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Reviewers:
Management Team:
English
UNDERSTANDING MODALS,
KNOWING AFRICA
Quarter 1 – Module 3
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I. Introduction to the Lesson
How are you? I hope you are fine and managed to work and carry the
activities in the first and second modules. The previous modules have
provided you with inputs and practice activities that further developed your
skills in English.
There are many ways to learn. A lot of avenues is now provided to you
as a learner, but it is always your determination and time management
which ascertains your success in completing the modules.
II. Objective
Use MODALS appropriately.
NOTE: Familiarize the words, for you will meet these words
as you go through this lesson/module.
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A S B H M O D A L S A L
D U N O I T A G I L B O
V N X X G W C V T G X N
I A F I Y T I L I B A O
C F F J L T L T Z V S I
E P E R M I S S I O N T
X C V H I S A B L R R I
I P F M D C V R T W G D
E S Z E Q X A F I A H A
N W B F R N Z T F E C R
A N E C E S S I T Y S T
P O S S I B I L I T Y C
1. MODALS are special types of helping verbs and are joined with the
simple form of the verb.
10. AFRICA is the second largest continent (after Asia), covering about
one-fifth of the total land surface of Earth.
3|Page
IV. Pre – Test
Complete the following sentences using appropriate
modal auxiliary verbs.
2. If soap and running water are unavailable, you (A. should B. can C.
would) use an alcohol-based hand rub with at least 60% alcohol.
3. If you think you (A. might B. can C. may) have been exposed to or
infected with COVID-19, discuss those concerns with your healthcare
provider.
4. You (A. should B. shall C. will) avoid close contact with anyone who has
cold or flu-like symptoms.
5. You (A. should B. may C. must) practice social distancing when going
outside your home.
Score: ________
You need to remember the simple act to avoid COVID-19 in order at the
same time avoid other disease causing germs.
Did you answer correctly the items above? Excellent! If you didn’t perfectly
answer the pre-test, you still have a lot of chances to make up for the low
score.
4|Page
V. Learning Concepts
Below are pictures of Africa. Can you make a guess about
what the images might be? (There is a guide question for
each picture and information about the picture.) Please
answer in a complete sentence.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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The following may be possible answers that you have answered in your
notes or you might have in your mind:
1. Modals never change their form. You can’t add –s, -ed, or –ing.
If you will notice in the above example, you have a subject I then
followed by a modal – can then the simple form of the verb play which an
infinitive without “to”.
3. In forming questions, you will use the inversion of the modals and the
subject.
Examples: Must I go to bed?
Can you play the piano?
Note in the examples, the modals must and can come first then
followed by the subjects I and you and lastly the verbs go and play which
are in its simple form.
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I cannot play the piano. Or, I can’t play the piano.
The first example shows the perfect tense of a verb with a modal –
could, together with have and a past participle of verb which is played
(regular verb, use the past tense) while the next example is a continuous form.
Looking at the second and third examples, must and can function
differently; must expresses an obligation while can expresses ability.
You already have a dozed of what modals are and rules in using
modals, now you will have to learn how the different modals are used
according to their function.
Use can and cannot or can’t in expressing ability for both general
ability (something that once you have learned you can do any time you
want, like being able to read or swim or speak a language, for example) and
specific ability (something that you can or can't do in one particular
situation like being able to lift something heavy, or find somewhere you are
looking for).
Use could and could not/couldn’t for general ability in the past.
Examples: Jan could speak Japanese when he lived in Japan, but he's
forgotten most of it now.
We couldn’t get to the school on time yesterday, because the
train was delayed by one hour.
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Can you try this.… Can you think of ability that you have? Please
complete the statement below.
Modals of
Use CAN to express probability. PROBABILITY (also
Can is used for something that is called modals of
generally possible, something we know deduction, speculation or
sometimes happens: certainty) are used when
Examples: Prices can be high in other you want to make a
countries. guess about something.
Can is not used to talk about specific You choose the verb
possibilities: depending on how sure
you are.
Example: He could be on the bus. (not: 'can be').
Examples: Students can register for this school year beginning next week.
(Students are permitted to enroll for next week)
You can borrow my book if you want, Diane. (Use can when you
are giving permission to others.)
Can I ask a question?
Children under ten cannot use the pool without adult
supervision. (Children under 10 years old are not allowed/prohibit to
use the pool without any adult supervision)
Visitors of patients can’t come after the visiting hours.
Examples: You could go to any shop in the mall if you wanted to.
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We couldn't study in the library after 6
Modals of PROHIBITION
pm.
are the opposite of
This could not be the only book
obligation and permission.
available.
Here, you are going to make
use of the word not in order
She could not know who my friend is.
to emphasize that such They have never met.
actions are not allowed or
forbids you to do something. The last two examples are showing that the
action is impossible.
o WILL.
Use will to express a strong possibility that something is true, especially
when we don’t have actual evidence at the moment.
Example: Ailah will meet me in person at the train station. (There is a
possibility that they will meet in person at the train station.)
You can use will + be able to, to express a general ability in the
future.
Example: At the end of this module, you will be able to use modals
properly.
Lastly, use will and won't when you are very sure, as shown in the
example sentences.
Examples: She will be at work now.
They won’t be late in going to school.
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May is formal and is often found in writing.
Example: Side effects of this medication may include upset stomach and
fever.
Might not shows that something probably is not true and something
probably will not happen in the future.
Example: These books might not be the teachers.
I might not go to the party tonight.
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Should you have dreams you want to achieve, you can also
work for it like the young boy in the story. (Possibility)
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o MUST, HAVE TO and NEED TO.
Use must to talk about strong personal obligations at the moment of the
speaking. Often, when using must, the authority for the obligation comes
from the person who is speaking. Must is a modal verb most commonly used
to express certainty. It can also be used to express necessity or strong
recommendation.
Example: Tomorrow is the final exam. I must review! (Strong personal
obligation)
She must finish the household chores before noon. (Necessity)
This must be the place he’s talking about! (Certainty)
Must not, the negative 'mustn't' is used to speak about actions that are not
allowed.
Examples: They mustn’t use the computers.
She must not be seen by the bullies.
We use must to talk about the present or the future. Look at these
examples:
I must go now. (Present)
I must call my mother tomorrow. (Future)
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That ends our discussion about modals, don’t worry if you
haven’t memorized the different modals, what is important is you
familiarized yourself with the different modals and their function.
Next time that you are tasked to write an essay on certain issues,
the modals will be of great help in communicating your ideas.
Modals are _____________ (helping) verbs that are used with another _____________
to express ideas such as ability, obligation, lack of necessity, permission or
request, prohibition, possibility and certainty.
FUNCTION MODALS EXAMPLE
Ability
❖ Specific ability Present: can/can’t Elsa can climb that icy mountain.
Fred can’t come to school today.
She is able to play different ball
games.
Be able to
❖ Past: could/couldn’t She could be the one but she
❖ changed.
He couldn't dance at all until he
was able took lessons.
to/couldn’t She was able to pass the exam,
even though she hadn't studied
much.
❖ Future: will/won’t
be able to
❖ Specific ability can/can’t
Advice
❖ should, should She ought to look for a new job.
not/shouldn’t,
ought to You should assess yourself before
❖ Talking about should you look for a job.
someone else.
❖ very strong advice
❖ giving hypothetical
If I were you, I would not wear
advice; talking
would that jacket.
about oneself or
yourself
Obligation and Lack of Necessity
❖ strong personal must Two days from now is our dance
obligations (present/future) contest. We must practice more!
❖ impersonal As citizens of Philippines, we have
obligations have to to follow the different laws being
imposed.
❖ future obligation
❖ You need to go home for you are
need to
sick.
❖ No obligation or Present: Students don’t have to wear
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lack of necessity don’t have to uniforms on Saturdays.
don’t need to Students don’t need to bring their
IDs during the event.
Past:
Future:
Prohibition
Present & Future: You must not smoke cigarette
❖ Prohibition can be must not/mustn’t here, this is a no smoking area.
the speaker’s I mustn’t open the refrigerator.
opinion/a real law Past: She was not allowed to enter the
or rules. not allowed premises.
couldn’t I couldn't park outside the shop.
❖ Idea or action is
against the rules
Permission/Request
❖ With permission to Present: can Students can enroll for the next
do something Past: could semester beginning next week.
Both staff and students could use
the ice rink.
❖ Less formal; more can Can I ask a question?
direct Could I ask you a question,
❖ More polite could please?
cannot/can’t, could Children under ten cannot use the
not/couldn’t pool without adult supervision.
Children couldn't play in the park
after 6 pm.
❖ may not Retailers may not sell items below
the manufacturer's price.
Past: could
not/couldn’t
❖ used in formal "Ma’am, may I go to the
situation when may, might restroom?"
asking permission
Probability, Possibility & Certainty
❖ When we want to Present: She’s not picking up her phone;
make a guess. must, might, could, she might be on her way here.
may, can’t +
infinitive
❖ very sure; strong will She will be on her office after an
possibility that hour.
something is true;
positive events
❖ very sure won’t Alex won’t mind if you borrow the
tuxedo.
❖ an assumption on It shouldn't take long to drive here.
what is probably You should be exhausted of all the
should, should
true if everything is running you’ve done.
not/shouldn’t
as expected;
negative events
❖ general possibility can The price of this phone can be
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much higher in other countries.
❖ specific We could go to the party tonight.
possibilities;
something is It could be in the drawer.
possible in the
could
present or the
future; shows
options or
possibility
❖ possibility in the
present or future;
more formal
❖ possibility in the
present or future;
less formal &
common in
conversation
❖ must, have to Everyone is wearing a jacket. It
must be cold.
He was running for 2 hours. He
has to be tired.
have to I have to attend the conference.
❖ possibility in the Past: He might have brought the cake.
past must, might, could, The birds may have gone to
may, can’t + have + different places.
past participle They could have worked late.
❖ will, won’t + have + The business owners will have
past participle traveled back here after the
pandemic.
❖ could + infinitive He could draw the face of Mona
Lisa.
❖ could + have + past He could have drawn the face of
participle Mona Lisa.
Practice Task 1
A. Read between the Lines.
Choose the correct modals/modal verbs of ability–
can/can't/could/couldn't and an infinitive – to
complete each sentence.
For example: Susan couldn’t hear the speaker because the crowd
was cheering so loudly.
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2. Chesca __________ ___________ Mandarin fluently. She sounds like a
native speaker.
3. Are you sure you put a tablespoon of brown sugar in my coffee? I
___________ ___________ it!
4. The police searched the whole area for the burglars but they __________
___________ them.
B. Dialogue alert!
Read the dialogue between a student and a teacher, and then fill
in the blanks with the correct modals of obligation, lack of necessity,
ability and advice.
Students are asking the teacher about his homework:
Student A: Sir, do we have to write a long essay?
Teacher: You (1.)____________ write a long essay. It (2.) __________
contain 200 words with the three parts of essay.
Student B: (3.) __________ we revise the essay if you have checked it
already?
Teacher: Yes, please revise your essay after I finished checking it. Is
there any question?
Student C: What (4.) ___________ we do with the grammar exercise? Do we
(5.)_________ write only the answers?
Teacher: No, you (6.) __________ do the grammar exercise at home as
we will surely do it together next meeting.
Students: Ok! Good bye sir.
Teacher: Good bye!
Note: Teacher can provide the specific function of modals on each item if students will
find it difficult to answer.
Practice Task 2
C. Complete me!
Complete the blanks with must, should, shouldn’t or couldn’t.
1. I’m so thankful for your help with this project. I ____________ have done it
without you!
2. The repairs I made _____________ have fixed the problem, but they didn’t
– so I’ll have to take another look.
3. I _______________have watched that horror movie; it gave me nightmares.
4. It _______________ have rained a lot last night – there are puddles
everywhere.
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D. Guess what.
Use the picture in order to complete the sentences with the correct
modals. The function of the modal in parenthesis serves as the clue.
How many correct answers did you get from Practice Task 1(A and B) and 2
(C and D)?
Perfect score? That’s great! If not, don’t worry, there are two more
practice tasks for you and there is always room for improvement.
Practice Task 3
1.
https://www.google.com/search?q=african+culture&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa
=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQ1dzXtb3pAhUWVN4KHSzoCc8Q_AUoAXoECA0QAw&bi
w=1366&bih=657#imgrc=JSil5GUTCwbv2M
17 | P a g e
2.
https://www.africantrails.co.uk/tour-info/africa-culture-and-history/
3.
https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/images/sidulihide1.jpg
4.
Tattoos in Africa are used by many younger teens. The tattoos are used to
tell either a story from your past or a story of your village. Theses tattoos
can be removed or wiped, others are permanent.
https://www.tes.com/lessons/JY2hUWPeXx89UQ/african-culture
5.
In Africa music is passed down by generations without being written down. Music in Africa is used
to welcome hero's, communicate, and pass down stories.
https://www.tes.com/lessons/JY2hUWPeXx89UQ/african-culture
6.
https://cal.skypeenglishclasses.com/sites/default/files/lessons/images/downl
oad%20%285%29.jpeg
7.
https://info.umkc.edu/unews/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/experience-africa-
1-620x400.jpg
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8.
9.
10.
______
10
Take time to breathe after answering the three practice tasks. Inhale…
Exhale….That’s right! You are now at the end of the module wherein you need
to answer the post test. Remember the lessons that you have read and
practice. The test is easy, relax…
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B. Based on the article/information below, write five sentences using
modals. No repetition of modals.
• Pigs walk around on top of 20m deep refuse piles at the water’s edge
in Freetown (Sierra Leone). Most people do not use money and prefer
to barter for sachets of clean water, the most valuable commodity in
Freetown. (Steve Boyes)
• Water scarcity impacts the lives of over 300 million Africans, of
whom approximately 75% of Africans rely on groundwater as their
primary source of drinking water. Global warming is aggravating the
situation.
• Limited groundwater represents only 15% of the continent’s total
renewable water resources. New discoveries of groundwater reserves
in large sedimentary basins in Libya, Algeria and Chad may slack
Africa’s growing thirst for the next few decades…
• Productivity of about 65% of the continent’s agricultural lands has
declined significantly with vast tracts of land have been degraded by
erosion, poor land management practices, mining and pollution over
the last 50 years.
• Some landscapes are estimated to lose over 50 metric tons of soil per
hectare per year due to neglect and desertification.
• Over 30% of Africa’s pastural land and almost 20% of all forests and
woodlands are classified as moderately- or heavily-degraded.
https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2013/10/31/getting-to-know-africa-interestingfacts/
_________
15
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VIII. Assignment
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Congratulations! You have finished the module on time, keep up the good
work, and good luck!
I hope you will continue to develop and share further your learning to your
peers or to someone who needs your help.
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Answer Keys:
Word Search
Pre – Test
1. A – must 2. B – can 3. C – may
4. A – should 5. C – must
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Practice Task I A
1. could – feel 2. can – speak
3. can’t – taste 4. couldn’t – find
Practice Task I B
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Practice Task 2
C. 1. couldn’t 2. should 3. shouldn’t 4. Must
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References:
Modals of Ability and Probability
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs.html
Had better to, Must, Ought to, Shall, Would
https://www.englishpage.com/modals.html (pending request)
IMAGES
Victoria Falls
https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/image
files/xvicfallspic23.jpg.pagespeed.ic.rQAk9x9pMZ.jpg (pending
request)
Dancer wearing traditional mask
https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/images/xchipala-
dancer.jpg.pagespeed.ic.Kwj7Obw3vX.jpg (Pending request)
Jollof rice and egusi soup, Nigeria
https://dynaimage.cdn.cnn.com/cnn/e_blur:500,q_auto:low,w_50,c_f
ill,g_auto,h_28,ar_16:9/http%3A%2F%2Fcdn.cnn.com%2Fcnnnext%2
Fdam%2Fassets%2F170410115312-african-food---jollof-rice.jpg
(Pending request)
African men playing drums
https://www.google.com/search?q=african+culture&source=lnms&tb
m=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQ1dzXtb3pAhUWVN4KHSzoCc8Q_AUo
AXoECA0QAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=JSil5GUTCwbv2M
(Pending request)
Walking in the dessert
https://www.africantrails.co.uk/tour-info/africa-culture-and-
history/(Pending request)
Elephants/Siduli Hide
https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/images/sidulihide1.jpg(Pending
request)
African girls with face tattoo
https://www.tes.com/lessons/JY2hUWPeXx89UQ/african-culture
(Pending request)
Young men marching with drums
https://www.tes.com/lessons/JY2hUWPeXx89UQ/african-culture
(Pending request)
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