Bond and Development

Chapter 9 Beams
9.7.3.8 Termination of Reinforcement
ACI 318M-19
Development of Bars in +ve Moment Regions

Figure below shows a uniformly loaded, simple

beam and its bending-moment diagram. It has 2
No. 43 bars as reinforcement. These run the full
length of the beam and are enclosed in minimum
stirrups. The development length ld of a No. 43
Grade-420 bar in 20MPa concrete is 2.36m. The
point of maximum bar stress is at mid span, and
because the bars extend 2.75m each way from
mid span, they are developed at mid span.
Development of Bars in +ve Moment Regions

Because the bending-moment diagram for a uniformly

loaded beam is a parabola, it is possible for the bar
stress to be developed at mid span but not be
developed at, eg., the quarter points of the span,
where the moment is three-fourths of the maximum.
This is illustrated in figure below where the moment
strength and the required-moment diagrams are
compared. The moment strength is assumed to
increase linearly, from zero at the ends of the bars to
ΦMn = 492kN-m at a distance ld = 2.36m from the ends
of the bars.
 Development of Bars in +ve Moment
Regions
Between points A and B, the required moment
exceeds the moment capacity. Stated in a different
way, the bar stresses required at points between A
and B are larger than those which can be developed
in the bar.
Ignoring the extension of the bar into the support for
simplicity, it can be seen from figure that the slope of
the rising portion of the moment-strength diagram
cannot be less than that indicated by line O–A.
If the moment-strength diagram had the slope O–B,
the bars would have insufficient development for the
required stresses in the shaded region.
 Development of Bars in +ve Moment
Regions
Thus, the slope of the moment-strength diagram,
d(ΦMn)/dx, cannot be less than that of the tangent to
the required-moment diagram, dMu/dx, at x = 0
The slope of the moment-strength diagram is ΦMn/ld
The slope of the required-moment diagram is
dMu/dx = Vu
Thus, the least slope the moment-strength diagram
can have is ΦMn/ld = Vu
So, the longest development length that can be
tolerated is
ΦMn/Vu = ld
where, Mn is the nominal moment strength based on
the bars in the beam at 0 and Vu is the shear at 0
Development of Bars in +ve Moment
Regions
At simple supports and points of inflection , db
for positive moment tension reinforcement shall be
limited such that “ld” for that reinforcement satisfies
(a) or (b). 9.7.3.8.3 (ACI318-19)
If reinforcement terminates beyond the centerline
of supports by a standard hook or a mechanical
anchorage at least equivalent to standard hook,
(a) or (b) need NOT be satisfied.

(a) ld ≤ 1.3 Mn/Vu + la if end of reinforcement is confined by a

compressive reaction
(b) ld ≤ Mn/Vu + la if end of reinforcement is not confined by a
compressive reaction
Development of Bars in +ve Moment
Regions
Mn is calculated at the section assuming all
reinforcement at a section is stressed to fy and Vu is
calculated at the section.
At a support, la is the embedment length beyond the
center of support. At a point of inflection, la is the
embedment length beyond point of inflection limited to
d or 12db but not more than the actual embedment of
the bar in the negative-moment region past the point of
inflection.
The factor 1.3 accounts for the fact that transverse
compression from the reaction force tends to increase
the bond strength by offsetting some of the splitting
stresses.
Development of Bars in +ve Moment
Regions

When the bars are hooked with the point of tangency

of the hook outside the centerline of the support, or if
mechanical anchors are provided, ACI Code Section
9.7.3.8.3 (ACI318-19) does not require it to be
satisfied.
 Development of Bars in +ve Moment
Regions
Equations are written in terms of Mn rather than ΦMn,
because the development length equations were derived on
the basis of developing, fy, in the bars, not Φfy. It should be
noted that the derivation of equations did not consider the
shift in the bar force due to shear. In such cases, the bars
should be anchored in the support for a force of at least Vu/2
and preferably 0.75Vu as discussed in the preceding section.
Equations ld ≤ 1.3 Mn/Vu + la and ld ≤ Mn/Vu + la
are not applied in negative-moment regions, because the
shape of the moment diagram is concave downward such
that the only critical point for anchorage is the point of
maximum bar stress.