‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Carbohydrates‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴـﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻜـﺴﺠﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺘﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺴـﺘﺔ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺩﺍﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺃﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻤﻌﺎﹰ ﺒﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺘﺘﻔﻜﻙ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﻼﺙ‬
‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ‪ :Monosaccharides‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﻜﻭﺯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ‪ : Disaccharides‬ﻭﻫـﻲ ﻤﻜﻭﻨـﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﺴﻜﺭﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺜل ﺴﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﻜﺘﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺘﻲ ﺠﻠﻭﻜﻭﺯ‬
‫ﻭ ﺴﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭﻭﺯ ﻭ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺴﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺘﻭﺯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ‪ : Polysaccharides‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﻜﻭﺯ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺫﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻟـﺴﻜﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻓـﻲ ﻜـل ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺘﻜﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﻘل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼـﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬

‫‪Kamal A. Elkahlout, M.Sc. Biotechnology‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪4/29/2009‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.softwarelabs.com‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ﻻ ﺘﺫﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺼـﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺩﻴـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻜﺭ ﻻ ﺘﺫﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺨﻠﻕ ﻀﻐﻁﺎﹰ ﺃﻭﺴـﻤﻭﺯﻴﺎﹰ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻓﻲ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻤـﻊ ﺒﻌـﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟـﺒﻌﺽ ﻟﺘﻜـﻭﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﺒـﻁ ﻭﺤـﺩﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺴﻜﺭﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺸﻑ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺠﺯﺉ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﺒﺎﺴـﻡ ﺘﻔﺎﻋـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻟﺠﺯﺉ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜﺴﺭ ﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻀﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺘﺤﻠل ﻤﺎﺌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺘﻜﺴﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻭﻱ ﻹﻁﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜﻤﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻨـﺸﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻭﺯ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻜﺭ ﻜﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻨﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴـﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻋﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻜﺭ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻭﻱ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻁﺭﻴـﺎﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ‪ Exoskeleton‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺫﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺴﻜﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ )ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﻜﻭﺯ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻜﺘﻭﺯ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻻﻜﺘﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺘﺫﻭﺏ‬ ‫‪C6H12 O6‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ‪O‬‬

‫‪Kamal A. Elkahlout, M.Sc. Biotechnology‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪4/29/2009‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺘﻭﺯ )ﺴﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺭ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺴﻜﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺫﻭﺏ‬ ‫‪C12H22 O11‬‬
‫)ﺴﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﺩﺓ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻼﻜﺘﻭﺯ )ﺴﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻥ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜﻭﺠﻴﻥ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ(‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻭﺯ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ(‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻻ ﺘﺫﻭﺏ‬ ‫‪(C6H12 O6)n‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻴﻥ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻤﺌﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻁﺭﻴﺎﺕ(‬ ‫ﻭﺁﻻﻑ‪.‬‬

‫‪Kamal A. Elkahlout, M.Sc. Biotechnology‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪4/29/2009‬‬

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