5278: BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Y2-S1

INTRODUCTION TO o Method of casual reasoning

EPIDEMIOLOGY  Based on:
 Developing and Testing
Hypotheses; grounded in:
DISTRIBUTION o Biology
- Frequency and Pattern of health events in o Behavioral sciences
a population
o Physics
FREQUENCY
o Ergonomics
- Number of health events (not only health
events) - Integral component of public health (PH)
DETERMINANTS o Provides foundation for:
- Causes and other factors that influence  Directing practical and appropriate
the occurrence of disease and other PH action based on this science
health-related events and causal reasoning
- Epidemiologists - NOT just “the study of” health in
o Assume that illness does not occur population
randomly o Involves application of knowledge from
o Only happens when the right the studies to community-based
accumulation of risk factors or practice
determinants exists in an individual - Method used to find the causes of health
EPI outcomes and diseases in populations
- On or upon - “patient” = the community
LOGOS o Individuals = viewed collectively
- Study of
DEMOS HEALTH-RELATED STATES OR EVENTS
- People - Anything that affects the well-being of a
STUDY population
- A scientific discipline with sound methods - “disease” = shorthand for the wide range
of scientific inquiry of studied health-related states and events
PATTERN
- Occurrence of health-related events by SPECIFIED POPULATIONS
time, place, and person - Concerned about the collective health of
the people and community or population
EPIDEMIOLOGY
- Study (scientific, systematic, and data- Used in “Diagnosing” community health and
driven) of distribution (frequency, proposing PH interventions
pattern) and determinants (causes, risk 1. Scientific methods:
factors) of health-related states or a. Descriptive epidemiology
events (not just diseases) in specified b. Analytic epidemiology
populations (neighborhood, school, city, 2. Experience
state, country, global) and the application 3. Epidemiologic judgment
of this study to the control of health 4. Understanding of local conditions
problems
- Foundation: PH interventions
o Sound methods of scientific inquiry - Appropriate
(study) - Practical
- Data-driven: - Acceptable
o Collection - Used to control and prevent disease
o Analysis
Q&A: Distribution, Determinants, or
o Interpretation
Application
- Approach: 1. Compare food histories between persons
o Systematic with staphylococcus food poisoning and
o Unbiased those without.
- “Basic science of public health”
o Quantitative discipline

You may not copy, reproduce, distribute, publish, display, perform, modify, create derivative works, transmit, or in any way exploit any such content, nor may
you distribute any part of this content over any network, including a local area network, sell or offer it for sale, or use such content to construct any kind of 1
database.
 5278: BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Y2-S1

2. Compare frequency of brain cancer

among anatomists with frequency in
general population.
3. Mark on a map the residences of all
children born with birth defects within 2
miles of hazardous waste site.
4. Graph the number of cases of congenital
syphilis by year for the country.
5. Recommend that close contacts of a child
recently reported with meningococcal
meningitis receive Rifampin.
6. Tabulate the frequency of clinical signs,
symptoms, and laboratory findings among
children with chickenpox in Cincinnati,
Ohio.

1. Determinants
2. Determinants
3. Distribution
4. Distribution
5. Application
6. Distribution

EPIDEMIOLOGY PURPOSES IN PH
PRACTICE
- Discover factors affecting health:
o Agent
o Host
o Environmental factors
- Determine the relative importance of
causes of:
o Illness
o Disabilty
o Death
- Identify those segments of the population
that have the greatest risk from specific
causes of ill health
- Evaluate the effectiveness of health
programs and services in improving
population health

You may not copy, reproduce, distribute, publish, display, perform, modify, create derivative works, transmit, or in any way exploit any such content, nor may
you distribute any part of this content over any network, including a local area network, sell or offer it for sale, or use such content to construct any kind of 2
database.
 5278: BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Y2-S1

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Hippocrates (Circa 400 B.C.)
- Epidemiology: 2,500 yrs old
- Attempted to explain disease occurrence
from a rational view
“On Airs, Water, and Places”
o Essay
o Environmental and host factors such
as behaviors might influence disease
development
John Graunt (1662) 19th and 20th centuries
- London haberdasher and councilman - Epidemiological methods began to be
- Published landmark analysis of mortality applied in the investigation of disease
data in 1662 occurrence
o First to quantify patterns of: - Focus: acute infectious diseases
 Birth
 Death
 Disease occurrence
 Noting disparities between males
and females
 High infant mortality
 Urban/rural differences
 Seasonal variations
William Farr (1800)
- Built upon Graunt’s work
- Britain’s mortality statistics
- “Father of Modern Vital Statistics and
Surveillance”
- Developed:
o Many of the basic practices used
today in vital statistics and disease
classification
John Snow (1854)
- Anesthesiologist
- “Father of Field Epidemiology”
- Cholera outbreaks
o Cause
o Prevention
- Work:
o Classic sequence from descriptive
epidemiology → hypothesis
generation → hypothesis testing
(analytic epidemiology) → application
- Golden Square of London
- Investigation:
o Determined where in the area persons
with cholera lived and worked
o Marked each residence on a map
Spot Map
 Shows the geographic distribution
of cases

You may not copy, reproduce, distribute, publish, display, perform, modify, create derivative works, transmit, or in any way exploit any such content, nor may
you distribute any part of this content over any network, including a local area network, sell or offer it for sale, or use such content to construct any kind of 3
database.
5278: BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Y2-S1

A PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACH  Place

 Person
2. Assessment
 Inference (hypothesis)
3. Hypothesis Testing
 Determine how and why
4. Action
1. Surveillance  Intervention
 What is the problem?
2. Risk Factor Identification Q&A
 What is the cause? 1. All of the following illustrate the purpose of
3. Intervention Evaluation epidemiology in PH, except
 What works? a. Identifying populations who are at risk
4. Implementation for certain diseases
 How do you do it? b. Assessing the effectiveness of
interventions
PUBLIC HEALTH CORE SCIENCES c. Providing treatment for patients in
clinical settings
d. Determining the importance of causes
of illness
2. Epidemiologists use a model for studying
infectious disease and its spread that
involves the microbe that causes the
disease, the organism that harbors the
disease, and the external factors that
cause or allow disease transmission. This
is also known as
a. Host, vector, and transmission
b. Transmission, host, and environment
c. Host, agent, and environment
d. Organism, transmission, and
environment

1. Prevention Effectiveness 1. C
2. C
o All ends to this
2. Epidemiology
3. Laboratory
4. Informatics
5. Surveillance

SOLVING HEALTH PROBLEMS

1. Data Collection
 Surveillance
 Determine:
 Time

You may not copy, reproduce, distribute, publish, display, perform, modify, create derivative works, transmit, or in any way exploit any such content, nor may
you distribute any part of this content over any network, including a local area network, sell or offer it for sale, or use such content to construct any kind of 4
database.
 5278: BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Y2-S1

BASIC STATISTICAL CONCEPTS Q&A: DS or IS

1. What is the body mass index of the
AND OPERATIONS students?
2. Is there a significant difference
STATISTICS
between the average height of male
- Branch of applied math
and female students?
- Deals with research process
3. Is there a significant between the
- Used in analysis to come up w/ a decision
weight of the malnourished pupils
- Science
before and after the feeding program?
o Follows systematic process
4. To determine the occurrence of the
 Collection, organization and hypertensive patients who are
presentation, analysis, and engaged in stressful job and non-
interpretation stressful job
5. To compare the platelet counts of
William Harr patients with dengue and malaria
- Father of Statistics 6. To describe the cholesterol level of the
individuals who regularly eat garlic and
Political Science those who eat garlic occasionally
- First to use descriptive statistics 7. Which among the following factors
significantly contribute to the
Game of Chance decrease/loss of weight a. diet plan b.
- Used to demonstrate inferential statistics number of hours spent in exercise c.
amount of carbohydrates intake
DIVISION OF STATISTICS 8. To predict the number of covid cases
1. Descriptive (DS)_________________ based on the past data
 Summarize the group’s 9. To determine the average number of
characteristics strand of hair after using shampoo A
 Measures of central tendency
 Mean, median, mode POPULATION AND SAMPLE
 Measure of variation Population___________________________
 SD - Population group of person, things,
 Measures of location places, ideas etc.
 Deciles Population size
 Quartiles o Number of population
 Percentiles Sample______________________________
 Fractiles - Subgroup/representation of population
2. Inferential (IS)___________________ - Sample
 make inferences/predictions o Number of sample
 based on data analysis and
interpretation NUMERICAL MEASURES
 “Probability” Parameter____________________________
 Foundation of IS - Describes for population
 Comparison - “The average weight of all the students of
 T-test for one-sample SMU is 50 kgs”
 T-test for independent samples Statistic_____________________________
 T-test for paired samples - Describe the sample
 One-way ANOVA - “The average weight of BMLS students of
 Sample = pertaining to groups SMU is 50 kgs”
 Relationship
 Pearson-r VARIABLE
- Attributes/characteristics
 Chi-square
- Can be:
 Predictors/Significant Influence
o Numerical (quantitative)
 Simple linear regression
o Categorical (qualitative)
 Multiple linear regression

You may not copy, reproduce, distribute, publish, display, perform, modify, create derivative works, transmit, or in any way exploit any such content, nor may
you distribute any part of this content over any network, including a local area network, sell or offer it for sale, or use such content to construct any kind of 5
database.
 5278: BIOSTATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Y2-S1

VARIABLES ACC. TO ITS FUNCTION IN

EXPERIMENT
Dependent___________________________
- Explained and affected by IV
- Outcome
Independent__________________________
- Controlled

TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES

Discrete_____________________________
o By counting
o Whole number
Continuous__________________________
o By measuring
o Age (measured by time)

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Categorical___________________________
a. Nominal
 No rank
 Sex
b. Ordinal
 Ranked
 BO
 Performance
 Level of satisfaction
Numerical____________________________
c. Interval
 NO absolute zero
d. Ratio
 w/ absolute zero

Absolute Zero
- Absence of the measure
- Temperature = 0oC (there is temp;
interval)
- Speed = 0m/s (speed; ratio)

You may not copy, reproduce, distribute, publish, display, perform, modify, create derivative works, transmit, or in any way exploit any such content, nor may
you distribute any part of this content over any network, including a local area network, sell or offer it for sale, or use such content to construct any kind of 6
database.