data:
Obtained by adding up all the entries or elements in a given data dividing by
the number of entries.
𝑥1 +𝑥2 +⋯+𝑥𝑛
(“x bar”) 𝑥̅ = 𝑛
, arithmetic mean

𝑤1 𝑥1 +𝑤2 𝑥2 +⋯+𝑤𝑛𝑥𝑛
𝑥̅ = 𝑛
, weighted mean

Example: Find the mean for the following observations:

Given: Solutions:
1. 10, 12, 17, 7, 15 and 5 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛
𝑥̅ =
𝑛
10+12+17+7+15+5
𝑥̅ = 6
𝑥̅ = 11

2. 7, 12, 17, 7, 15, 5 and 12 7+12+17+7+15+5+12

𝑥̅ = 7
𝑥̅ = 10.71
3. 19, 19, 21, 21, 23, 23, 23, 24, 25, 25, 25, 𝑤1 𝑥1 + 𝑤2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑤𝑛 𝑥𝑛
𝑥̅ =
27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 28 𝑛
19(2) + 21(2) + 23(3) + 24(1) + 25(3) + 27(5) + 28(1)
𝑥̅ =
17
𝑥̅ = 24.18

Grouped data:
∑𝒎 𝒇 𝑴
̅ = 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌 𝒌 , Class mark formula or Midpoint formula
(“x bar”) 𝒙 𝒏
Where:
𝑓𝑘 = is the frequency of the kth class interval,
𝑀𝑘 = is the class mark of the kth class interval,
m = is the number of class intervals,
n = is the sum of the frequencies for all class intervals.

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Example:

Class Mark
Class Interval Frequency (f) Class Mark (M) 𝒇𝒌 𝑴𝒌
10 – 14 2 12 24
15 – 19 5 17 85
20 – 24 8 22 176
25 – 29 12 27 324
30 – 34 6 32 192
35 – 39 4 37 148
40 – 44 3 42 126
Total 40 915

Steps: Solution

∑𝒎
𝒌=𝟏 𝒇𝒌 𝑴𝒌
a. 𝒇𝒌 𝑴𝒌 , you need to get the product of ̅=
𝒙
𝒏
Frequency and the class mark (multiply)
b. ∑𝒎
𝒌=𝟏 𝒇𝒌 𝑴𝒌 , then get the sum 1075
=
40
∑𝒎
𝒌=𝟏 𝒇𝒌 𝑴𝒌
c. , divide with 𝑛 the total frequency
𝒏
̅ = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟖𝟕𝟓
𝒙
to get the 𝑥̅ .
COURSE MODULE

∑𝒎 𝒇 𝒅
̅ = 𝑨 + ( 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌 𝒌) 𝒄, Coded formula
(“x bar”) 𝒙 𝒏
Where:
𝐴 = assumed mean, (the class mark of the class interval where 0 deviation belong)
𝑓𝑘 = is the frequency of the kth class interval,
𝑑𝑘 = is the deviation of the kth class interval,
𝑚 = is the number of class intervals,
𝑛 = is the sum of the frequencies for all class intervals.
𝑐 = is the class size

Coded
Class Interval Frequency (f) Deviation (d) 𝒇𝒌𝒅𝒌
10 – 14 2 -3 -6
15 – 19 5 -2 -10
20 – 24 8 -1 -8
25 – 29 12 0 0
30 – 34 6 1 6
35 – 39 4 2 8
40 – 44 3 3 9
40 -1
25+29
Steps: 𝑨 = 2 = 27
a. Identify your deviation values. It is best to ∑𝑚
𝑘=1 𝑓𝑘 𝑑𝑘 = −1
put 0 to the highest frequency. Then 𝑛 = 40
follow the number line. Consider the 𝑐=5
interval (lowest interval negative ∑𝒎
𝒌=𝟏 𝒇𝒌 𝒅𝒌
deviation) ̅ =𝑨+ (
𝒙 )𝒄
𝒏
b. 𝒇𝒌 𝒅𝒌 , you need to get the product of
Frequency and the deviation (multiply) −1
c. ∑𝒎𝒌=𝟏 𝒇𝒌 𝒅𝒌 , then get the sum
= 27 + ( )5
40
∑𝒎
𝒌=𝟏 𝒇𝒌𝒅𝒌
d. , divide with 𝑛 the total frequency, = 27 − 0.125
𝒏 ̅ = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟖𝟕𝟓
∑𝒎
𝒙
𝒌=𝟏 𝒇𝒌𝒅𝒌
e. 𝑨 + ( ) 𝒄, substitute the values to
𝒏
get the 𝑥̅ . Note: You can change the position of your
zero deviation either on top or bottom.

Midpoint formula or coded formula arrived with the same answer.

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Using Scientific Calculator:

1. Set your calculator to SD or Stat1 mode

Mode>SD>1…
2. Clear the Stat memory of your calculator
Shift/ 2nd F > AC or CA or CLR > Scl or its equivalent
3. You are now ready to enter the data. Please use the same data above.

10>M+, 12>M+, 17>M+, 7>M+, 12>M+,

7>M+, 15>M+, 5>M+, 17>M+, 7>M+,
Total 𝑛 = 6 15>M+, 5>M+
12>M+
Total 𝑛 = 7
4. Finally, to get the answer.
AC
Shift
Then select the number below where you can find the SVar or its equivalent.
Next select 𝑥̅ , then =.

Weighted Mean

19, 19, 21, 21, 23, 23, 23, 24, 25, 25, 25, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 28

1. Set your calculator to SD or Stat1 mode

Mode>SD>1…
2. Clear the Stat memory of your calculator
Shift/ 2nd F > AC or CA or CLR > Scl or its equivalent
COURSE MODULE

3. You are now ready to enter the data. Please use the same data above.

19>M+M+, 19x2 or 19;2 or 19,2 then M+ or Data

21>M+M+, 21x2 or 21;2 or 19,2 then M+ or Data
23>M+M+M+, 23x3 or 23;3 or 23,3 then M+ or Data
24>M+, 24x1 or 24;1 or 24,1 then M+ or Data
25>M+ M+ M+, 25x3 or 25;3 or 25,3 then M+ or Data
27> M+ M+ M+ M+ M+, 27x5 or 27;5 or 27,5 then M+ or Data
28>M+ 28x1 or 28;1 or 28,1 then M+ or Data
Pressing M+ you need to consider the
number of frequencies.

Total 𝑛 = 17

4. Finally, to get the answer.

AC
Shift
Then select the number below where you can find the SVar. Next select 𝑥̅ , then =.

Using Excel:

Enter
= 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒(𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎)
After entering the formula, then press enter.

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For the grouped data

For 𝒇𝒌 𝑴𝒌 column

Press = 𝐵2 ∗ 𝐶2 as for the frequency and

class mark columns respectively
Drag down

Find the sum of 𝒇𝒌 𝑴𝒌

To get the average or mean, simply press

sum of 𝒇𝒌 𝑴𝒌
COURSE MODULE

=
𝑛
𝐷9
=
𝐵9
Then press enter.

Likert-type Question

This is used if the researcher wants to know the feelings or opinions of the respondents
regarding any topic or issues of interest.

Below are examples of Likert-type statements. Respondents will choose the number which
best represents their feelings regarding the statements. Note that the statements are grouped
according to a theme.
Choices:
5 – SA for strongly agree; 4 – A for agree; 3 – N for neutral; 2 – D for disagree;
1 – SD for strongly disagree

1 – 3 Refer to students’ personal confidence in learning Statistics 5 4 3 2 1

1. I am sure that I can learn Statistics.
2. I think I can handle difficult lessons in Statistics.
3. I can get good grades in Statistics.
4 – 6 Refer to the students’ perception on Statistics as a subject
4. I think Statistics is a worthwhile, necessary subject.
5. I will use Statistics in many ways as a professional.
6. I’ll need a good understanding of Statistics for my research work.
7 – 9 Refer to students’ attitudes on the use of computer in learning
7. Computer makes learning fun and easy.
8. I think working with computers would be enjoyable and stimulating.
9. Computers help a lot in learning.

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MEDIAN
- It is the score or class in a distribution, below which 50% of score fall and above
which another 50% lie.
- It is not affected by extreme or deviant values.
- It is appropriate to use when there are extreme or deviant values.
- It is used when the data are ordinal.
- It exists in both quantitative or qualitative data.

Ungrouped:
𝑥𝑛 𝑥𝑛+2
2+
(“x curl”) 𝑥̃ = 𝑥𝑛+1 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 , 2
𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
2 2

- It is the middle value of the ungrouped and arrange (either lowest to highest or highest
to lowest) data when the number of elements or entries is odd. When the number of
elements is even, median is the average of two middle values in the ungrouped and
arrange data.

Example: Find the median for the following observations:

Given: Solutions:
1. 10, 12, 17, 7, 15 and 5 Arrange your data in ascending or
descending order
COURSE MODULE

5,7,10,12,15,17
Count and get the middle part. Since n is
even, 𝑛 = 6
𝑥𝑛 𝑥𝑛+2
2+ 2 𝑥3 +𝑥4
Then =
2 2
10 + 12
=
2
22
= = 11
2

2. 7, 12, 17, 7, 15, 5 and 12 5,7,7,12,12,15,17

𝑥̃ = 12

3. 19, 19, 21, 21, 23, 23, 23, 24, 25, 25, 25, 19, 19, 21, 21, 23, 23, 23, 24, 25, 25, 25, 27,
27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 28 27, 27, 27, 27, 28
𝑥̃ = 25

Grouped:
𝑛
− 𝐹𝑚
(“x curl”) 𝑥̃ = 𝐿𝑚 + (2 𝑓 )𝑐
𝑚
Where:
𝑛 𝑡ℎ
𝐿𝑚 = is the lower-class boundary of the median class, containing the ( 2 ) entry
𝐹𝑚 = is the less than cumulative frequency of the class before the median class
𝑓𝑚 = is the frequency of the median class

Example:

Class Interval Frequency (f) Cumulative

Frequency
10 – 14 2 2
15 – 19 5 7
20 – 24 8 15
25 – 29 12 27 Median Class
30 – 34 6 33
35 – 39 4 37
40 – 44 3 40
40

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𝑛 𝑡ℎ 40 𝒏
(2 ) = 2 = 20 − 𝑭𝒎
→ 20 will fall in 27 in the cumulative frequency column ̃ = 𝑳𝒎 + (𝟐
𝒙 )𝒄
𝒇𝒎

𝐿𝑚 = 24.5
→ the class boundary of 25 is 24.5 20 − 15
𝑥̃ = 24.5 + ( )5
12
𝐹𝑚 = 15 5
𝑥̃ = 24.5 + ( ) 5
→ since 27 is the median class so before it is 15 12
(Please consider also the given Class Interval. Here is 𝑥̃ = 24.5 + 2.083
from lowest to highest ̃ = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟖𝟑
𝒙

𝑓𝑚 = 12
𝑐=5

MODE
- It is referred to the particular entry with the most number of repetitions in the given
ungrouped data.
- It is used when you want to find the value which occurs most often.
- It is a quick approximation of the average.
- It is an inspection average.
- It is the most unreliable among the three measures of central tendency because its
COURSE MODULE

value is undefined in some observation.

- (“x hat”) 𝑥̂

Ungrouped:

Example: Find the mode for the following observations:

1. 10, 12, 17, 7, 15 and 5 𝑥̂ = 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒
2. 7, 12, 17, 7, 15, 5 and 12 𝑥̂ = 7 & 12
3. 19, 19, 21, 21, 23, 23, 23, 24, 25, 25, 25, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 28 𝑥̂ = 27

Grouped:
𝒅𝟏
(“x hat”) 𝒙
̂ = 𝑳𝒎𝒐 + ( )𝒄
𝒅 𝟏 + 𝒅𝟐

Where:
𝐿𝑚𝑜 = is the lower-class boundary of the modal class or the class having the highest
frequency
𝑑1 = is the difference between the frequency of the modal class and the frequency of the
class before it
𝑑2 = is the difference between the frequency of the modal class and the frequency of the
class after it.
𝐿𝑚𝑜 = 24.5
Example:
→ the class boundary of 25 is 24.5
Class Interval Frequency
(f) 12 is the frequency of the modal class
10 – 14 2 𝑑1 = 12 − 8 = 4
15 – 19 5 𝑑2 = 12 − 6 = 6
20 – 24 8 𝑐=5
25 – 29 12 Modal class
𝒅𝟏
30 – 34 6 ̂ = 𝑳𝒎𝒐 + (
𝒙 )𝒄
𝒅𝟏 + 𝒅𝟐
35 – 39 4 4
40 – 44 3 𝑥̂ = 24.5 + ( )5
4+ 6
40 4
= 24.5 + ( ) 5
10
̂ = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟓
𝒙

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Factor Mean Median Mode

Type of data Interval / ratio Interval / ratio / Nominal
ordinal
Extreme Score Yes No No
problem
Number of score 1 1 0, 1, 2, …
Characteristics All scores included Middle value Popular value
in computation

Activity 10:
Find the mean, median, mode of the following data.
1. A sample of 20 families gave the following data on the number of children per family.
0, 1, 3, 4, 4, 4, 2, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 5, 6, 5, 3, 3, 4, 5, 0. Find the mean, median, and
mode.

2. Find the mean, median, and mode of the distribution below.

Class Frequency Class Mark Class >Cum. Freq 𝒇𝒌 𝑴𝒌

Interval Boundary
5.1 – 5.4 10
4.7 – 5.0 20
4.3 – 4.6 30
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3.9 – 4.2 24
3.5 – 3.8 16

How to use Data Analysis Tool in the Excel Worksheet

1. You go to FILE, OPTION, ADD-INS

2. Select Analysis Tool Pak and/ or Analysis Tool Pak – VBA, the press go

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3. Select Analysis Tool Pak and/ or Analysis Tool Pak – VBA, the press ok

4. Check Data Tool if Data Analysis exist

COURSE MODULE

How to Find the Mean, Median, Mode using Data Analysis Tool in the Excel. And can
also be used in other data analysis for descriptive and inferential statistics

5. You go Data, then select Data Analysis Tool and then find Descriptive Statistics and
press the ok button.

6.
a. Input Range. Highlight the
given data
b. Select where you can see
the output
i. Output range
ii. New worksheet
iii. New workbook
c. Check Summary Statistics
d. Press ok

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7. Here, I choose one of the cells on the sheet where the given can also be found.
COURSE MODULE

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