Lifespan Development 7th Edition Boyd Test Bank

Lifespan Development 7th Edition Boyd
Test Bank
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TEST BANK
CHAPTER 10: SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
Multiple Choice Questions
TB_10_01_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 10.1_APA LO 1.2

Which of the following accurately reflects Freud’s view of development in middle childhood?
A) To develop friendships with members of the opposite sex
B) To form emotional bonds with peers and to move beyond those developed with parents
C) To develop a sense of competence by achieving culturally-defined learning goals
D) To expand the process of identification to include their opposite sex parent
Answer: B
Page Ref: 241
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Psychoanalytic Perspectives
Skill: Understand the Concepts
LO 10.1: How did the psychoanalytic theorists characterize the middle childhood years?
APA LO: 1.2

What is the crisis of middle childhood according to Erikson?
A) Competency versus risk-taking
B) Basic trust versus mistrust
C) Industry versus inferiority
D) Latency versus sexual development
Answer: C
Page Ref: 241
Level: 1-Easy
APA LO: 1.2

According to Erikson, children resolve the psychosocial task of middle childhood through their
A) friendships with others.
B) relationships with parents and siblings.
C) school relationships.
D) the neighborhood or community.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 241
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.2
267
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Rudolf is struggling with his math and reading skills, but excels at soccer. What would Erikson say about Rudolf’s
sense of competence?
A) Rudolf will successfully resolve the conflict of this stage through his competence at soccer.
B) Rudolf will not successfully resolve this stage because his peers are likely to make fun of him.
C) Since his teachers are likely to treat Rudolf badly, he will disregard the sense of competence that he feels at
soccer.
D) Since soccer is a European sport, Rudolf will not develop a sense of confidence.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 242
Level: 3-Difficult
Skill: Apply What You Know
APA LO: 1.2
TB_10_05_The Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives_LO 10.2_APA LO 1.2

What is the primary goal of trait theories?
A) To counteract the negative effects of psychoanalytic theories
B) To identify individual differences in emotional responses to childhood experiences
C) To explain the origins of the differences in personality
D) To explain the effects of reciprocal determinism on a child’s development
Answer: C
Page Ref: 242
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: The Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives
LO 10.2: What are the main ideas of the trait and social-cognitive theorists?
APA LO: 1.2

According to trait theorists, what is the nature of temperament in middle childhood?
A) It is still developing.
B) The inborn characteristics of temperament will have disappeared.
C) The effects of a child’s temperament are negligible at this point.
D) It is relatively stable in terms of traits.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 242
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.2

Which of the following is a component of Bandura’s model of personality development?
A) Id
B) Traits
C) Archetypes
D) Behavior
Answer: D
Page Ref: 242
Level: 2-Medium
268
APA LO: 1.2

Leticia failed to ride her bike up the hill with her friends. She later asked her father to remove the training wheels
from her bike so that she would no longer feel embarrassed. This is an example of which part of social-cognitive
theory?
A) The person component
B) Residual traits
C) Extroversion
D) Reciprocal determinism
Answer: D
Page Ref: 243
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.2
TB_10_09_The Psychological Self_LO 10.3_APA LO 1.1

During middle childhood, a new component of the self is added to the categorical, social, and emotional selves. This
new component includes things like personality traits. What is the term for this new component?
A) Personhood
B) Individualistic self
C) Psychological self
D) Personal self
Answer: C
Page Ref: 243
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: The Psychological Self
LO 10.3: What are the features of the psychological self?
APA LO: 1.1

Chloe saw that her friends didn’t have training wheels on their bicycles and decided that she could ride better
without them. Which two social-cognitive concepts are at work here?
A) Personal effectiveness and behavior
B) Social comparisons and self-efficacy
C) Social comparisons and self-esteem
D) Self-concept and behaviorism
Answer: B
Page Ref: 244
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1

Which of the following best defines self-efficacy?
A) The belief in one’s influence over events that have nothing to do with them
B) The belief that one is responsible for their own internal behaviors
C) The belief that the environment influences one’s internal thoughts
D) The belief in one’s ability to cause an intended event to happen
Answer: D
269
Page Ref: 244
Level: 1-Easy
Skill: Remember the Facts
APA LO: 1.1
TB_10_12_The Valued Self_LO 10.4_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following refers to children’s global self-evaluation, which includes factors such as how well they like
themselves or how happy they are?
A) Intrapersonal perception
B) Self-construct
C) Self-esteem
D) Introspection
Answer: C
Page Ref: 245
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: The Valued Self
LO 10.4: How does self-esteem develop?
APA LO: 1.1

Which of the following statements is correct?
A) Self-esteem tends to be unstable in the short term and can vary somewhat over time.
B) A child with high self esteem at age 8 or 9 is not likely to have high self-esteem at age 10.
C) Self-esteem tends to be more stable in boys than in girls.
D) Self-esteem tends to be more stable in girls than in boys.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 245
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

Which of the following is a major influence in a child’s self esteem?
A) The general support the child feels from her parents, peers, and others
B) The evaluations of teachers and whether they match the child’s self-evaluation
C) Internal characteristics transmitted genetically from the parents
D) The child’s perceived popularity by others
Answer: A
Page Ref: 245
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1
270
Bobby is a ten-year-old who is uncoordinated and awkward, and as a consequence, he has little athletic ability. How
will this circumstance influence Bobby’s self-esteem?
A) The absence of athletic ability will cause Bobby to have low self-esteem.
B) If Bobby does not value athletic skill, his lack of talent will have less impact on his self-esteem than if he highly
values athleticism.
C) The absence of athletic skill will affect his self-esteem only if his parents also value athleticism.
D) As long as his friends tell Bobby that they don’t mind if he is clumsy, his self-esteem will be unaffected.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 245
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1

According to your text, which of the following is the key to self-esteem?
A) Parental modeling of healthy self-esteem
B) External evaluations from teachers and other adults
C) The amount of discrepancy between what a child wants and what the child thinks he or she has achieved
D) The external evaluations from peers
Answer: C
Page Ref: 245
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1
TB_10_17_The Child as Psychologist_LO 10.5_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following is the typical pattern of children’s descriptions of others during middle childhood?
A) During middle childhood, children are unobservant and do not attempt to interpret or describe other people.
B) Across the middle childhood period, children become less abstract and more concrete in their descriptions of
others.
C) During middle childhood, children use only observable, physical characteristics when they describe other people.
D) During middle childhood, children talk more about internal characteristics or qualities that the individual seems
to have.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 246
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: The Child as Psychologist
LO 10.5: How does children’s understanding of others change in middle childhood?
APA LO: 1.1

Heath refers to his friend, Mickey, as smart. Heath’s description is based on which of the following?
A) Behavioral comparison
B) Behavioral construct
C) Psychological construct
D) Psychosocial comparison
Answer: C
Page Ref: 247
Level: 2-Medium
271
APA LO: 1.1
TB_10_19_Moral Reasoning_LO 10.6_APA LO 1.1

According to Piaget’s ideas about children’s moral development, a child who insists that the rules of a game cannot
be changed because they come from authorities such as parents or religious figures is demonstrating moral
development at which stage?
A) Moral relativism
B) Moral realism
C) Ego ideal
D) Post-conventional
Answer: B
Page Ref: 247
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Moral Reasoning
LO 10.6: How do children in Piaget’s moral realism and moral relativism stages reason about right and wrong?
APA LO: 1.1

According to Piaget’s ideas about children’s moral development, a child who knows that the players of a game can
change the rules as long as all the children agree to play by the new rules is demonstrating moral development at the
which stage?
A) Moral relativism
B) Moral realism
C) Ego ideal
D) Pre-conventional
Answer: A
Page Ref: 248
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1

Children who are older than eight years of age, compared to children who are younger, know that ________ are
important when making moral judgments about the behavior of others.
A) the amount of damages caused
B) the reactions of parents
C) consequences
D) intentions
Answer: D
Page Ref: 248
Level: 1-Easy
APA LO: 1.1
272
According to Piaget, which of the following children is most likely to recognize that intentions are important when
making moral judgments about others’ behaviors?
A) Dale, who is 6
B) Marianna, who is 6
C) Dudley, who is 7
D) Kirsten, who is 8
Answer: D
Page Ref: 248
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

Which of the following is Piaget’s stage of moral development in which children understand that sometimes rules
can be changed by social agreement?
A) Moral realism
B) Contemporary moralism
C) Post-conventional morality
D) Moral relativism
Answer: D
Page Ref: 248
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1
TB_10_24_Developmental Science at Home_LO 10.6_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following is one of the authors’ suggestions to encourage moral reasoning?
A) Discourage playing games and encouraging reading important literary works
B) Help and encourage them to base obedience on fear rather than development
C) Include them in charitable projects
D) Punish them immediately after they have done something wrong
Answer: C
Page Ref: 248
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Developmental Science at Home
APA LO: 1.1
TB_10_25_Relationships with Parents_LO 10.7_APA LO 1.1

During the middle-childhood years, disciplinary interactions with parents typically decrease because a child is more
capable of which of the following?
A) Person perception
B) Metacognition
C) Self-regulation
D) The use of psychological constructs
Answer: C
Page Ref: 249
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Relationships with Parents
273
LO 10.7: How does self-regulation affect school-aged children’s relationships with their parents?
APA LO: 1.1

Which of the following is the child’s ability to conform to parental standards of behavior without direct supervision?
A) Independence
B) Interdependence
C) Self-evaluation
D) Self-regulation
Answer: D
Page Ref: 249
Level: 1-Easy
APA LO: 1.1

Which of the following is a parenting variable that is related to children’s development of the capacity for self-
regulation?
A) The parents’ age
B) The parents’ own ability to self-regulate
C) The parents’ socioeconomic status
D) Authoritarian parenting
Answer: B
Page Ref: 249
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1
TB_10_28_Research Report_LO 10.7_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following is an implication of the resource dilution hypothesis?
A) That later-born children in a family will not perform as well as first-born children on achievement tests.
B) That a family’s socioeconomic status diminishes with the birth of multiple children.
C) That only children have fewer social skills than children with siblings.
D) That first-born children in a family will not perform as well as later-born children on achievement tests.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 250
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Research Report
APA LO: 1.1

Monica is an only child. Which of the following statements is likely to be true regarding Monica?
A) Research indicates that she will be less well adjusted as children who have siblings.
B) She will have difficulty making friends once she starts school.
C) Her family is likely to suffer from resource dilution.
D) She will likely get as much of her parents’ attention as a first-born child.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 250
Level: 3-Difficult
274
APA LO: 1.1

In what way might only children have an advantage over children who have siblings?
A) They are likely to suffer from resource dilution.
B) They are more likely to go to college than children with siblings.
C) They are likely to show higher cognitive development and higher levels of academic achievement.
D) They are less likely to engage in gender-stereotypical behaviors.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 250
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

Developmentalists have suggested that differences in the expectations parents have for boys and girls may be
responsible for
A) weaker standards of behavior for boys in later developmental periods.
B) stronger standards of behavior for girls in later developmental periods.
C) stronger standards of behavior for boys in later developmental periods.
D) weaker standards of behavior for girls in later developmental periods.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 249
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1
TB_10_32_Friendships_LO 10.8_APA LO 1.1

During the later years of middle childhood, the key element of children’s friendships becomes
A) having a good time together.
B) similar social and cultural backgrounds.
C) reciprocal trust.
D) complementary abilities.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 251
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Friendships
LO 10.8: What changes occur in children’s understanding of friendships during this period?
APA LO: 1.1

If you ask a preschooler how people make friends, which of the following answers are you likely to receive?
A) “They have similar interests.”
B) “They like each other.”
C) “They play together.”
D) “Boys only play with boys.”
Answer: C
Page Ref: 251
Level: 2-Medium
275
Topic: Friendships
APA LO: 1.1
TB_10_34_Gender Self-Segregation_LO 10.9_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following seems to be the most important factor in selection of friends among 6- to 12-year-olds?
A) Age
B) Socioeconomic similarity
C) Race
D) Gender
Answer: D
Page Ref: 252
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Gender Self-Segregation
LO 10.9: In what ways do boys and girls interact during the middle childhood years?
APA LO: 1.1

Which of the following would you likely see in a typical “boundary violation” between children’s play groups in
middle childhood?
A) A girl will exit her friendship group as a result of a quarrel or hurt feelings.
B) A child will be accepted into a play and friendship group of children of the other gender for an extended period
of time.
C) Best-friend pairs terminate their friendship bonds and re-form into new groups of friends.
D) A brief interaction, such as a “chasing game,” will cause one gender-segregated group to breach the barrier of the
other gender-segregated group.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 252
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

A group of girls were playing jump-rope when a couple of boys ran in and grabbed their rope yelling, “You can’t
catch us!” The girls laughed and gave chase, retrieving the rope—to the delight of both the boys and girls. This is an
example of which of the following?
A) Dominance-seeking
B) A boundary violation
C) Social conflict
D) Cross-gender pickets
Answer: B
Page Ref: 252
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1
276
Which of the following is an accurate description of female-male differences in middle childhood friendships?
A) Boys’ friendship groups are smaller than girls’ friendship groups.
B) Boys spend more time playing indoors or near home or school.
C) Girls’ friendship groups are more accepting of newcomers than are boys’ friendship groups.
D) Girls are more likely to play in pairs or in small, fairly exclusive groups.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 252
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1

Which of the following is an accurate description of female-male differences in friendships in middle childhood?
A) Friendships between boys include more agreement and compliance than girls’ friendships.
B) Girls’ friendships have higher levels of competition and rejection than boys’ friendships.
C) School-age boys are more competitive with strangers than with friends.
D) Boys are more likely to use “controlling” speech in their interactions with their friends.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 252
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1

Of the following, which is an example of controlling speech used among middle childhood boys?
A) “I can help.”
B) “Why are you so mean?”
C) “Can you fix this?”
D) “Try to stop me.”
Answer: D
Page Ref: 252
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

Rejecting comments, manipulation, ordering, challenging, or defiance all define which of the following?
A) Rudeness
B) Controlling speech
C) Bullying
D) Male-dominated play
Answer: B
Page Ref: 252
Level: 1-Easy
APA LO: 1.1
277
TB_10_41_Patterns of Aggression_LO 10.10_APA LO 1.1
Of the following, which is an accurate description of the patterns of aggression observable among children in middle
childhood?
A) Physical aggression becomes more common among children in middle childhood.
B) At every age, boys show more physical aggression than girls do.
C) School-age boys rarely express their approval for the aggressive behavior of peers.
D) Girls and boys are equally likely to use relational aggression toward their peers.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 253
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Patterns of Aggression
LO 10.10: What types of aggression are most common among school-aged children?
APA LO: 1.1

Psychologists have begun to believe that girls may not be less aggressive than boys, but rather that girls may express
themselves by using which form of aggression?
A) Relational aggression
B) Parallel aggression
C) Verbal hostility
D) Covert hostility
Answer: A
Page Ref: 253
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

Which of the following is the best example of relational aggression?
A) Dawn yelled at her older sister, “Get up! I’m supposed to sit next to Daddy!”
B) Sylvia lobbed a rotten apple at the boys in the tree house, and they immediately began to chase her down the
street.
C) Gloria announced to her friends, “We’re not going to be friends with Sharinda anymore. She’s fat!”
D) Jonathon reached across the aisle and gave Iman’s pigtail a hard tug.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 253
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1

Cecelia rolled her eyes in disgust when Carrie walked up to the group and began to speak. Cecelia was using which
of the following?
A) Instrumental aggression
B) Relational aggression
C) Person imperception
D) Inductive persuasion
Answer: B
Page Ref: 253
Level: 2-Medium
278
APA LO: 1.1

Penny broke her brother’s baseball trophy after he used her favorite doll to play tug-of-war with their dog. Which
type of aggression is Penny demonstrating?
A) Relational aggression
B) Retaliatory aggression
C) Instrumental aggression
D) Hostile aggression
Answer: B
Page Ref: 254
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1
TB_10_46_No Easy Answers_LO 10.10_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following is a characteristic of victims of bullying?
A) High self-esteem
B) A good sense of humor
C) Sensitivity
D) Low intelligence
Answer: C
Page Ref: 255
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: No Easy Answers
APA LO: 1.1
TB_10_47_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1

According to the text, which of the following is linked to rejection and unpopularity among children?
A) Decompensating behaviors
B) Higher achievement scores
C) Aggression and disruptive behavior
D) Promiscuity
Answer: C
Page Ref: 255
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Social Status
LO 10.11: How do popular, rejected, and neglected children differ?
APA LO: 1.1

Which of the following children would be least likely to be rejected or neglected by peers in middle childhood?
A) Juan, who loves to write and perform various types of music
B) Elizabeth, who throws temper tantrums and cries easily
C) Larry, who is taller than his peers and considered handsome
D) Abraham, who is very shy
Answer: C
Page Ref: 255
Level: 3-Difficult
279
APA LO: 1.1

Which of the following characteristics would be typical of a school-age child who is popular with his or her peers?
A) Notable talent and creativity
B) Negative behavior toward other children
C) Ability to assess the feelings of others
D) Difficulty regulating the expression of strong emotions
Answer: C
Page Ref: 255
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

Which of the following seems to be the most important element in a child’s acceptance by her peers?
A) Intelligence
B) Physical appearance
C) Socioeconomic status
D) Social behavior
Answer: D
Page Ref: 255
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

Although aggressive children tend to be disliked by their peers, they are usually considered to be
A) more intelligent.
B) of stronger character.
C) more competent.
D) of higher social status.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 256
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1

Which of the following terms is used by psychologists to describe children who are disliked and avoided by their
peers?
A) Repudiated
B) Rejected
C) Neglected
D) Shunned
Answer: B
Page Ref: 255
280
Level: 1-Easy
APA LO: 1.1

What effect does social approval have on the aggressive behavior of boys?
A) It helps to maintain it.
B) It increases it.
C) It decreases it.
D) It instigates it.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 255
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

Which of the following characteristics is more likely to be found in neglected children than in popular or rejected
children?
A) Higher intelligence
B) Depression and loneliness
C) Aggression
D) Creativity
Answer: B
Page Ref: 256
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

Which of the following types of children show no differences in sociability compared to their popular peers?
A) Rejected
B) Neglected
C) Aggressive
D) Withdrawn
Answer: B
Page Ref: 256
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1

What terms describe the two types of rejected children?
A) Neglected and withdrawn
B) Withdrawn and aggressive
C) Aggressive and delinquent
D) Assertive and withdrawn
Answer: B
281
Page Ref: 255
Level: 1-Easy
APA LO: 1.1

Around what age do children begin to regard relational aggression as a more mature form of social manipulation
than physical aggression?
A) Seven years old
B) Nine or ten years old
C) Eleven or twelve years old
D) Fourteen years old
Answer: C
Page Ref: 256
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1
TB_10_58_Poverty_LO 10.12_APA LO 1.1

As of 2011, what is the child poverty rate?
A) 38%
B) 19%
C) 22%
D) 14%
Answer: C
Page Ref: 257
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Poverty
LO 10.12: What factors contribute to resilience and vulnerability among poor children?
APA LO: 1.1

How has the number of children living in poverty changed from 1980 to now?
A) It has declined significantly.
B) It has remained approximately the same.
C) It is impossible to know because of the number of homeless families in the U.S.
D) It has increased significantly.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 257
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Poverty
APA LO: 1.1
282
The United States government defines poverty as which of the following income levels for a family with at least one
child?
A) $10,448
B) $15,825
C) $18,440
D) $41,840
Answer: B
Page Ref: 257
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Poverty
APA LO: 1.1

Which of the following is a descriptive characteristic of American children who are most likely to live in poverty?
A) Older than six years old
B) Parents over the age of 40
C) Reared in single-mother families
D) Caucasian ethnicity
Answer: C
Page Ref: 257
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Poverty
APA LO: 1.1

Your text suggests a reason why parents living in poverty are more likely to be stricter and place more emphasis on
obedience. What is that reason?
A) They are more likely to have many children, requiring discipline to minimize a chaotic household environment.
B) Lack of education causes parents to overreact and overemphasize control.
C) They place greater emphasis on punishment.
D) It is a logical response to the neighborhoods they are likely to be living in.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 257
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Poverty
APA LO: 1.1

Which of the following statements explains the typical ways poverty impacts children?
A) Children living in poverty have greater prenatal care but still have worse outcomes.
B) Children living in poverty have inadequate housing.
C) Families in poverty tend to have less frequent changes of residency and schools.
D) Children raised in poverty exhibit more behavior problems in school.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 258
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Poverty
283
APA LO: 1.1

Many children who grow up in neighborhoods with street violence, gang activity, and overcrowded homes suffer
from which of the following?
A) PTSD
B) Panic Disorder
C) OCD
D) LED
Answer: A
Page Ref: 258
Level: 1-Easy
Topic: Poverty
APA LO: 1.1

Which of the following would most likely be a resilient child?
A) The child who lives in an impoverished neighborhood and is unable to go to school.
B) The child who lives in a neglectful environment but shows few adverse effects because she has the support of her
teachers and extended family.
C) The child who has a good home environment but is bullied at school.
D) The child who grows up in an urban environment with a lot of gang activity and whose parents are alcoholic.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 258
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Poverty
APA LO: 1.1

Which of the following is the developmentalist term for children who develop problems as a result of living in
poverty?
A) Authoritarian children
B) Posttraumatic children
C) Vulnerable children
D) Resilient children
Answer: C
Page Ref: 258
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Poverty
APA LO: 1.1

Which of the following is one of the factors listed in your text that can help protect a child from the effects of a
stressful environment?
A) Average IQ
B) Passive parenting
C) Intellectually stimulating toys and activities in the home
D) Authoritarian parenting
Answer: C
284
Page Ref: 258
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Poverty
APA LO: 1.1
TB_10_68_Media Influences_LO 10.13_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the effects of television on children?
A) The best advice is to have no television at all.
B) Television advertisements are ineffective and cannot influence things such as a child’s food preferences.
C) Programs that depict violence and aggression do not correlate with increased aggressive behavior in children.
D) Quality educational programming can have a positive effect, but children are not necessarily interested in
watching it.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 260
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Media Influences
LO 10.13: How do television, computers, and video games affect children’s development?
APA LO: 1.1

Which researcher(s) conducted the “Bobo doll” studies to evaluate the effects of observing aggressive behavior on
children?
A) Howard Gardner
B) Albert Bandura
C) Calvert and Kotler
D) Cheryl Livingstone
Answer: B
Page Ref: 259
Level: 1-Easy
APA LO: 1.1

According to 2010 statistics, approximately what percentage of school-aged children in the United States has access
to the internet?
A) 55%
B) 70%
C) 85%
D) 100%
Answer: C
Page Ref: 260
Level: 1-Easy
APA LO: 1.1
285
Which of the following statements is accurate regarding children and internet access?
A) White children spend more time online per day than African American and Hispanic American children.
B) School-age girls and boys have nearly identical rates of computer and internet use.
C) School-age boys spend much more time on the internet than girls.
D) Hispanic American children have the highest rates of internet access.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 260
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

Younger children spend the most time on computers doing which of the following activities?
A) Playing games
B) Surfing the internet
C) Social networking with friends
D) Doing homework
Answer: A
Page Ref: 260
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

Cindy enjoys playing violent video games. Which of the following might you predict about Cindy’s behavior in
general?
A) Since Cindy is a girl, she is likely to be unaffected by her preference for violent video games.
B) Cindy is likely to sublimate her aggressive tendencies through the playing of video games.
C) Cindy is likely to be different from other girls in terms of physical aggression and preference for violent
television programming.
D) Cindy’s overall behavior will be more like that of the stereotypical boy of her age.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 261
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1

How do the rates of computer and internet use compare for boys and girls?
A) The rate for boys is higher than the rate for girls.
B) The rate for girls is higher than the rate for boys.
C) The rates are nearly identical.
D) At first, the rate for boys is higher, but as children reach adolescence the rate for girls becomes higher.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 260
Level: 3-Difficult
286
APA LO: 1.1

Children in the 11- to 14-year-old age group spend the most time on computers doing which of the following
activities?
A) Playing games
B) Listening to music
C) Social networking with friends
D) Doing homework
Answer: C
Page Ref: 260
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1
287
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
TB_10_76_Theories of Social and Personality Development_LO 10.1_APA LO 1.2

Self-perceived ________ is the overarching theme of social and personality development in middle childhood.
Answer: competence
Page Ref: 241
Level: 2-Medium
Topic: Theories of Social and Personality Development
APA LO: 1.2

Middle childhood is the time to resolve the crisis of ________ vs. ________ according to Erikson.
Answer: industry; inferiority
Page Ref: 241
Level: 1-Easy
APA LO: 1.2

A ________ is a stable pattern of responding to situations.
Answer: trait
Page Ref: 242
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.2

In Bandura’s social-cognitive theory, each component is influenced by the other two. The term for this is ________.
Answer: reciprocal determinism
Page Ref: 243
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.2

During middle childhood, a new component of the self is added to the categorical, social, and emotional selves. This
new component includes things like personality traits and is called the ________.
Answer: psychological self
Page Ref: 243
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1
288
Juliya draws conclusions about herself based on her observations of other girls in her class. According to Bandura
Juliya is engaging in ________.
Answer: social comparisons
Page Ref: 244
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

Children’s global self-evaluation, which includes factors such as how well they like themselves or how happy they
are, is termed ________.
Answer: self-esteem
Page Ref: 245
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

In a(n) ________ culture, parents help children develop a sense of self-esteem based on the child’s own interests.
Answer: individualistic
Page Ref: 245
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

Michael said, “My friend is very smart and he is more helpful than I am.” Tammy said, “My friend has a fast bike.”
Michael is most likely ________ than Tammy.
Answer: older
Page Ref: 247
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1

Tony refers to his friend, Matt, as stubborn. Tony’s description is based on a ________.
Answer: psychological construct
Page Ref: 247
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1
289
According to Piaget’s ideas about children’s moral development, a child who knows that the players of a game can
change the rules as long as all the children agree to play by the new rules is demonstrating moral ________.
Answer: relativism
Page Ref: 248
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1

During the middle-childhood years, disciplinary interactions with parents typically decrease because a child is more
capable of ________.
Answer: self-regulation
Page Ref: 249
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1

“Watering down” of parents’ resources as they have more children is also referred to as ________.
Answer: resource dilution
Page Ref: 250
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

During the later years of middle childhood, the key element of children’s friendships becomes ________.
Answer: reciprocal trust
Page Ref: 251
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Friendships
APA LO: 1.1

According to researchers, aggressive and withdrawn are two types of ________ children.
Answer: rejected
Page Ref: 255
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1
290
Short Answer Questions
TB_10_91_Psychoanalytic Perspectives _LO 10.1_APA LO 1.2

According to Erikson, how does a child achieve a sense of industry?
Answer: through developing competence in academics, athletics, or other areas in which they can succeed
Page Ref: 241
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.2

If you ask a child to answer the question “Who am I?” what differences will you see between a 9-year-old and an
11-year-old?
Answer: The 9-year-old will still be using surface qualities; the 11-year-old will include psychological factors and
personality traits.
Page Ref: 244
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.2

What is the main difference in self-esteem between girls and boys?
Answer: Girls’ self-esteem tends to be more stable than that of boys.
Page Ref: 245
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

How does the understanding of the physical world develop between the ages of six and twelve?
Answer: Their descriptions move from concrete to abstract.
Page Ref: 246
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

What is meant by the term behavioral comparison?
Answer: Any description that involves comparing a child’s behavior or physical features with those of another child
or a norm.
Page Ref: 247
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1
291
What is the difference between moral realism and moral relativism in Piaget’s theory?
Answer: In the realism stage, children believe that rules are inflexible. In the relativism stage children understand
that rules may change through social agreement.
Page Ref: 247–248
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1

Why might children with siblings be more likely to suffer academically than only children?
Answer: Because of resource dilution—the idea that parents’ psychological and monetary resources diminish with
the increase in number of children.
Page Ref: 250
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

What is the one consistent finding across research looking at birth order and its effects on children?
Answer: First-borns tend to have the advantage of maximum parental resources and therefore may be more likely to
achieve academically.
Page Ref: 250
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1

If you ask a preschooler how people make friends, what are they likely to say? What will a ten-year-old say?
Answer: The preschooler will likely refer to shared play time; the older child will refer to reciprocal trust.
Page Ref: 251
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: Friendships
APA LO: 1.1

What are the basic differences that characterize the interaction between pairs of boys who are friends and pairs of
girls who are friends?
Answer: Boys tend to focus more on competition and dominance; girls will focus more on agreement and
compliance.
Page Ref: 252
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1
292
Maria took an apple from William’s lunch box without his permission. Later that day, William put a spider in
Maria’s lunch box. This is an example of what type of behavior?
Answer: retaliatory aggression
Page Ref: 254
Level: 1-Easy
APA LO: 1.1

What diagnosis is given to children who exhibit severe bullying as well as other anti-social behaviors, such as
destruction of property or theft?
Answer: conduct disorder
Page Ref:
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

What factors seem to be most important in determining a child’s social status?
Answer: behavior rather than looks or temperament
Page Ref: 255
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

According to your text, what is one major contributor to children’s food preferences?
Answer: television advertisements
Page Ref: 258
Level: 1-Easy
APA LO: 1.1

Even though television programs such as Bill Nye the Science Guy provide valuable educational material, what’s the
practical drawback to such programs?
Answer: Boys tend to show little interest in them and girls’ interest in them declines over time.
Page Ref: 260
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1
293
Essay Questions

What are Albert Bandura’s criticisms of psychoanalytic and trait theories? In his theory, how does he “compensate”
for these shortcomings?
Answer: He said that both theories concentrate on only one set of factors that shape the development of self-
perceived competence in middle childhood. He introduces the concept of reciprocal determinism, where the
personal, behavioral, and environmental components that shape self-perception interact with each other and
influence each other.
Page Ref: 242
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.2

Define self-esteem. Identify and describe two primary influences on self-esteem.
Answer: Self-esteem is defined as the assessment and perception of one’s own social skills. Key factors include the
amount of discrepancy between what the child desires and what they think they have achieved, as well as overall
support that the child feels she is receiving from the important people around her. Of primary importance here is the
child’s perception and whether or not it reflects reality.
Page Ref: 245
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1

What happens to the way in which children describe others at around the age of seven or eight years?
Answer: There is a dramatic shift in their description of others. They focus more on inner traits and qualities. They
still describe others’ physical features, but they use these to refer to more general points about internal qualities.
Page Ref: 246
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

Give at least four examples of how adults can foster healthy moral reasoning in children.
Answer: This draws from the concepts in Developmental Science at Home on page 248, so there are many
possibilities here. Some possible examples might include things such as being sure to praise a child when they
exhibit good manners such as saying “please” and “thank you.” Another example might be to challenge their
egocentric thinking if they have harmed another child or adult by asking them to reflect on their own feelings in a
similar situation.
Page Ref: 248
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1
294
Micah comes from a middle class family. Both parents work and he has two brothers and one sister. His friend
Sheila is an only child and her father is the CEO of a large company. Sheila’s mother can afford to stay at home.
Describe some of the differences in terms of academic achievement, social skills, and self-esteem that you might
expect to see between Sheila and Micah.
Answer: Many people assume that only children lack social skills. This is not true if they have a network of friends
and are socialized from an early age. Micah may be at a disadvantage in terms of academic achievement and self-
esteem because he may have less quality time with his parents and his familial income will likely not support the
same types of clothes, games, etc. that Sheila has. This exemplifies the concept of resource dilution. Other research
would say, however, that if Micah assumes responsibility for one or more of his siblings, his self-esteem will grow
because of his sense of being needed and taking on responsibility at which he is competent.
Page Ref: 250
Level: 3-Difficult
APA LO: 1.1
TB_10_111_No Easy Answers_LO 10.10_APA LO 1.1

Explain some of the current trends in research regarding how to address bullying in schools. Using critical thinking,
express your opinion of this current trend.
Answer: The most recent and profound change in thinking is that the behavior of the victims needs to be addressed
as well as the behavior of the bullies. Victims tend to have personality characteristics that may make them easier
targets for bullies. If the victims of bullies are able to increase their self-esteem and increase their numbers of
friends, for example, they will less likely be targets for bullies. Critics of this thinking say that it may actually send
the message that the bullying is the fault of the victim.
Page Ref: 255
Level: 3-Difficult
Topic: No Easy Answers
APA LO: 1.1

Summarize the behavioral differences between withdrawn/rejected children and aggressive/rejected children.
Answer: Withdrawn/rejected children realize that they are disliked by their peers and tend to give up and become
isolated. Aggressive/rejected children tend to believe that their peers like them and they will be disruptive and
uncooperative.
Page Ref: 255
Level: 2-Medium
APA LO: 1.1

Assume that you are the parent of a child between the ages of 8 and 11. Based on the reading and research presented
in the text, what kinds of rules, if any, would you set around TV watching and internet usage for your child?
Answer: Educational programming could be allowed, but parents need to realize that children may not take interest
in it. Aggressive TV and video games need to be monitored or avoided all together as there is plenty of correlational
evidence that viewing aggression increases aggressive behavior in both boys and girls who take interest in this kind
of programming. Children tend to use the internet for play rather than homework or education, so use of the internet
needs to be monitored.
Page Ref: 258–261
Level: 3-Difficult
295
APA LO: 1.1
296

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Multiple Choice Questions

TB_10_01_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 10.1_APA LO 1.2

TB_10_02_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 10.1_APA LO 1.2

TB_10_03_Psychoanalytic Perspectives_LO 10.1_APA LO 1.2

TB_10_05_The Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives_LO 10.2_APA LO 1.2

TB_10_06_The Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives_LO 10.2_APA LO 1.2

TB_10_07_The Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives_LO 10.2_APA LO 1.2

TB_10_08_The Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives_LO 10.2_APA LO 1.2

TB_10_09_The Psychological Self_LO 10.3_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_10_The Psychological Self_LO 10.3_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_11_The Psychological Self_LO 10.3_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_12_The Valued Self_LO 10.4_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_13_The Valued Self_LO 10.4_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_14_The Valued Self_LO 10.4_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_16_The Valued Self_LO 10.4_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_17_The Child as Psychologist_LO 10.5_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_18_The Child as Psychologist_LO 10.5_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_19_Moral Reasoning_LO 10.6_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_20_Moral Reasoning_LO 10.6_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_21_Moral Reasoning_LO 10.6_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_23_Moral Reasoning_LO 10.6_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_24_Developmental Science at Home_LO 10.6_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_25_Relationships with Parents_LO 10.7_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_26_Relationships with Parents_LO 10.7_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_27_Relationships with Parents_LO 10.7_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_28_Research Report_LO 10.7_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_29_Research Report_LO 10.7_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_30_Research Report_LO 10.7_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_31_Relationships with Parents_LO 10.7_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_32_Friendships_LO 10.8_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_33_Friendships_LO 10.8_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_34_Gender Self-Segregation_LO 10.9_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_35_Gender Self-Segregation_LO 10.9_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_36_Gender Self-Segregation_LO 10.9_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_38_Gender Self-Segregation_LO 10.9_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_39_Gender Self-Segregation_LO 10.9_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_40_Gender Self-Segregation_LO 10.9_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_42_Patterns of Aggression_LO 10.10_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_43_Patterns of Aggression_LO 10.10_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_44_Patterns of Aggression_LO 10.10_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_45_Patterns of Aggression_LO 10.10_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_46_No Easy Answers_LO 10.10_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_47_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_48_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_49_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_50_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_51_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_52_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_53_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_54_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_55_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_56_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_57_Social Status_LO 10.11_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_58_Poverty_LO 10.12_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_59_Poverty_LO 10.12_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_61_Poverty_LO 10.12_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_62_Poverty_LO 10.12_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_63_Poverty_LO 10.12_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_64_Poverty_LO 10.12_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_65_Poverty_LO 10.12_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_66_Poverty_LO 10.12_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_67_Poverty_LO 10.12_APA LO 1.1

TB_10_68_Media Influences_LO 10.13_APA LO 1.1