쐽 Glossary 597
intersection the points that two geometric figures share
intuition drawing a conclusion through insight
inverse relative to the statement “If P, then Q,” this state-
ment has the form “If not P, then not Q”
isosceles trapezoid a trapezoid that has two congruent legs
(its nonparallel sides)
isosceles triangle a triangle that has two congruent sides
kite a quadrilateral that has two distinct pairs of congruent
adjacent sides
lateral area the sum of areas of the lateral faces of a solid or
the area of the curved lateral surface, excluding the base
area(s) (as in prisms, pyramids, cylinders, and cones)
legs of isosceles triangle the two congruent sides of the tri-
angle
legs of right triangle the two sides that form the right angle
of the triangle
legs of trapezoid the two nonparallel sides of the trapezoid
lemma a theorem that is introduced and proved so that a
later theorem can be proved
line of centers the line (or line segment) that joins the cen-
ters of two circles
line segment the part of a line determined by two points and
all points on the line that lie between those two points
locus the set of all points that satisfy a given condition or
conditions
major arc an arc whose measure is between 180° and 360°
mean proportional see geometric mean
means of a proportion the second and third terms of a pro-
portion; in ab = dc , b and c are the means
median of trapezoid the line segment that joins the
midpoints of the two legs (nonparallel sides) of the
trapezoid
median of triangle the line segment joining a vertex of the
triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side
midpoint the point on a line segment (or arc) that separates
the line segment (arc) into two congruent parts
minor arc an arc whose measure is between 0° and 180°
nonagon a polygon that has exactly nine sides
noncollinear points three or more points that do not lie on
the same line
noncoplanar points four or more points that do not lie in the
same plane
obtuse angle an angle whose measure is between 90°
and 180°
obtuse triangle a triangle that has exactly one interior angle
that is obtuse
octagon a polygon that has exactly eight sides
octahedron (regular) a polyhedron with eight congruent
faces that are equilateral triangles
opposite rays two rays having a common endpoint and
which together form a line
orthocenter of triangle the point of concurrence for the
three altitudes of the triangle
parallel lines (planes) two lines in a plane (or two planes)
that do not intersect
parallelogram a quadrilateral that has two pairs of parallel
sides
parallelepiped a right rectangular prism; a box
pentagon a polygon that has exactly five sides
perimeter of polygon the sum of the lengths of the sides of
the polygon
perpendicular bisector of line segment a line (or part of a
line) that is both perpendicular to a given line segment
and bisects that line segment
perpendicular lines two lines that intersect to form congru-
ent adjacent angles
pi (␲) the constant ratio of the circumference C of a circle to
the length of its diameter, this ratio is commonly approx-
imated by the fraction 227 or the decimal 3.1416
point of tangency (contact) the point at which a tangent to
a circle touches the circle
polygon a plane figure whose sides are line segments that in-
tersect only at their endpoints
polyhedron a solid figure whose faces are polygons that in-
tersect other faces along common sides of the polygons
postulate a statement that is assumed to be true
- b ; 1b2 - 4ac
Quadratic Formula the formula x = 2a
, which
2
provides solutions for the equation ax + bx + c = 0,
where a, b, and c are real numbers and a Z 0
quadrilateral a polygon that has exactly four sides
radian the measure of a central angle of a circle whose in-
tercepted arc has a length equal to the radius of the circle
radius the line segment that joins the center of a circle (or
sphere) to any point on the circle (or sphere)
ratio a comparison between two quantities a and b, gener-
ally written ab or a:b
ray the part of a line that begins at a point and extends infi-
nitely far in one direction
rectangle a parallelogram that contains a right angle
reflex angle an angle whose measure is between 180°
and 360°
regular polygon a polygon whose sides are congruent and
whose interior angles are congruent
regular polyhedron a polyhedron whose edges are congru-
ent and whose faces are congruent
598 Glossary 쐽
regular prism a right prism whose bases are regular
polygons
regular pyramid a pyramid whose base is a regular polygon
and whose lateral faces are congruent isosceles triangles
rhombus a parallelogram with two congruent adjacent sides
right angle an angle whose measure is exactly 90°
right circular cone a cone in which the line segment joining
the vertex of the cone to the center of the circular base is
perpendicular to the base
right circular cylinder a cylinder in which the line segment
joining the centers of the circular bases is perpendicular
to the plane of each base
right prism a prism in which lateral edges are perpendicular
to the base edges that they intersect
right triangle a triangle in which exactly one interior angle
is a right angle
scalene triangle a triangle in which no two sides are
congruent
secant in a right triangle, the ratio hypotenuse
adjacent
secant of circle a line (or part of a line) that intersects a cir-
cle at two points
sector of circle the plane region bounded by two radii of the
circle and the arc that is intercepted by the central angle
formed by those radii
segment of circle the plane region bounded by a chord and
a minor arc (major arc) that has the same endpoints as that
chord
semicircle the arc of a circle determined by a diameter; an
arc of a circle whose measure is exactly 180°
set any collection of objects, numbers, or points
similar polygons polygons that have the same shape
opposite
sine in a right triangle, the ratio hypotenuse
skew quadrilateral a quadrilateral whose sides do not all lie
in one plane
slant height of cone any line segment joining the vertex of
the cone to a point on the circular base
slant height of regular pyramid a line segment joining the
vertex of the pyramid to the midpoint of a base edge of the
pyramid
slope a measure of the steepness of a line; in the rectangular
coordinate system, the slope m of the line through (x1, y1)
y y
and (x2, y2) is m = x22 -- x11 where x1 Z x2
sphere the set of points in space that are at a fixed distance
from a given point (the center of the sphere)
straight angle an angle whose measure is exactly 180°; an
angle whose sides are opposite rays
straightedge an idealized instrument used to construct parts
of lines
supplementary angles two angles whose sum of measures
is 180°
surface area the measure of the total area of a solid; the sum
of the lateral area and base area in many solid figures.
symmetry with respect to a line (/) figure for which every
point A has a second point B on the figure for which / is
the perpendicular bisector of AB
symmetry with respect to a point (P ) figure for which every
point A has a second point C on the figure for which P is
the midpoint of AC.
tangent in a right triangle, the ratio opposite
adjacent
tangent circles two circles that have one point in common;
the circles may be externally tangent or internally tangent
tangent line of circle a line (or part of a line) that touches a
circle at only one point
tetrahedron (regular) a four-faced solid in which the faces
are congruent equilateral triangles
theorem a statement that follows logically from previous
definitions and principles; a statement that can be proved
torus a three-dimensional solid that has a “doughnut” shape
transversal a line that intersects two or more lines, inter-
secting each at one point
trapezoid a quadrilateral having exactly two parallel sides
triangle a polygon that has exactly three sides
triangle inequality a statement that the sum of the lengths of
two sides of a triangle cannot be greater than the length of
the third side
union the joining together of any two sets, such as geomet-
ric figures
valid argument an argument in which the conclusion fol-
lows logically from previously stated (and accepted)
premises or assumptions
vertex angle of isosceles triangle the angle formed by the
two congruent sides of the triangle
vertex of angle the point at which the two sides of the angle
meet
vertex of isosceles triangle the point at which the two con-
gruent sides of the triangle meet
vertex of polygon any point at which two sides of the poly-
gon meet
vertex of polyhedron any point at which three edges of the
polyhedron meet
vertical angles a pair of angles that lie in opposite positions
when formed by two intersecting lines
volume the measurement, in cubic units, of the amount of
space within a bounded region of space
 Index

A of depression, 501, 595 surface, of cone, 427–428

AA, 235 dihedral, 433 surface, of cylinder, 425–426
AAA, 235 of elevation, 501 surface, of prism, 405–407
AAS, 133–134 exterior, 10, 74, 96 surface, of pyramid, 415–417
acute angle, 31, 595 inscribed, 283, 596 surface, of sphere, 437
acute triangle, 93, 151, 595 interior, 10, 74, 101–102, 316–317, 596 total, 406
applications with, 520–529 measures in circle, 288–299 of trapezoid, 366–367
Addition, Commutative Property of, 2 measuring, 13–15 of triangle, 352, 357–358, 520–521
Addition Property of Equality, 35, 40, 546 obtuse, 597 of triangle with inscribed circle, 390–391
Addition Property of Inequality, radian measure of, 530–531, 597 Area-Addition Postulate, 354
42, 160, 552 reflex, 14, 31, 597 Area Postulate, 353
additive inverses, 537 relationships, 30–39 ASA, 132–133
adjacent angles, 33, 595 relationships in circles, 280–288 Associative Axiom, 538
adjacent leg, 504 right, 15, 31, 598 assumptions, 21
adjacent segment, 244 straight, 15, 31, 598 auxiliary line, 94, 595
Ahmes, 60, 345 supplementary, 34, 76–78, 598 axioms, 21, 537, 595
aircraft, 182–183 types of, 31–32 axis
algebraic expressions, 537–544 vertex, 31, 145, 598 of cone, 427
alternate exterior angles, 74 vertical, 9, 35, 598 of cylinder, 424
alternate interior angles, 74 apothem of regular polygon, 342, 373, 595 of solid of revolution, 429
altitude arc, 16, 595 of symmetry, 107
of cone, 427, 595 congruent, 281 x, 450
of cylinder, 424, 595 intercepted, 279, 596 y, 450
of isosceles triangle, 145 length of, 381–382
of parallelogram, 180, 355–357, 595 major, 279, 313, 597 B
of prism, 405 minor, 279, 313, 597 Banach-Tarski paradox, 488–489
of pyramid, 414 relationships in circles, 280–288 base angles, 145, 595
of rectangle, 354 Arc-Addition Postulate, 282 of trapezoids, 204
of trapezoid, 204, 595 Archimedes, 118, 168, 345, 529 base edges, 404
of triangle, 145, 357, 595 area, 404–413 of prism, 404
analytic geometry, 450 of circle, 379–386 of pyramid, 413
analytic proofs, 475–480 of equilateral triangle, 374 bases, 595
preparing for, 466–475 initial postulates, 352–362 of cones, 427
Angle-Addition Postulate, 32, 52, 160 of kite, 368–369 of cylinders, 424
Angle-Bisector Theorem, 263 lateral, 405 of isosceles triangle, 145, 595
angles, 11 of parallelogram, 355–357 of parallelograms, 355–357
acute, 31, 595 of polygon, 358, 363–373 of prisms, 405
adjacent, 33, 595 of prism, 405–407 of pyramids, 413
alternate exterior, 74 of pyramid, 413–423 of rectangle, 354
alternate interior, 74 of rectangle, 354–355 of trapezoids, 204
base, 145, 204, 595 of regular polygon, 375 of triangle, 357
bisector, 145, 595 relationships in circle, 387–393 basic constructions, 154–159
central, 279, 342 of rhombus, 368 basic triples, 249
classifying pairs of, 33–36 of sector, 387–388 between, 11
complementary, 34, 595 of segment, 389 bisect, 15, 33, 282
congruent, 22, 33, 74–76 of similar polygon, 369 each other, 477
constructions with, 36–37 of square, 373 bisector, 25, 595
corresponding, 74, 228 surface, 598 angle, 145, 595
599
600 INDEX 쐽

perpendicular, 49, 145, 597 circumcircles, 333 coplanar points, 27, 596
points on, 331 circumference, 595 corollary, 94, 596
Bolyai, Johann, 119 of circle, 379–386 corresponding altitudes, 146, 237
bounded region, 352 of Earth, 316 corresponding angles, 74, 138, 228
Brahmagupta’s Formula, 364 circumscribed circle, 289, 595 corresponding sides, 138, 228
circumscribed polygon, 290, 595 corresponding vertices, 128, 228
C coincide, 128 cosecant ratio, 514, 596
calculus, 443 collinear, 11, 595 cosine, 596
Cartesian coordinate system, 449–450 commensurable, 220 Law of, 118, 523–526
center common chord, 286 ratio, 504–511
of circle, 278 common external tangent, 302 cotangent ratio, 514, 596
of gravity, 336 common internal tangent, 302 counterexample, 7
incenter, 331 common tangent, 302 CPCTC, 138–144
of mass, 336 Commutative Axiom, 538 CSSTP, 236
orthocenter, 333 Commutative Property of Addition, 2 cube, 408, 596
of regular polygon, 341, 595 Commutative Property of roots, 438
of sphere, 435, 595 Multiplication, 538 cubic units, 408
Central Angle Postulate, 281 compass, 16 cyclic polygons, 289, 596
central angle, 279 complementary angles, 34, 595 cyclic quadrilaterals, 200, 364
of regular polygon, 342 compound statement, 3 cylinders, 424–433, 596
centroid, 334–335 concave polygon, 99 altitude of, 424, 595
Ceva, Giovanni, 269 concave polyhedrons, 434, 596 axis of, 424
Ceva’s proof, 269 concentric circles, 279, 596 bases of, 424
Ceva’s Theorem, 264 concentric spheres, 438 oblique circular, 424
chord, 278, 595 conclusion, 4, 6, 53 radius of, 426
common, 286 concurrence, 330–336, 486, 596 right circular, 424, 598
circle, 16, 278–288, 595 conditional statement, 3, 80 surface area of, 425–426
angle measures in, 288–299 cones, 427–429 volume of, 426–427
angle relationships in, 280–288 altitude of, 427, 595
arc relationships in, 280–288 base of, 427 D
area of, 379–386 radius of, 427 decagon, 100, 596
area relationships in, 387–393 right circular, 427, 598 deduction, 6–7, 596
central angles of, 279 slant height of, 427–428, 598 definitions, 21–30
circumference of, 379–386 surface area of, 427–428 good, 22–23
circumscribed about polygons, 289, 595 vertex of, 427 degrees, 596
common tangent lines to, 302–304 volume of, 428–429 depression, angle of, 501, 595
concentric, 279, 596 congruence, 12, 13, 15, 24 Descartes, René, 443, 449
congruent, 278 in polygons, 227 Detachment, Law of, 6
constructions of tangents to, 310–311 Transitive Property of, 331 determined, 94
exterior, 278, 291 congruent angles, 22, 33, 74–76 diagonals, 4
great, 436 congruent arcs, 281 perpendicular, 367–368
inequalities for, 309–316 congruent circles, 278 of polygons, 100–101, 596
inscribed in polygons, 290 congruent triangles, 128–137 of rectangle, 196
inscribed in triangle, 390–391 parts of, 138–144 of rhombus, 247
interior, 278, 291 conic sections, 443 diameter, 278, 379, 596
line relationships in, 299–309 conjunction, 3 of spheres, 436
nine-point, 346 constant of proportionality, 231 difference, 539
polygons circumscribed about, 290 constants, 544 differential calculus, 443
polygons inscribed in, 289 constructions, 16 dihedral angle, 433
radius of, 16 with angles, 36–37 direction, 182–183
regular polygons and, 340 basic, 154–159 disjoint, 100
segment lengths in, 304–306, 598 contact, point of, 288 disjunction, 3, 550
segment relationships in, 299–309 contrapositive, 81–82 distance, 24, 163
tangent, 301–302, 310–311, converse of statements, 55–58, formula, 451–453
595, 598 80, 596 Distributive Axiom, 400, 540–541
triangle with inscribed, 390–391 convex polygons, 99–107, 596 divided proportionally, 259–265
circumcenter, 332, 595 convex polyhedrons, 434 Division Property of Equality, 40, 546
 쐽 Index 601

Division Property of Inequality, 552 F horizontal line, 46

dodecagon, 298, 596 face horizontal reflection, 112
dodecahedron, 435, 596 of polyhedron, 433 horizontal symmetry, 107
of prism, 404 hyperbola, 443, 457
E of pyramid, 413 hyperbolic geometry, 119
Earth, 316 first term, 221 hyperbolic paraboloid, 119
edges flatness, 10 hypotenuse, 134, 140, 247, 496, 506, 596
base, 404, 413 FOIL, 542 hypothesis, 4, 53
lateral, 404, 413 formal proofs, 53–58
of polyhedrons, 433, 596 written parts of, 54–55 I
elements, 2 formulas, 544–549 icosahedron, 435, 596
Elements (Euclid), 60, 118 Brahmagupta’s, 364 identity, 131, 508
elevation, angle of, 501 distance, 451–453 implication, 3
ellipse, 443, 457 Heron’s, 364–366 impure tesselations, 377
empty set, 14 midpoint, 453 incenter, 331, 596
endpoints, 23 point-of-division, 489 incommensurable, 220
Equality quadratic, 556, 597 indirect proof, 80–85
properties of, 40 slope, 460 induction, 45, 596
Substitution Axiom of, 43 fourth term, 221 inequality, 549–554
equations, 544–549 45-45-90 right triangle, 252–253 Addition Property of, 160, 552
equivalent, 546, 596 frustrum for circle, 309–316
Euler’s, 434 of cone, 419 properties of, 42, 552
linear, 453, 458–466, 547 of pyramid, 409 solving, 552
of lines, 480–488 Transitive Property of, 161, 551
quadratic, 554–560 G triangles in, 159–167, 598
systems of, 484–487 Garfield, James A., 394 informal geometry, 10–21
equiangular polygons, 102, 596 Gauss, Karl F., 119 initial postulates, 23–28
equiangular triangles, 149 geometric mean, 222, 596 area and, 352–362
equilateral polygons, 102, 596 geometric proofs, 39–44 inscribed angles, 283, 596
equilateral triangle, 93, 149–151 geometry inscribed circle, 290
perimeter of, 363 analytic, 450 inscribed polygon, 289
equivalence relation, 48 development of, 60 intercepted arc, 279, 283, 596
equivalent equations, 480, hyperbolic, 119 intercepts
546, 596 informal, 10–21 x, 459
equivalent sets, 22 non-Euclidean, 118–120 y, 459
Eratosthenes, 316 spherical, 118 interior angles, 10, 74, 596
Escher, M. C., 1 Golden Ratio, 226 alternate, 74
Euclid, 60, 118, 168, 529 good approximations, 376 of polygons, 101–102, 316–317
Euclidean geometry, 74–76 grade, 534 interior of
Euler, Leonhard, 434 graphs angle, 31
Euler’s equation, 434 of linear equations, 458–466 circle, 278
expressions, algebraic, 537–544 of slope, 458–466 triangle, 93
Extended Angle Addition gravity, 336 interior points, 291
Property, 52 great circle, 436 internally tangent circles, 301–302
extended proportions, 225 Great Pyramids, 403 intersect, 15
extended ratio, 223, 596 intersection, 8, 26, 597
Extended Segment Addition H intuition, 4–5, 597
Property, 52 height. See altitude invalid argument, 6, 7
exterior, 596 hemispheres, 436 inverse of statement, 80–81
of angle, 31 heptagon, 100, 596 inverse operations, 546, 597
of circle, 278 Heron of Alexandria, 118, 364 isosceles trapezoids, 204, 597
of triangle, 93 Heron’s formula, 364–366 isosceles triangle, 22, 93, 145–153,
exterior angles, 10, 74, 96 hexagon, 100, 596 595, 597
alternate, 74 hexagram, 105 altitude of, 145
exterior points, 291 hexahedron, 435, 596 base of, 145, 595
externally tangent circles, 301–302 history, 60 perimeter of, 363
extremes, 221, 596 HL, 140–142, 248 vertex of, 145, 598
602 INDEX 쐽
K means, 221, 597
kite, 187–195, 597
area of, 368–369
L Measure of the Circle
lateral area, 405, 597
lateral edges
of prism, 404
of pyramids, 413
lateral faces
of prism, 404
of pyramids, 413
Law
of Cosines, 118, 523–526
of Detachment, 6
of Negative Inference, 81–82
Parallelogram, 183
of Sines, 521–523
least common denominator (LCD), 547
legs, 597
of isosceles triangle, 145
of trapezoids, 204
of right triangle, 134
lemmas, 160–164, 597
length, 11
of arcs, 381–382
limits, 382
line, 10, 22
auxiliary, 94, 595
concurrence of, 330–336
equations of, 480–488
horizontal, 46
of centers, 302
parallel, 14, 72–78, 597
perpendicular, 46–53, 72, 597
point-slope form, 482–484
relationships in circles, 299–309
slope of, 460–464
slope-intercept form of, 481–482
straightness of, 10
symmetry, 107–109
vertical, 46
line segments, 11, 22, 597
length of, 12, 23
measuring, 12–13, 23
linear equations, 453, 480–488, 547
graphs of, 458–466
linear measure, 13
Lobachevski, Nikolai, 119
Lobachevskian postulate, 119
locus, 323–327, 597
logo, 200
M order of operations, 541
major arc, 279, 597
mass, 336
mathematical system, 21
parts of, 21
P
geometric, 222, 596 parabola, 443
Means-Extremes Property, 221–222, parallel lines, 14, 26, 72–76, 597
444, 498 proving, 86–92
supplementary angles and, 76–78
(Archimedes), 345 parallel planes, 28
medians, 145, 597 Parallel Postulate, 74–80, 118
of trapezoids, 204, 206–207 parallelepiped, 409, 597
of triangles, 145–146, 334 Parallelogram Law, 183
Mersenne, Marin, 443 parallelograms, 178–186,
meter stick, 13 187–195, 597
midpoints, 9, 12, 13, 25, 282, 597 altitude, 180, 355–357, 595
formula, 453–455, 466 area of, 355–357
minor arc, 279, 313, 597 bases of, 355–357
Multiplication Property of Equality, perimeter of, 363
35, 40, 546 Pascal, Blaise, 168, 443
Multiplication Property of Pascal’s Triangle, 168–169
Inequality, 552 Pei, I. M., 127
multiplicative inverse, 539 pentagon, 100, 597
regular, 4
N pentagram, 105
negation, 2, 80 perimeter
negative inference, 81–82 area of polygons and, 363–373
negative numbers, 552 of equilateral triangle, 363
negative reciprocals, 463 of isosceles triangle, 363
Nine-Point Circle, 346 of parallelogram, 363
nonagon, 100 of polygon, 363, 597
noncollinear points, 597 of quadrilateral, 363
noncoplanar points, 597 of rectangle, 363
non-Euclidean geometry, of rhombus, 363
118–120 of scalene triangle, 363
of square, 363
O of triangle, 150, 363
oblique, 404 perpendicular, 15, 46, 72
oblique circular cylinder, 424 diagonals, 197, 367–368
oblique pentagonal prism, 405 perpendicular bisector, 49, 145, 597
oblique prism, 404 perpendicular lines, 46, 72, 597
oblique square prism, 405 constructions leading to, 49–50
obtuse angle, 597 relations, 46–53
obtuse triangle, 93, 151, 597 perpendicular planes, 73
octagon, 100, 597 pi, 345, 597
octagram, 105 value of, 380–381
octahedron, 435, 597 picture proof, 94
open sentence, 2 plane, 10, 22, 26
open statement, 2 flatness, 10
opposite angle parallel, 28
of parallelogram, 179 vertical, 28
of triangle, 161 plane symmetry, 420
opposite leg, 496, 506, 537 Plato, 529
opposite rays, 26, 597 points, 10, 22
opposite side on bisectors, 331
of parallelogram, 179 of contact, 288
of triangle, 162 coplanar, 27, 596
exterior, 291
ordered pairs, 450 interior, 291
origin, 450 locus of, 324–330
orthocenter, 333, 597 noncollinear, 597
overdetermined, 94 noncoplanar, 597
 쐽 Index 603

symmetry, 109–110 right equilateral triangular, 405 lateral faces of, 413
of tangency, 288, 597 right hexagonal, 405 regular, 414, 598
Point-of-Division Formulas, 489 right rectangular, 409 square, 413
Point-Slope Form, 482–484 right triangular, 405 surface area of, 415–417
polygons, 597 vertices of, 404 triangular, 413
area of, 358, 363–373 volume of, 408–411 vertex of, 413
circles circumscribed about, 289 probability, 435 volume of, 413–423
circles inscribed in, 290 Proclus, 60, 529 Pythagoras, 60, 118, 394, 395
circumscribed about circles, 290, 595 product, 538 Pythagorean Theorem, 60, 141,
congruent, 227 Product Property of Square 198–201, 244–252
convex, 99–107, 596 Roots, 557 converse of, 246
cyclic, 289, 596 Proofs Pythagorean triples, 249–250
diagonals of, 100–101, 596 analytic, 466–480 Pythagoreans, 394
equiangular, 102, 596 Ceva’s, 269
equilateral, 102, 596 formal, 53–58 Q
inscribed in circles, 289 geometric, 39–44 quadrants, 450
interior angles of, 101–102, indirect, 80–85 quadratic equation, 554–560
316–317 of congruent triangles, 130–134 incomplete, 556
perimeter of, 363, 597 of parallel lines, 86–92 solving, 555
regular, 102–105, 338–344, 373–379, of similar triangles, 234–238 Quadratic Formula, 556, 597
595, 597 picture, 94 quadrilateral, 100, 178, 597
similar, 227–235, 369–370, 598 strategy for, 43 cyclic, 200
polygrams, 104–105 synthetic, 475 perimeter of, 363
regular, 105 Properties with perpendicular diagonals, 367–368
polyhedrons, 433–435, 597 Addition, of Equality, 35, 546 placement of, 476
concave, 434, 596 Addition, of Inequality, 160, 552 quotient, 539
convex, 434 Commutative, of Addition, 2, 538 Quotient Property of Square Roots, 559
edges of, 433, 596 Division, of Equality, 40, 546
faces of, 433 Division, of Inequality, 42, 552 R
regular, 434–435, 597 Extended Angle Addition, 52 radian measure of angles, 530–531, 597
vertices of, 433, 598 Extended Segment Addition, 52 radicand, 557
positive numbers, 552 Means-Extremes, 221–222, 444, 498 radius, 597
positive slope, 461 Multiplication, of Equality, 35, 546 of circle, 16, 278
Postulates, 21–30, 597 Multiplication, of Inequality, 42, 552 of cone, 427
Angle-Addition, 32, 52, 160 Quotient, of Square Roots, 559 of cylinder, 426
Arc-Addition, 282 reflexive, 48, 233 of regular polygon, 341, 373
Central-Angle, 281 Square Roots, 557–558 of sphere, 436
initial, 23–28, 352–362 Subtraction, of Equality, 35, 546 rates, 220–227
Lobachevskian, 119 Subtraction, of Inequality, 42, 557 ratios, 220–227, 597
Parallel, 72–80, 118 symmetric, 48, 233 cosine, 504–511
Protractor, 37 transitive, 48, 233 extended, 223, 596
Reimannian, 119 Transitive, of Congruence, 331 Golden, 226
Ruler, 24 Transitive, of Inequality, 161, 551 sine, 496–503
Segment-Addition, 31, 52, 160, 280 of triangles, 151 tangent, 511–519
premises, 6 Zero Product, 554 ray, 25
prime, 558 proportions, 220–227, 596 real numbers, 538
primitive triples, 249 extended, 225 reasoning, 2–10
prisms, 404–413 protractor, 5, 13, 383 reciprocals, 539
altitude of, 405 Protractor Postulate, 37 negative, 463
base of, 405 prove statement, 40 rectangle, 11, 188, 195–196
base edges, 404 Ptolemy, 118 altitude of, 354
faces, 404 pure tesselations, 377 area of, 354–355
lateral edges, 404 pyramids, 413–423 base of, 354
lateral faces, 404 altitude of, 414 perimeter of, 363
oblique, 404, 405 area of, 413–423 rectangular coordinate system, 450–458
oblique pentagonal, 405 base edges of, 413 reflections, 112–114
regular, 407, 598 base of, 413 horizontal, 112
right, 404, 598 lateral edges of, 413 vertical, 113
604 INDEX 쐽

reflex angle, 14, 31, 597 of circle, 389 straight angles, 15, 31, 598
reflexive property, 40, 48, 129, 233 of hypotenuse, 244 straightedge, 598
region, 352 relationships in circles, 299–309 straightness, 10
bounded, 352 semicircles, 279, 285, 598 stretch, 231
regular pentagon, 4 sets, 2–10, 598 subsets, 2
regular polygons, 102–105, 338–344, 597 empty, 14 Substitution Axiom of Equality, 40, 43
apothem of, 342, 595 equivalent, 22 Subtraction Property of Equality,
area and, 373–379 shadow reckoning, 232 35, 40, 546
center of, 341, 595 shrink, 231 Subtraction Property of Inequality, 42, 552
circles and, 340 sides, 31 sum, 538
radius of, 341 corresponding, 228 supplementary angles, 34, 598
regular polygrams, 105 of triangles, 93 parallel lines and, 76–78
regular polyhedrons, 434–435, 597 similar figures, 219 surface area, 598
regular prisms, 407, 598 similar polygons, 227–235, of cones, 427–428
regular pyramid, 414, 598 369–370, 598 of cylinders, 425–426
slant height of, 598 similar triangles, 235–243, 269 of prisms, 405–407
relations, 48 sine, 598 of pyramids, 415–417
equivalence, 48 Law of, 521–523 of spheres, 437
perpendicular lines, 46–53 ratio, 496–503 surfaces, two-dimensional, 352
reversibility, 22 skew, 30, 178, 598 Symmetric Property, 40, 48, 129, 233
Rhind papyrus, 345 slant height symmetry, 107–117, 598
rhombus, 197–198, 598 of cone, 427–428, 598 horizontal, 107
area of, 368 of regular pyramid, 414–416, 598 line, 107–109
diagonals of, 247 slides, 111–112 plane, 420
perimeter of, 363 slope point, 109–110
Riemann, Georg F. B., 119 formula, 460–462 vertical, 107
Riemannian Postulate, 119 of lines, 460–464 synthetic proofs, 475
right angles, 15, 31, 598 negative, 461 systems of equations, 484–487
right circular cone, 427, 598 positive, 461
right circular cylinder, 424, 598 Slope-Intercept Form, 481–482 T
right prism, 404, 598 Socrates, 529 tangency, point of, 288, 597
right triangles, 93, 140, 151, 598 solids of revolution, 429–431, 439 tangent, 288
30-60-90, 253–256 axis of, 429 tangent circles, 301–302, 595, 598
45-45-90, 252–253 solutions, 546 constructions of, 310–311
special, 252–259 space, 27 externally, 301–302
rotations, 114–115 special right triangles, 252–259 internally, 301–302
ruler, 13 speed, 182–183 tangent plane, 439
postulate, 24 spheres, 118, 233, 435–437, 598 tangent ratio, 511–519
center of, 435, 595 terms
S diameter of, 436 first, 221
SAS, 131–132 great circle, 436 fourth, 221
SAS&, 238 radius of, 436 second, 221
scalene triangle, 93, 151, 598 surface area of, 437 third, 221
perimeter of, 363 volume of, 437–439 tesselations, 377
secant Spherical Geometry, 118 impure, 377
of circle, 289 square, 196–197 pure, 377
ratio, 514, 598 feet, 360 tetrahedron, 435, 598
second term, 221 inches, 360 Thales, 60, 118, 211
sector, 598 perimeter of, 363 Theorems, 21, 598
area of, 387–388 units, 352 Angle-Bisector, 263
Segment-Addition Postulate, 24, 31, 52, yard, 360 Brahmagupta, 364
160, 280 square numbers, 60, 211–212 Ceva’s, 264
Segment-Length Theorems, 304 Square Roots Property, 142, 558 formal proof of, 53–58
segments SSS, 130–131 Heron, 364
area of, 389 SSS&, 238 Pythagorean, 60, 141, 198–201,
circle, 299–309, 598 standard form, 555 244–252
divided proportionally, 259–265 statements, 2–10 Segment-Length, 304
line, 11–13, 597 converse of, 55–58 third term, 221

30-60-90 right triangle, 253–256
torus, 439, 598
total area, 406
transformations, 107–117
Transitive Property, 40, 48, 233
of Congruence, 129, 331
of Inequality, 161, 551
translations, 111–112
transmigration, 394
transversal, 74, 598
trapezoids, 204–210, 598
altitude of, 204, 595
area of, 366–367
base angles of, 204
bases of, 204
isosceles, 204, 597
legs of, 204
median of, 204
triangle, 5, 11, 598
30-60-90 right, 253–256
45-45-90 right, 252–253
acute, 151, 520–529, 595
altitude of, 357, 595
angles of, 92–99
area of, 352, 357–358, 520–521
base of, 357
congruent, 128–137, 138–144
equiangular, 149
equilateral, 149, 151, 363
exterior of, 93
hypotenuse of, 134
inequalities in, 159–167, 598
inscribed circle, 390–391
interior of, 93
쐽 Index 605
isosceles, 22, 145–153, 363, 595, of polyhedrons, 433, 598
597, 598 of prisms, 404
legs of, 134 of pyramids, 413
obtuse, 151, 597 of triangles, 93
Pascal’s, 168–169 vertical angles, 9, 35, 598
perimeter of, 150, 363 vertical line, 46
placement of, 475 vertical planes, 28
properties of, 151 vertical reflection, 113
right, 140, 151, 598 vertical symmetry, 107
scalene, 151, 363, 598 volume, 404–413, 598
sides of, 93 of cones, 428–429
similar, 235–243, 269 of cylinders, 426–427
special right, 252–259 of prisms, 408–411
vertex of, 93 of pyramids, 413–423
Triangle Inequality, 163 of spheres, 437–439
trigonometry, 495 Volume Postulate, 409
two-dimensional surfaces, 352
W
U wrap-around effect, 211
underdetermined, 94 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 177
union, 8, 25, 92, 598
uniqueness, 24 X
universe, 100 x axis, 450
x coordinate, 450
V x intercepts, 459
valid argument, 6, 598
variables, 2, 540, 544 Y
Venn, John, 7 y axis, 450
Venn Diagrams, 7–8 y coordinate, 450
vertex, 11, 31 y intercepts, 459
angle, 145, 598 yardstick, 13
of cones, 427
corresponding, 228 Z
of isosceles triangle, 145, 598 Zero Product Property, 554
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Abbreviations

AA angle-angle (proves 䉭s similar) ineq. inequality

ASA angle-side-angle (proves 䉭s congruent) int. interior
AAS angle-angle-side (proves 䉭s congruent) isos. isosceles
add. addition km kilometers
adj. adjacent m meters
alt. altitude, alternate mi miles
ax. axiom mm millimeters
CASTC Corresponding angles of similar n-gon polygon of n sides
triangles are congruent. opp. opposite
cm centimeters pent. pentagon
cm2 square centimeters post. postulate
cm3 cubic centimeters prop. property
comp. complementary pt. point
corr. corresponding quad. quadrilateral
cos cosine rect. rectangle
cot cotangent rt. right
CPCTC Corresponding parts of congruent SAS side-angle-side (proves 䉭s congruent)
triangles are congruent. SAS⬃ side-angle-side (proves 䉭s similar)
csc cosecant sec, sec. secant, section
CSSTP Corresponding sides of similar sin sine
triangles are proportional.
SSS side-side-side (proves 䉭s congruent)
diag. diagonal
SSS⬃ side-side-side (proves 䉭s similar)
eq. equality
st. straight
exs. exercises
supp. supplementary
ext. exterior
tan tangent
ft foot (or feet)
trans. transversal
gal gallon
trap. trapezoid
HL hypotenuse-leg (proves 䉭s congruent)
vert. vertical (angle or line)
hr hour
yd yards
in. inch (or inches)
Symbols Common Variables
... and so on a apothem (length)
⬔, ⬔ s angle, angles a, b, c lengths of sides of a triangle
¬
AB arc AB A area of a plane figure
䉺, 䉺s circle, circles ␣ alpha (name of angle)
⬵ congruent to b base of plane figure (length)
⬵ not congruent to b y intercept of a line
° degree B area of the base of a solid
⫽ equal to ␤ beta (name of angle)
⫽ not equal to C circumference of a circle
⬇ approximately equal to d diameter (length), diagonal
⵰ empty set D number of diagonals
⬎ greater than e edge of cube (length)
ⱖ greater than or equal to E measure of exterior angle
傽 intersection ␥ gamma (name of angle)
⬍ less than h height (length of altitude)
ⱕ less than or equal to I measure of interior angle
AB length of line segment AB ᐉ slant height (length)
¬
/AB length of arc AB l length of rectangle
4 L lateral area
AB line AB
AB line segment AB m slope of a line
m ∠ABC measure of angle ABC M midpoint of a line segment
m¬ AB measure of arc AB n number of sides (of a polygon)
储 parallel to O origin of rectangular coordinate system
兾储 not parallel to P perimeter of a plane figure
ⵥ parallelogram ␲ pi
⊥ perpendicular r radius (length)
(x, y) point in xy plane s side of regular polygon (length)
a c S surface area
= proportion
b d T total area
a ␪ theta (name of angle)
a:b or ratio
b V volume
: w width of rectangle
AB ray AB
債 subset of
⬖ therefore
䉭 triangle
傼 union