10

MATHEMATICS
Quarter 1 – Module 4a (Week 5):
POLYNOMIAL AND POLYNOMIAL EQUATION

Self-Learning Module
 Introduction of the Lesson
It has been my pleasure to recognize your effort exerted to complete the three modules. I
know you have had enjoyed accomplishing the task you were expected to learn. You are again
challenge to finish the fourth module. This module is about polynomials and polynomial equations. As
you go over the module, you will also learn theorems that can be applied in solving problems. Enjoy
and have fun.

You are expected to learn

This module is created for you to:

1. Perform long division on polynomials
2. synthetic division on polynomials.

Checking how much you know

Choose the correct answer. Write the letter only.

1. What is the quotient when you divide 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 24 and 𝑥 + 4?

A. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 C. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 6
B. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 D. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 6

2. Which of the following polynomial is the quotient when 2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 6 is divided

by 𝑥 + 3?
A. 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2 C. 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 2
2
B. 𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 2 D. 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2

3. The following solutions are proof of Remainder Theorem. Which solution/s is/are NOT
proof?

i. 𝑃(2) = 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 12
𝑃(2) = (2)3 + 6(2)2 − 9(2) − 12
𝑃(2) = 8 + 6(4) − 18 − 12
𝑃(2) = 2

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 ii.
2 1 6 -9 -12
2 16 14
1 8 7 2
iii.
𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 7
𝑥 − 2 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 12
𝑥 3 − 2𝑥
8𝑥 2 − 9𝑥
8𝑥 2 − 16𝑥
7𝑥 − 12
7𝑥 − 16
2

A. i only C. iii only

B. ii only D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

4. Which of the solutions demonstrate Synthetic Division in dividing

2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 27𝑥 − 36 by 𝑥 + 3?

A.
-4 2 9 -2 -24
8 4 24
2 1 -6 0

B.
-4 2 9 -2 -24
-8 -4 24
2 1 -6 0

C.
-4 2 9 -2 -24
-8 4 24
2 1 -6 0

D.
-3 2 1 -27 -36
-6 15 36
2 -6 15 0

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 5. Which of the following solutions prove that 𝑥 + 2 is a factor of 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 14?

i.
2𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 7
𝑥 + 2 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 14
2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2
−9𝑥 2 − 11𝑥
−9𝑥 2 − 18𝑥
7𝑥 + 14
7𝑥 + 14
0

ii.
𝑃(−2) = 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 14
𝑃(−2) = 2(−2)3 − 5(−2) − 11(−2) + 14
𝑃(−2) = 2(−8) + 10 + 22 + 14
𝑃(−2) = 0

iii.
-2 2 -5 -11 14
-4 18 -14
2 -9 7 0

A. i only C. iii only

B. ii only D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

6. Which of the binomials are factors of 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 24?

A. (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 4) C. (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 4)
B. (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 4) D. (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 4)

7. Which of the following equations illustrates polynomial equation?

2
A. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 = 0 C. 3 + 6𝑥 − 2 = 0
𝑥
B. 2√𝑥 + 2 = 0 D. 𝑥 2/3 + 4 = 0

8. All the equations are polynomial equations EXCEPT.

A. 𝑥 + 2 = 7 C. 2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 + 2 = 0
1
B. 𝑥 −𝑛 + 3 = 0 D. 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0

9. The length of a rectangular garden is (𝑥 + 8) meters and the width is (𝑥 − 2) meters. What
is the area of the garden?
A. 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 16 square meters C. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 16 square meters
2
B. 𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 16 square meters D. 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 16 square meters

10. The number of blouses sold is given by the expression 4𝑥 + 5. The price per blouse is given
by the expression 3𝑥 − 1. Find the total amount of revenues earned.
A. The revenue is 12𝑥 2 − 19𝑥 − 2 pesos.
B. The revenue is 12𝑥 2 + 19𝑥 − 2 pesos.
C. The revenue is 12𝑥 2 − 19𝑥 + 2 pesos.
D. The revenue is 12𝑥 2 + 19𝑥 + 2 pesos.

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 What will you do
LESSON 1

POLYNOMIALS
Let us try answering this activity.

Tell whether the expression is a polynomial or NOT.

1. 𝑥 + 2
1
2. 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 3
2
3. √𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 2
4. 𝑥 −4 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 1
1
5. 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 2

How do we know that an expression is a polynomial or NOT? A polynomial expression is a sum

of terms containing the same variable raised to different powers. Each term is a product of numbers and
variables.

Definition of a Polynomial

A polynomial in one variable is any expression that can be written in the form
𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 1 + 𝑎0

where 𝑥 is a variable, the exponents are nonnegative integers, and the coefficients are real
numbers.

By definition of Polynomial, let us investigate which of the expressions are polynomials or

NOT.

Exponents are Exponents are

Coefficients are Exponents are Polynomial or
Expressions real numbers
nonnegative negative
non-integers NOT
integers integers
1. 𝑥 + 2 ̸ ̸ Polynomial
1 ̸ ̸
2. 2 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 3 Polynomial
3. √𝒙𝟐 − 10𝑥 − 2 ̸ ̸ NOT
−𝟒 3 2 ̸ ̸ NOT
4. 𝒙 +𝑥 −𝑥 +1
𝟏 ̸ ̸
5. 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 7𝑥 − 2 NOT

Since, numbers 1 and 2 the exponents are nonnegative integers, and the coefficients are real
numbers. Therefore, these are polynomial expressions.

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 The degree of a polynomial is the power of the term that has the greatest exponent. If the
degrees of the terms of a polynomial decrease from left to right, the polynomial is in general form.
Like for example, 𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 26𝑥 + 2 the polynomial is in general form and the degree is 3.

Other examples:

Polynomial Expressions Standard Form Degree of the Polynomial

3 2 3 2 3
3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 5 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 5
−10𝑥 + 2𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 + 8 2𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 + 8 4

Try this

A. Tell whether the following is a polynomial or NOT.

1. 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 12

2. 𝑥 −4 + 8𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 8

3. 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 4

4. 2√𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2

1
5. 𝑥3
− 3𝑥 2 + 6

B. Write the polynomial in standard form and state the degree.

1. 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 12

2. 𝑥 6 + 3𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 8

3. 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1

4. 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 8 + 7𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 7 + 3𝑥 − 12

2
5. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 + 7
3

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 LESSON 2

FIND THE QUOTIENT OF POLYNOMIALS BY LONG

DIVISION
In dividing polynomials, it has the same process as dividing numbers. Like, divide
2𝑥 − 11𝑥 2 − 33𝑥 + 54 by 𝑥 − 3.
3

The quotient is 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 18.

Check your answer by multiplying the quotient with the divisor. Do not forget to add the
remainder if there is to the quotient.

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Here is another example.

Divide 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 4 by 𝑥 − 2. Notice the absence of 𝑥 2 term in the dividend. Add 0𝑥 2 term to the
dividend.

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
𝑥 − 2 𝑥 3 + 𝟎𝒙𝟐 − 4𝑥 + 4
𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2
2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
4

4
The quotient is 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + . Do not forget to add the remainder.
𝑥−2

Try this

Find the quotient by dividing the polynomials using the long division.

1. (𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 20) ÷ (𝑥 − 2)

2. (2𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 8) ÷ (𝑥 + 4)

3. (𝑥 3 + 10𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 40) ÷ (𝑥 + 10)

4. (4𝑥 3 + 10𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2) ÷ (𝑥 + 2)

5. (𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 50) ÷ (𝑥 − 2)

6. (𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 − 1) ÷ (𝑥 + 1)

7. (𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 4) ÷ (𝑥 − 3)

8. (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8) ÷ (𝑥 + 3)

9. (𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 4) ÷ (𝑥 − 2)

10. (𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 + 8) ÷ (𝑥 + 2)

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 LESSON 3

FIND THE QUOTIENT OF POLYNOMIALS USING

SYNTHETIC DIVISION
In finding the quotient of polynomials, long division is used. There is another way of finding
the quotient using the shortcut method called the synthetic division. Synthetic division is simply an
abbreviation form of the long division. Synthetic division is used when the divisor is of the form
𝑥 − 𝑐.

Consider this division of polynomials:

(𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 4) ÷ (𝑥 + 2)

Study properly the procedures using both long division and synthetic division:

Long Division Synthetic Division

𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 -2 1 5 4 -4
𝑥 + 2 𝑥 3 + 𝟓𝑥 2 + 𝟒𝑥 − 𝟒 -2 -6 4
𝑥 3 + 𝟐𝑥 2 1 3 -2 0
3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
4𝑥 2 + 𝟔𝑥
−2𝑥 − 4
−2𝑥 − 𝟒 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐
0

If you may notice, both methods give the same quotient of 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2. Out of the two
methods, synthetic division is faster. The corresponding numbers in each process are shaded.
Synthetic division contains all the same information, but in a condensed form.

Steps to follow in dividing polynomials by synthetic division:

1. Arrange the terms of the dividend in descending order of exponent.

2. Write the numerical coefficient in a row, with 0 representing any missing term.
3. Write the constant term c of the divisor x - c at the left-hand side of the coefficient.
4. Bring down the leading coefficient of the dividend. Multiply it by c and add to the second
column.
5. Multiply the sum obtained in step 4 by c and adds to the 3rd column. Repeat this process
until you reach the last column.
6. The 3rd rows of numbers are numerical coefficient of the quotient. The degree is one less
than that of the dividend. The right member is the remainder.

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 The number farthest to the right in the last row of the synthetic division is the remainder. In
this case the remainder is 0.

Here is another example.

(2𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 4) ÷ (2𝑥 + 1)

Since the coefficient of the divisor is 2. So, divide both the divisor and dividend with 2. Thus,

2𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 4 2𝑥 + 1
( )÷( )
2 2

9 1
(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 2) ÷ (𝑥 + )
2 2

Follow the steps in dividing polynomials using synthetic division.

1 9
− 1 6 2
2 2
1 -2 -2
−
2
1 4 4 0

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The quotient is 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4.
Try this

A. Find the quotient of the polynomials using the Synthetic Division.

1. (𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 4) ÷ (𝑥 + 2)
2. (𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 9) ÷ (𝑥 − 3)
3. (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 8) ÷ (𝑥 + 4)
4. (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 22𝑥 + 12) ÷ (𝑥 − 5)
5. (2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6) ÷ (2𝑥 + 3)

B. Find the missing value in each synthetic division problem.

1.
4 1 -5 6 -8
𝒂 -4 8
1 -1 2 0
2.
-2 1 5 1 -10
-2 -6 10
1 𝒃 -5 0

3.
-3 1 -1 𝒄 15
-3 12 -15
1 -4 5 0
4.

𝒅 1 -8 18 -8
4 -16 8
1 -4 2 0

5.
1 1 7
− 1 − 2
2 2 2
1
−
2
𝒆 -2
1 -1 4 0

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 Summary

1. Definition of a Polynomial
A polynomial in one variable is any expression that can be written in the form

𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 1 + 𝑎0
where 𝑥 is a variable, the exponents are nonnegative integers, and the coefficients are real
numbers.

2. The degree of a polynomial is the power of the term that has the greatest exponent. If the
degrees of the terms of a polynomial decrease from left to right, the polynomial is in general
form.
3. Synthetic division is simply an abbreviation form of the long division. Synthetic division is used
when the divisor is of the form 𝑥 − 𝑐.

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Answer Key
Checking how much you know Try this
Lesson 3
1. A
2. 1.
3. D −2 1 5 4 −4
4. −2 −6 4
5. D 3 1
-2 0
6. 2.
7. A
8.
9. C 3.
10.
−4 1 −1 −18 8
−4 20 −8
Try this
Lesson 1 1
-5 2 0
A. 4.
1. Polynomial
2.
3. Polynomial 5.
4. 3 1 3 5 3
− − −
5. NOT 2 2 2
3 9 −3
−
B. 2 2
1. Standard Form; 5th degree -3 1 2 0
2. B.
3. −3𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1; 1.
5th degree 4 1 −5 6 −8
4. 𝟒 −4 8
2
5. −𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 7; 5th 1
-1 2 0
3
degree 2.
Try this
Lesson 2
3.
1. 𝑥 2 + 10 −3 1 −1 −𝟕 15
2. −3 12 −15
3. 𝑥2 − 4 1
-4 5 0
4.
5. 𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 25
6.
7. 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
8.
9. 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 2
10.
 -1 41 0
2 𝟐
− −
1 𝟏 −2
2 2 2
− −
1 1 1 7 2
5.

4.

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References:

Soledad Jose-Dilao, Ed.D. Julieta G. Bernabel, (2002) Intermediate Algebra Textbook for Second Year,
Quezon City, JTW Corporation

Jerald Murdock, Ellen Kamischke, Eric Kamischke, (2004) Discovering Advanced Algebra An
Investigative Approach, Key Curriculum Press,

http://mathonweb.com/help_ebook/html/poly_0.htm

https://www.mathplanet.com/education/algebra-2/polynomials-and-radical-expressions/factoring-
polynomials

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ivytech-collegealgebra/chapter/use-the-fundamental-theorem-
of-algebra/

http://fractal.math.unr.edu/~ejolson/181-11/notes/roottheorem.pdf

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 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of Mandaue City
Plaridel St., Centro, Mandaue City, Cebu, Philippines 6014
Telephone Nos.: (032) 345 – 0545 | (032) 505 – 6337
E-mail Address: mandaue.city001@deped.gov.ph
Website: https://depedmandaue.net

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