Nama :Dzikri Barkah Dzulhijjah

Npm :10020221049

CRITICAL THINKING

Activity 1 : Look at the picture above:

1. Have you ever seen it? Yes, I have ever seen it.
2. What do you know about it ? As far as I know, it’s a Blackberry cellphone that was introduced in Indonesia in mid-December 2004.
3. Have you ever used it? No, I haven’t ever use it.
4. Do you know how to operate it? Yes, I know.
5. How do you feel when using it? I feel uncomfortable and confused to use it.
6. Do you find it very useful? Yes, I find.
7. Do you use it very often? Maybe
8. Do you use it wisely? Maybe
9. How are we supposed to use it? By following the intructions for use that are usually found in the manual when first purchased.
10. Does Islam allow us to use it? Yes, Islam is allow us to use it wisely according to the relevant Islamic rules.

WORDS IN CONTEXT

In this section guides the students will improve their reading skills by defining the different
kinds of sentences in order to determine the meaning with a follow-up discussion connected to the procedural reading text.

Do you like FRIED RICE? Yes, I like. Do you know how to make it? Yes, I know.

Activity 2 : Look at the following Recipe!

 Now, answer these following questions Now, look at these following sentences!

KINDS OF SENTENCE SENTENCES

DECLARATIVE 1. Amir always eats fried rice for his breakfast

2. He ate fried rice twice yesterday

NEGATIVE 1. Amir does not always eat fried rice for his breakfast

2. He did not eat fried rice twice yesterday

INTERROGATIVE 1. Does Amir always eat fried rice for his breakfast?

2. Did he eat fried rice twice yesterday?

IMPERATIVE 1. Give Amir fried rice for his breakfast!

2. Don’t give him fried rice twice!

Focus: IMPERATIVE

Activity 3 : Learn the steps to make Fried Rice:

Steps:

1. Slice the shallots and garlic

2. Pour the oil into
3. Cook the shallot and garlic until it smells nice
 4. Put the rice into the pan
5. Season with some salt and pepper
6. Stir the rice until all the ingredients are mixed well
7. Put the rice on a plate

Those sentences use the Imperative Construction.

Exercise: Change the sentences above into Negative Imperative

1. Don’t slice the shallots and garlic!

2. Stop! Don’t pour the oil into
3. Please, don’t cook the shallot and garlic until it smells nice!
4. Don’t put the rice into the pan
5. Wait! Don’t season it with some salt and papper
6. Don’t stir the rice until all the ingredients are mixed well
7. Don’t put the rice on a plate

READING SKILLS

Look at this text

HOW TO INSERT SIM CARD CELLPHONE

Activity 4 : Complete these following sentence with

1. Cellphone (1). is a modern communication device (2) which connects one to the others by voice (3), written message and data. However this device can not work
until the SIM card is inserted (4).
2. When inserting the SIM Card to cellphone, make sure that the cellphone has been switched off (5) and follow the direction bellow :
 3. First of all, (6) press the locking catch and slide (7) the cover then lift it off (8) the phone.

4. After that, (9) align two catches in the opposite directions and remove the
battery (10).
5. Next, slide the SIM card carefully (11) into the slot and make sure (12) that the golden connect arson are facing to the connector of the phone.

6. Then, put the battery and push (13) it until snaps into its place.
7. Finally, insert the two catches of the back cover corresponding slot in the phone and slide the cover forward botton (14) of the phone until locks into place

8. Don't forget to switch on (15) the cellphone. Wait until it is ready to use

a. Cellphone 1 f. Push 13 k. slide 7

b. device 2 g. Voice 3 l. button 14

c. inserted 4 h. Battery 10 m. align 9

d. switched off 5 i. Press 6 n. switch on 15

e. lift it off 8 j. Carefully 11 o. make sure 12

Process or Person approach?

Which approach to human behaviour is more relevant to current professional practice: or ? Since the mid-19th century, two contrasting approaches to understanding
the mind an behaviour have been a topic of discussion: the scientific, or approaches,
and introspective, or approach. The debate is important because it affects reaserch methods and professional practice and, in the long term,
commercial, medical and social progress. A review of these approaches will allow us to reach our own conclusions.
The process approach to psychology focus on the analysis of the internal mental mechanisms which, scientists claim,can only be accessed through observable behaviour.
This view is largely supported by psychologists and behaviourists. The process approach is founded on Pavlov’s well-known research into stimulus and response, and supported by
Watson when he formulated the principles of behaviourism in 1913 (Gross, 2007). These include: complete scientific objectivity; the ipredictablity and controllability of behaviour; and
similarities between human and animal behaviour. It has been argued,however, that this last principle fails to take into account the existence of consciousness or self-awareness in
humans. Countering this criticism, Watson maintained that introspection was objective, unreliable as a data source and, therefore, unscientific.
In the late 19th century, John Dewey highlighted another limitation of the stimulus-response theory (Benjafied, 1996). Dewey pointed out that, depending on their
situation, human beings will respond differently to similar stimulus, unlike animals, which have a limited range of responses. For example, if we are see a child crying and alone in public, we
will probably assume that he or she is lost, and look for its mother. On the other hand, when we see a child crying and with its mother, we do nothing. Our responses are determined not
only by the stimulus, but also by social context. By relating behaviour to social context, Dewel foreshadowed social-constructivist theory which form part of the person approach.
The person approach emphasized the importance of individual experience as a means of understanding mental process, and of the effect of social interaction on
behaviour. This
approach is supported by the psychodynamic, humanist and social-constructivist theories. For instance, Freud claimed that dreams were the gateway to our unconscious and that relating and
interpreting them was a valid means of understanding our inner life. According to the humanist, Carl Rogers, self-awareness is at the centre of the human experience and each
individual’s unique interpretation of reality is valid. Social constructivism looks beyond individual experience and explains behaviour as a fluid interaction between the person and a
continuously changing society. The main argument against the validity of all theories supporting the person approach is that any data based on reported experience is necessarily
subjective and, therefore, unverifiable.
An examination of two cases will illustrate the relevance of each approach in practice. In the first case, a forensic psychologist planning a programme of rehabilitation for
prisoner may use techniques which include a scientifically standardized psychometric test, developed according to the process approach, and just as important, a direct interview - a
technique belonging to the person approach. In another case, a biopsychologist taking the process approach to testing the effect of narcotics on behaviour may limit his or her
observations to laboratory animals. However, during subsequent testing on humans, the researcher may take the person approach and obtain valuable additional information from individual
feedback.
In conclusion, whilst the approach is scientifically valid, the approach provides
a wealth of information not available from objective observation. Each of these approaches provides researchers and practitioners with data and techniques which are applicable not
only in experimental contexts but also in the field.

Actitivty 5 : Study the text above and answer the following questions:

1. Write a series of topic sentences which summarize your finding from the text
The process approach to psychology focus on the analysis of the internal mental mechanisms which, scientists claim,can only be accessed through
observable behaviour. This view is largely supported by psychologists and behaviourists. The process approach is founded on Pavlov’s well-known
research into stimulus and response, and supported by Watson when he formulated the principles of behaviourism in 1913 (Gross, 2007). These include:
complete scientific objectivity; the ipredictablity and controllability of behaviour; and similarities between human and animal behaviour. It has been
argued,however, that this last principle fails to take into account the existence of consciousness or self-awareness in humans. Countering this criticism,
Watson maintained that introspection was objective, unreliable as a data source and, therefore, unscientific.
The person approach emphasized the importance of individual experience as a means of understanding mental process, and of the effect of social
interaction on behaviour. This approach is supported by the psychodynamic, humanist and social-constructivist theories. For instance, Freud claimed
that dreams were the gateway to our unconscious and that relating and interpreting them was a valid means of understanding our inner life.
According to the humanist, Carl Rogers, self-awareness is at the centre of the human experience and each individual’s unique interpretation of reality
is valid. Social constructivism looks beyond individual experience and explains behaviour as a fluid interaction between the person and a continuously
changing society. The main argument against the validity of all theories supporting the person approach is that any data based on reported experience
is necessarily subjective and, therefore, unverifiable.

2. What is a striking difference between the process approach and the person approach?
 The process approach to psycology focus on the analysis of the internal mental mechanism which, scientist claim, can only be accesed through
observable behaviour, whereas the person approach emphasized the importance of individual experience as a means of understanding mental process,
and of the effec of social interaction on behaviour.
3. What is a contrasting difference between the and the approach?
The process approach accessible with observable behavior whereas the person approach emphasizes the importance of individual experience as a
means of understanding mental processes.
4. What is the process approach to psychology
The process approach to psychology focus on the analysis of the internal mental mechanisms which, scientists claim,can only be accessed through
observable behaviour.
5. What did Dewey point about the response of human beings ?
Dewey pointed out that, depending on their situation, human beings will respond differently to similar stimulus, unlike animals, which have a limited
range of responses
6. What is the person approach determined?

Our responses are determined not only by the stimulus, but also by social context
7. Why are both of the process approach and person approach become a topic of discussion for debating?
important because it affects reaserch methods and professional practice and, in the long term, commercial, medical and social progress
8. What does a forensic psychologist plan?
a forensic psychologist planning a programme of rehabilitation for prisoner may use techniques which include a scientifically standardized
psychometric test, developed according to the process approach, and just as important, a direct interview - a technique belonging to the person approach
9. Why did the researcher take the person approach?
the researcher may take the person approach and obtain valuable additional information from individual feedback
10. What is the conclusion of the text?
In conclusion, whilst the process approach is scientifically valid, the person approach provides a wealth of information not available from objective
observation. Each of these approaches provides researchers and practitioners with data and techniques which are applicable not only in experimental
contexts but also in the field.
Activity : 6 Study these following words, then find out how to pronounce those word
1. Approach : uh.prowch
2. Relevant : reh.luh.vnt
3. current : kur.uhnt
4. professional : pruh.feh.shuh.nuhl
5. practice : prak.thus
6. behaviour : be.hay.ver
7. scientific : sai.uhn.ti.fuhk
8. introspective : in.truh.spek.tuhv
9. debate : dee.bayt
10. review : re.vyoo
11. focus : fow.kuhs
12. analysis : uh.na.luh.suhs
13. mechanisms : meka.ni.si.zm
14. through : throo
15. observable : ab.ser.va.bl
16. objectivity : ab.jek.ti.vi.ti
17. predictablity : pre.dik.te.biledi
18. controllability : kan.tro.la.biledi
19. similarities : si.mi.la.ri.dis
20. argued : ar.gyud
21. existence : ig.sis.tens
22. consciousness : kant.shes.nes
23. self-awareness: self.e.wernes
24. criticism : kri.tuh.si.zm
25. unreliable : uhn.ruh.lai.uh.bl