PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

Magalang, Pampanga

COLLEGE OF RESOURCE ENGINEERING, AUTOMATION, AND MECHANIZATION

DEPARTMENT OF GEODETIC ENGINEERING

LEARNING CONTRACT

A contract is hereby executed between the Professor of this course and the
student enrolled as follows:
Whereas, actual class session are integral part of the course;
Agreement is hereby made such as:
1. The professor will provide the course syllabus at the start of the semester;
2. The professor will facilitate and moderate the class teaching-learning process and provide the
necessary knowledge relative to the course;
3. The student in return will receive the syllabus; familiarize himself/herself with the contents,
requirements and conforms with the provisions in the syllabus.
4. The student will abide to the policies of the program relative to the requirements on attendance and
other course requirements as specified in the syllabus, otherwise the student will fail the course.
5. That this contract is effective upon signing until the end of the current semester.

Signed:
ENGR. MARIA CAROLINA V. TARUN
Signature over Printed Name of Student Faculty, CREAM

Date Signed Date Signed

Witness:

ROSEMARIE S. MACMAC, MBM, GE, REB, REA

Department Chair

CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that I received the syllabus of this course on , for the
sem, SY .

Signature over Printed Name of Student

 MODULE 1
INTEGRATION CONCEPT AND INTEGRATION FORMULAS

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Define the basic concept of integration;

2. Determine the mathematical notation of integration;
3. Identify the parts of integration notation;
4. Differentiate indefinite and definite integrals; and
5. Know the basic integration formulas.

INTRODUCTION
We'll be looking at the integrals in this chapter. Integrals are the third and last big
subject to be dealt with in this study. As with derivatives, this chapter is almost entirely
devoted to finding and computing integrals. Applications will be discussed in chapter
below.
During this chapter we will be looking at two forms of integrals: Indefinite Integrals
and Definite Integrals. This chapter's first half is dedicated to indefinite integrals and the
last half is dedicated to definite integrals. As we'll see in the last half of the chapter if we
don't learn about infinite integrals we won't be able to do these integrals.

ANTI-DIFFERENTATION
Antidifferentiation or Integration is the reverse process to differentiation. Going
back to Calculus 1, Differentiation is the process of finding a derivative of the function. On
the other hand, Antidifferentiation is the catch-all term for any formula, technique, or
method of finding the antiderivative of the function.
To find all antiderivatives of 𝑓(𝑥), find one anti-derivative and write " + 𝐶 " where
C is the arbitrary constant or also called as the Integration Constant. In mathematical
notation, this anti-derivative is written as

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶

The ∫ is called the integration symbol ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) is called the integrand, and x is
called the variable of integration, dx is called the differential of the variable.

The integration symbol is an extended S for “summation”. The “dx” part indicates
that the integration is with respect to x. The definite integral is a number since we are
taking an actual area within boundaries, but the indefinite integral is a family of functions.
We can find the indefinite integral as before, except, as there are no boundaries, we must
add some unknown constant C.

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
Integration is the reverse process of differentiation, so the table of basic integrals
follows from the table of derivatives. An indefinite integral is an integral written without
terminals; it simply asks us to find a general antiderivative of the integrand. It is not one
function but a family of functions, differing by constants; and so the answer must have a
'+ constant' term to indicate all antiderivatives.

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
A definite integral, on the other hand, is an integral with terminals. It is a number
which measures an area under a graph between the terminals

Integration is the reverse process of differentiation, so the table of basic integrals

follows from the table of derivatives.

DERIVATIVE RULES
PROPERTIES OF INTEGRALS

INTEGRATION RULES

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1
Review Calculus 1 (Differential Calculus) and Solve examples using derivative
rules table provided above. Let’s have a recap of the previous subject.

Differentiate the following functions

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)
6)

7)

Differentiate the following functions using the power rule:

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

Differentiate the following functions:

1)

2)

Differentiate the following exponential functions:

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

Differentiate the following logarithmic functions:

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

GUIDE QUESTIONS 1

Answer the following to check what you learned from the discussions so far. Check
your answers from the provided answer key at the end of this unit.

1. What is a derivative?
2. What are the 5 steps (Long Method) in solving or determining a derivative of a
function?
 1
3. Find the derivative of 𝑥 = using the long method.
𝑡
4. What are the formulas involving in determining the derivative of Algebraic
Expressions?
5. Differentiate the following algebraic expressions.
a. 𝑦 = 2𝑥3 − 7𝑥 + 1
b. 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 2𝑥4 − 3𝑥5
c. 𝑦 = 3𝑥
3
−1 − 4𝑥−2
5
d. 𝑦 = −
𝑥 𝑥2
e. 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥)2 (3 − 2𝑥)
1
f. 𝑦 = 3𝑥−2
𝑥
g. 𝑦 =
𝑥2−1

ANSWER TO THE GUIDE QUESTIONS 1

1. The derivative of y with respect to x is the limit of the ratio of ∆𝑦 when ∆𝑥

∆𝑥
approaches zero. That is,

𝑑𝑦 = lim ∆𝑦 = lim 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆
𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

2. The steps in determining the derivative of a function are:

a. Replace 𝑥 by 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 and 𝑦 by 𝑦 + ∆𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑒𝑞𝑛. 1
𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) → 𝑒𝑞𝑛. 2
b. By subtraction, eliminate 𝑦 between eqn. 1 and eqn. 2, thus obtaining a
formula for ∆𝑦 in terms of 𝑥 and ∆𝑥:
∆𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑒𝑞𝑛. 3
c. By some suitable transformation, throw the right member of eqn. 3 into a
form which contains ∆𝑥 explicitly as a factor.
d. Divide through by ∆𝑥
∆𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
=
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
e. Determine the limit as ∆𝑥 approaches zero.

1
3. 𝑥 =
𝑡
1
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 1 ∶ 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 =
𝑡 + ∆𝑡
1 1
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 2 ∶ ∆𝑥 = −
𝑡 + ∆𝑡 𝑡
1 1
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 3 ∶ ∆𝑥 = −
𝑡 + ∆𝑡 𝑡
 𝑡 − (𝑡 + ∆𝑡)
=
𝑡 (𝑡 + ∆𝑡)
𝑡 − 𝑡 − ∆𝑡
=
𝑡 (𝑡 + ∆𝑡)
−∆𝑡
=
𝑡 (𝑡 + ∆𝑡)
−∆𝑡
∆𝑥 𝑡 (𝑡 + ∆𝑡)
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 4 ∶ =
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
−∆𝑡 1
= °
𝑡 (𝑡 + ∆𝑡) ∆𝑡
−1
=
𝑡 (𝑡 + ∆𝑡)

𝑑𝑥 = lim −1
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 5:
𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡→0 𝑡 (𝑡 + ∆𝑡)
𝑑𝑥 1
=−
𝑑𝑡 𝑡2

4. Derivative of Algebraic Expressions:

a. Derivative of a Constant
𝑑𝐶
𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
b. Derivative of the sum and difference of two functions
𝑑 (𝑢 ± 𝑣) = 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
±
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

c. Derivative of the product of two functions

𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
d. Derivative of the quotient of two functions
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 +𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (𝑣) = 𝑣2
e. Derivative of the product of a constant and a function
𝑑 𝑑𝑣
(𝐶𝑣) = 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
f. Derivative of the reciprocal of a function
𝑑𝑣
𝑑 1
( ) = − 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣
g. Derivative of the nth power of a function
𝑑 (𝑢𝑛) = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1 ° 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 5.
a. 𝑦 = 2𝑥3 − 7𝑥 + 1 Ans. . 𝑦′ = 6𝑥2 − 7
b. 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 2𝑥4 − 3𝑥5 Ans. . 𝑦′ = 2𝑥 − 8𝑥3 − 15𝑥4
c. 𝑦 = 3𝑥
3
−1 − 4𝑥−2
5
Ans. . 𝑦′ = −3𝑥
3
−2 + 8𝑥−3
d. 𝑦= − Ans. . 𝑦 = − + 10
′
𝑥 𝑥2 2 𝑥 3 𝑥
e. 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥)2 (3 − 2𝑥) Ans. . 𝑦′ = −2 + 6𝑥 − 6𝑥2
1 −3
f. 𝑦 = 3𝑥−2 Ans. . 𝑦′ =
(3𝑥−2)2
𝑥 𝑥2+1
g. 𝑦 = Ans. . 𝑦′ =−
𝑥2−1 (𝑥2−1)2

KEY POINTS:

1. Integral Calculus, is a branch of mathematics concerned with the theory and

applications (as in the determination of lengths, areas, and volumes and in the
solution of differential equations) of integrals and integration
2. In studying Integral Calculus, you must know the basic derivative rules.
3. Integration is an important concept in mathematics and together with its
inverse, differentiation is one of the two main operations in calculus.