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Education and Military Leadership: A Study of the R.O.T.C.

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Rapid turnover of ROTC officers, the decline in ROTC enrollment, inadequate training for the
specialized techniques of modem warfare, and the quick obsolescence of technical training have
created an acute problem in the development of a body of highly-trained professional career
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Originally published: 1959


Authors: John Wesley Masland, Gene M. Lyons

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*****************------------F O R E I G N---------------------------***************

According to Campbell, My personal experience as a former cadet and current Army

officer contribute to my interest in studying cadet leader development perspectives. the Army
ROTC leadership experience is
unique, effective, and functions harmoniously with theories of socialization. Participants openly

shared their personal perceptions and experiences related to their individual leadership journey

and the development of a leader psyche. Their narrative provided important data used to

discover patterns related to the phenomenon of leader development. Personally, I learned new

insights related to the process of leader development and have come to a better understanding
of

my own development as a leader. The focus of this study was on

students within their senior year in college and preparing to graduate after participating in the
ROTC program of leadership and in consideration of the findings of this study,

there are multiple options and directions for future studies on the subject of leader
development.

Conducting a case study is one recommendation for further research on the topic A longitudinal
study of subjects over the

full four years would provide deep insights into participant leader growth and development.

Such a study would capture and help illustrate the developmental process of participants. Many
leadership theories have been developed to explain key facets of

leading others some based on innate traits, others focused on behavioral transactions

(McDermott, 2011). Congress established the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) as part of
the National

Defense Act of 1916 in an effort to augment the U.S. Army leadership with educated

professional officers. This act established ROTC programs at colleges and universities across

the nation, expanding the capacity of Army leader development beyond the traditional route via

the United States Military Academy at West Point. Since that time, the number of universities

involved and US Army officers produced through this program has grown exponentially, making

the ROTC now responsible for producing a significant portion of the annual requirement of

newly commissioned officers entering a military career. Throughout this same period, the

United States has faced several distinct challenges to its sovereignty, and in the first decade of

the twenty-first century, such threats have continued to exist, whether economic, technological,

ideological, or political. Regardless of the nature of such threats, each situation has required
capable leadership.

SOCIALIZED LEADER DEVELOPMENT: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE

COLLEGE ARMY ROTC STUDENT PERSPECTIVE AND EXPERIENCE

by Ammon Sean Campbell

Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA

2017

-------

According to Pacatang, NSTP-ROTC program was implemented in order to promote primarily


humility and

obedience among criminology student-cadets aside from its intent to develop and promote the

physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being of the students and focuses on

activities that promote literacy, leadership, education and health to the community. It also

includes the physical, mental, social, intellectual and spiritual development of every

individual. The ROTC commandant and CWTS coordinators shall conduct an extensive leadership

trainings on cadets emphasizing the importance of humility and obedience in a


leadersubordinate leadership. The ROTC commandant and CWTS coordinators shall involve the
cadets with periodic

lectures on love of country. when someone performs an action which

benefits his or her community, it is known as community service. Community service can

also be altruistic, and it is a vital part of many small communities. Getting involved in the

community makes it healthier and livelier, and numerous organizations around the world

support community service activities. the National Service Training Program

can be traced back or related to the history of Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC). The

latter is based on Republic Act No. 7077 or otherwise known as Citizens Armed Forces of the

Philippines Reservists Act whereas the former is from Republic Act No. 9163 which is
commonly known as National Service Training Program Act of 2001. Similarly, the NSTP

Act of 2001 was established mainly with the goal of preparing and training Filipino citizens

to protect the country against external or internal threats (Caday, 2013). Because of public

clamor to reform the ROTC at that time due to many cases of abuses and hazing which

resulted in deaths of some students, CHED conceptualized NSTP during the Arroyo

administration. Mendoza and Roylo (2017) recently suggests that there have been calls to

reinstate the mandatory Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) program in the country.

The calls have been reinforced by President Duterte’s first State of the Nation Address where

he mentioned the need to strengthen the ROTC program to “instill love of country and good

citizenship.” While having ROTC would certainly bolster the military preparedness of our

country, it would be wise to properly assess the investments necessary to produce a welltrained
and effective reserve force.

EFFECTIVENESS OF NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM

IN THE BEHAVIORAL FORMATION OF STUDENTS

David Harold Q. Pacatang, et al.

Jose Rizal Memorial State University, College of Criminal Justice Education, Dipolog Campus,

Dipolog City, PHILIPPINES.

davidhq_pacatang@yahoo.com, bytherm@yahoo.com

Educational Research International Vol.11 (1) Feb-May 2022

-----------

According to Jackson, more effective at changing intentions to

seek help if they target ROTC students’ subjective norms and attitudes. In order to modify these

determinants, the intervention should include persuasive arguments designed to reinforce or


alter
the salient behavioral and normative beliefs elicited in the current study. Specifically, the

intervention should seek to reinforce behavioral beliefs focused on the positive outcomes of

problem resolution, confidentiality, and the expression of distressing thoughts and emotions.

Further, it should seek to address and modify behavioral beliefs related to the negative
outcomes

of stigma, discomfort with the counseling process, and career ramifications. The intervention

should also target motivation to comply or identification with friends, parents, siblings, other

ROTC cadets, or ROTC leadership as these are likely to be salient referents for ROTC students.

Future research is needed to replicate the current findings, more accurately examine the impact

of past counseling experience on intentions, and further develop and validate TPB measures.

Most importantly, it is imperative that researchers continue the current line of research and

develop an intervention that addresses the unique characteristics of the ROTC population.

the current study suggest future interventions will likely be most effective if

they target ROTC students’ subjective norms and attitudes related to PHS. As a result,

researchers should develop interventions that seek to modify the strength of some of the

behavioral and normative beliefs that were found to be salient in the current study. Behavioral

beliefs can be modified through changing the evaluation of an outcome, and normative beliefs

can be altered through targeting motivation to comply or identification with a specific referent

THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR IN PREDICTING ROTC STUDENTS’

INTENTIONS TO SEEK PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES

BY

MATTHEW SCOTT JACKSON

BALL STATE UNIVERSITY

MUNCIE, INDIANA

DECEMBER 2015
-----------

hypothesis tested, that there would be a positive relationship between self-esteem and
achievement at

ROTC Another finding was that 61 of the 66 cadets in

the study (92%) had a self-report of self-esteem with a

positive number. This suggested that the majority of

cadets in the ROTC programs studied had a positive

level of self-esteem. The study produced evidence that there is a

statistically significant positive relationship between

an individual's self-report of self-esteem and

achievement in a a leadership development and

assessment setting. While this relationship is not

necessarily a cause and effect relationship, it does

give rise to further study in like settings. The research presented showed that as self-esteem

increased, achievement at ROTC Advance Camp tended to

increase. It is concluded that by increasing an

individual's self-esteem, their achievement at ROTC

Advance Camp should show a corresponding increase.

The Relationship Between Self-Esteem and

Achievement in an ROTC Leadership


Development and Assessment Setting

Robert W. Dinnen

Eastern Illinois University

------------

******************- - - - - - - L O C A L - - - - - - - -****************************

According to tullao, This program

designed to produce quality commissioned officers in the Armed Forces of the

Philippines.These Military science courses are designed to prepare criminology students to

develop their leadership, discipline and community awareness in response to the disaster risk

reduction program of the community. With the ROTC program helps the criminology

students to succeed in their chosen field in the college and be one of the aspiring Police

Officers of the Philippine National Police (PNP) and in the Armed Forces of the Philippines

(AFP). This research study draw pertinent data and information needed to determine the

Perception of Criminology students of Bulacan State University towards ROTC program, this

study utilized the descriptive method of research, which refers to the description, recording

analysis and interpretation of the present condition of research. Questionnaires and

documentary analysis were employed as tools in order to have baseline information of the

variables under study.The respondents of this study were identified through purposive

sampling, The group of respondents was composed of Basic and Advance ROTC Cadets of

Bulacan State University with a total nu,ber of 324 cadets. As to the manning, manning

management / organization, the basic cadets perceived it to be very evident and in terms of

instruction the basic cadets perceived it to be very evident .


PERCEPTION OF CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS TOWARDS ROTC PROGRAM of

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Dr. Marvin R. Tullao

marvin.tullao@bulsu.edu.ph

Bulacan State University,

City of Malolos ,Bulacan

Philippines,3000

-------------------------

According to Matuan, Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) is important for everyone to take
this. By taking this we can learn on how to protect ourselves and help others to the strangers.

We can learn also on how to have a respect and discipline in ourselves. In addition, we can also
learn on how to respect others and know the right of every people.

ROTC can help our country/place. This Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) is advantage to the
students who wants to take Criminology and Army.

They can get more advance knowledge about this kind of training.

In contrary, this would be disadvantage to the other students who would like to take education
and some other courses.

Doing this kind of training you need to exert efforts to do your task that your head officer
commanded.

During this training you need to be physically fit cause you will be easily get tired.

In addition, I agree the imposition of ROTC in Senior High School. Cause it could be more
advantage for us as a student.

Aside from getting advance knowledge, we also have benefits for it and we can secure ourselves
into safety. As a student,

we can help and protect ourselves into strangers and also others.

We should give thanks to President Duterte for implementing the imposition of ROTC in the
Senior High
The Importance of ROTC in the Students

Prepared by: Clefford A. Matuan

---------------------------

Some parents support the plan of President Rodrigo Duterte to include the mandatory Reserve
Officers Training Corps (ROTC) in school curriculums.

They believe that this will help the youth understand the importance of discipline, leadership
and patriotism.

But despite of the support, there are still some parents that worry over the possibility of the
training being used to inflict violence among students.

Some of them say that the said program will be good for their children, but insist that the school
management should assure that this will not be abused and must be carried out properly

the implementation of this program among students will be a great help to enhance their
abilities in emergency response, and security defense, in case a need arises in their
communities.

Parents supports revival of mandatory ROTC but fears possibility of abuse

UNTV News

17 February 2017

----------------------------------

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