Fluid mechanics

AVIONICS DEPARTMENT
CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING CENTER OF THAILAND

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Fluid mechanics
I. Pressure, Density and Pressure measurements
II. Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle
III. The equation of continuity
IV. Bernoulli’s Equation and Other Application of Bernoulli

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Properties of Matter and Fluid

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Types of Fluid Mechanics

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Pressure and Density

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Pressure and Density
A specific gravity (SG) of HG is 13.6 .Please calculate a density of HG.

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Densities of some Common Substances

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Pressure

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Atmospheric Pressure

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Pressure in closed system

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Pressure in open system

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How to find absolute pressure and gauge pressure
7.1)
1.Find pressure gauge at 2.5 m.
2.Find absolute pressure at 2.5 m.

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Pressure Measurements: Manometer
A device for measuring the pressure of a gas
contained in a vessel is the open-tube manometer
𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝐵

: Gauge pressure
: Absolute pressure

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Multi- liquid : How to solve the problems

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Pressure Measurements: Manometer
7.2) Find the difference pressure between point A and point B

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Pressure Measurements: Manometer
7.3) Find the pressure gage at point A.

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Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle

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Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle

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Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle

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 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle
Case I: Totally Submerged Object

Submerged object that is less dense than the fluid:

Submerged object that is denser than the fluid:
The direction of motion of an object submerged in a fluid is determined only by the
densities of the object and the fluid.

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 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle
Case II: Partial Submerged Object

The fraction of the volume of a floating object that is below the fluid surface is equal
to the ratio of the density of the object to that of the fluid.

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Buoyant Force : How to solve the problems

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Example
7.3)

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Example
7.4)

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Example
7.5)

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Example
7.6)

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Fluid Dynamics: Equation of continuity for fluids

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Fluid Dynamics: Equation of continuity for fluids
• the product of the area and the fluid speed at all points along a pipe is constant for an
incompressible fluid.

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 Fluid Dynamics assumptions
In our model of ideal fluid flow, we make the following four assumptions:
1. The fluid is nonviscous. In a nonviscous fluid, internal friction is neglected. An
object moving through the fluid experiences no viscous force.
2. The flow is steady. In steady (laminar) flow, the velocity of the fluid at each
point remains constant.
3. The fluid is incompressible. The density of an incompressible fluid is constant.
4. The flow is irrotational. In irrotational flow, the fluid has no angular momentum
about any point.

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Fluid Dynamics: Equation of continuity for fluids
7.7)

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Bernoulli’s Equation
Bernoulli’s equation:

OR

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Bernoulli’s Equation : How to solve the problems

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Example :
Large water tank with a lid that opens to the atmosphere. There is water in the tank, 5 meters,
7.8) high
if the bottom of the tank has a leak. Causing the water to flow out at the rate 3x10^-5 m/s^2
Find the speed of the water starting to escape from the leak and find the area around the leak.

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Example :
7.9) Venturi meter, The large and small tubes, 40 cm and 20 cm in diameter, respectively, were
installed horizontally to measure the oil flow rate with a density of 800 kg/m^3. If we can read
a difference pressure, 5x10^4 N/m^2

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Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics

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Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics
Streamline flow

High velocity, low pressure

Low velocity, high pressure

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Example
7.10)

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Example
7.11) An aircraft with a mass of 3000 kg, flying in the air with an average density of 1 kg per cubic meter.
The speed of movement of air through the wings above and below is 160 m/s and 130 m/s.
1. Find the difference pressure between above and bottom of the wing.
2. What is an optimal wing area that can hold the aircraft.

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The End

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