Module 8

Module 7. MEASURE OF ASSOCIATION

Intended Learning Outcomes 

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Make prediction through regression analysis
2. Read Excel printout of regression statistic.
3. Generate Excel printout of regression statistic.
4. Practice intellectual honesty in the interpretation of test results.

Discussions 

Lesson 2. SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS

Regression analysis
- a statistical measure used to determine the functional relationship between two or more
variables.
- It is concerned with finding an equation that uses the known values of one or more
variables called independent or predictor variables, to estimate the unknown value of
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a quantitative variable called the dependent or response variable.

- Deals with the estimation of one variable based on the changes or movements of the
other variable.

Objectives:
• To establish the possible causation of changes in one variable by changes in other
variables.
• To predict or estimate the value of a variable given the values of other variables.
• To explain some of the variation of one variable by the other variables.

Guidelines for Using the Linear Regression

1. If there is no significant linear correlation, do not use the regression equation to make
prediction.
2. When using the regression equation for predictions, stay within the scope of the available
sample data.
3. A regression equation based on old data is not necessarily valid now.
4. Don’t make predictions about a population that is difficult from the population from which the
sample data were drawn.

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General form of linear function (line of best fit)

̂ = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒙
𝒚
Where:
𝑎 = y-intercept of the line ̅ − 𝒃𝒙
𝒂=𝒚 ̅
∑𝑌 − 𝑏∑𝑋
𝑎=
𝑁
∑ 𝑌 − ∑ 𝑋 ∑ 𝑋𝑌
𝑎=
𝑁 (∑ 𝑋 2 ) − (∑ 𝑋)2
𝑏 = slope of the line called regression 𝑛 ∑ 𝑋𝑌 − [∑ 𝑋 ∑ 𝑌]
𝑏=
(the rate of change of Y per unit change in X) 𝑛 ∑ 𝑋 2 − (∑ 𝑋)2

Characteristics of the Regression line

Regression line – the line that describes the statistical relationship between X and Y
1. When 𝑏 > 0, Y increases as X increases. Y is directly or positively related to X.
2. When 𝑏 < 0, Y decreases as X increases. Y is inversely or negatively related to X.
3. When 𝑏 = 0, Y is a constant and is equal to the y-intercept. This implies that there is no
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change in Y whatever X be.

Manual Computation Procedures:

1. Taking the sum of each variable: ∑ 𝒙 and ∑ 𝒚
2. taking the sum of the square of each variable: ∑ 𝒙𝟐 and ∑ 𝒚𝟐
3. taking the sum of the product of x and y: ∑ 𝒙 𝒚

Examples:
Compute the regression analysis of the scores in English and Science.

𝑥 𝑦 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥𝑦
3 4
4 5
5 7
5 7
6 7
6 9
6 7
7 8
8 7
10 9
∑𝑥 = ∑𝑦 = ∑ 𝑥2 = ∑ 𝑦2 = ∑ 𝑥𝑦 =

Using Excel Worksheet

1. Go to Excel Worksheet>Data>Data Analysis

2. Select Regression, then press ok.

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3. Input Range (x and y): Highlight the two

columns
Output Option
Press ok

English is dependent to Science.

Reverse the variable if

Science is dependent to English.

𝑋 = 3.333 + 0.611𝑌

You can start your prediction

now…
Therefore,
𝑌 = 1; 𝑋 = 3.333 + 0.611(1)
𝑋 = 3.944

𝑌 = 2; 𝑋 = 3.333 + 0.611(2)
𝑌=
⋮
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Using the Scientific Calculator:

1. Use calculator with LR/stat1/stat2/statxy mode
2. Set your calculator to LR mode or its equivalent or REG mode > Lin
3. Clear stat memory by pressing Shift AC thrice or its equivalent.
4. Then enter the data
x [( or “;” or “,” y then M+
3 [( or “;” or “,” 4
4 [( or “;” or “,” 5
5 [( or “;” or “,” 7
5 [( or “;” or “,” 7
6 [( or “;” or “,” 7
6 [( or “;” or “,” 9
6 [( or “;” or “,” 7
7 [( or “;” or “,” 8
8 [( or “;” or “,” 7
10 [( or “;” or “,” 9
5. To get the correlation, press SHIFT or RCL, the 𝑟 will display.
6. Predict now, by pressing SHIFT then “A” or its equivalent. SHIFT then “B” or its equivalent
7. Putting them together in the regression equation. Round off A and B to two-decimal places

Try this:
Compute the regression of the scores in Test I (X) and Test II (Y).

𝑥 𝑦
3 9
4 13
5 15
6 16
7 17

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Activities 

Given here is the number of hours spent in studying and the grades received.
Hours 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 6
Grades 57 63 70 72 69 75 73 84 82 89

1. Let the hours spent be the independent variable and grades will be the dependent.
2. Let the grades be the independent variable and the hours spent will be the dependent.
3. Then try 3 possible predictions for number 1 and 3 also for number 2.

Glossary 
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