LESSON 1

Representing
Real-Life
Situations Using
Functions
GENERAL MATHEMATICS
 WHAT HAVE YOU
REMEMBERED ABOUT
RELATIONS AND
FUNCTIONS?
POINTS TO TALK ABOUT

Relation
Function
Piecewise Functions
A relation is any set of ordered
pairs. The set of all first
elements of the ordered pairs
is called the domain of the
relation, and the set of all
second elements is called the
range.

A FUNCTION IS A RELATION OR
RULE OF CORRESPONDENCE
BETWEEN TWO ELEMENTS (DOMAIN
AND RANGE) SUCH THAT EACH
ELEMENT IN THE DOMAIN
CORRESPONDS TO EXACTLY ONE
ELEMENT IN THE RANGE.
TO FURTHER UNDERSTAND FUNCTION, LET’S
STUDY THE FOLLOWING.

Given the following ordered pairs, which relations are

functions?
You are right! The relations A and B are functions because
each element in the domain corresponds to a unique element
in the range. Meanwhile, relations C and D are not functions
because they contain ordered pairs with the same domain
[C = (0,1) and (0,-1), D = (a,b) and (a,d)].
HOW ABOUT FROM THE
GIVEN TABLE OF
VALUES, WHICH
RELATION SHOWS A
FUNCTION?

C
 THAT’S RIGHT! A AND B ARE
HOW ABOUT FROM THE FUNCTIONS SINCE ALL THE VALUES
GIVEN TABLE OF OF X CORRESPONDS TO EXACTLY
VALUES, WHICH ONE VALUE OF Y. UNLIKE TABLE C,
RELATION SHOWS A WHERE -1 CORRESPONDS TO TWO
FUNCTION? VALUES, 4 AND 1.

C
We can also identify a function given a diagram. On the following
mapping diagrams, which do you think represent functions?
You are correct! The relations A and C
are functions because each element in
the domain corresponds to a unique
element in the range. However, B is a
mere relation and not function
because there is a domain which
corresponds to more than one range.
 HOW ABOUT IF THE GIVEN ARE GRAPHS OF
RELATIONS, CAN YOU IDENTIFY WHICH ARE
FUNCTIONS?

DO YOU STILL REMEMBER THE VERTICAL LINE TEST?

LET’S RECALL.

A RELATION BETWEEN TWO SETS OF NUMBERS CAN BE

ILLUSTRATED BY GRAPH IN THE CARTESIAN PLANE, AND
THAT A FUNCTION PASSES THE VERTICAL LINE TEST.

A GRAPH OF A RELATION IS A FUNCTION IF ANY

VERTICAL LINE DRAWN PASSING THROUGH THE GRAPH
INTERSECTS IT AT EXACTLY ONE POINT.
 YES, THAT’S RIGHT! A AND C ARE GRAPHS OF
FUNCTIONS WHILE B AND D ARE NOT BECAUSE
THEY DO NOT PASS THE VERTICAL LINE TEST.
 REPRESENTING
REAL-LIFE
SITUATIONS
USING FUNCTIONS

What’s New We said that for a relation to

become a function, the value of
the domain must correspond to
a single value of the range. Let’s
read some of the conversations
and determine if they can be
classified as function or not
 Scenario 1
SCENARIO 1: JUNE AND MAE ARE IN A LONG-
TIME RELATIONSHIP UNTIL JUNE REALIZED THAT
HE WANTS TO MARRY MAE.
 Scenario 2
SCENARIO 2: KIM IS A NATURALLY BORN FILIPINO BUT BECAUSE
OF HER EYES, MANY PEOPLE CONFUSED IF SHE IS A CHINESE.
LET’S SEE HOW SHE RESPONDS TO HER NEW CLASSMATES WHO
ARE ASKING IF SHE’S A CHINESE.
Scenario 2
ACTIVITY 1
FUNCTIONS AS
REPRESENTATIONS OF
REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS
Functions can often be used to
model real-life situations.
Identifying an appropriate
functional model will lead to a
better understanding of various
phenomena.
THE ABOVE SCENARIOS ARE ALL
EXAMPLES OF RELATIONS THAT
SHOW FUNCTION. MONOGAMOUS
MARRIAGE (E.G. CHRISTIAN
COUNTRIES) IS AN EXAMPLE OF
FUNCTION WHEN THERE IS FAITH
AND
LOYALTY. LET SAY, JUNE IS THE
DOMAIN AND MAE IS THE RANGE,
WHEN THERE IS FAITHFULNESS
IN THEIR MARRIAGE, THERE WILL
BE ONE-TO-ONE RELATIONSHIP -
ONE DOMAIN TO ONE RANGE.
FUNCTIONS AS
REPRESENTATIONS OF
REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS
Functions can often be used to
model real-life situations.
Identifying an appropriate
functional model will lead to a
better understanding of various
phenomena.
NATIONALITY COULD ALSO ILLUSTRATE
A FUNCTION. WE EXPECT THAT AT
LEAST A PERSON HAS ONE
NATIONALITY. LET SAY KIM IS THE
DOMAIN AND HER NATIONALITY IS THE
RANGE, THEREFORE THERE IS A ONE-
TO-ONE RELATIONSHIP. SINCE KIM
WAS BORN AND LIVE IN THE
PHILIPPINES, SHE CAN NEVER HAVE
MULTIPLE NATIONALITIES EXCEPT
FILIPINO. (REMEMBER: UNDER RA 9225
ONLY THOSE NATURALLY-BORN
FILIPINOS WHO HAVE BECOME
NATURALIZED CITIZENS OF ANOTHER
COUNTRY CAN HAVE DUAL
CITIZENSHIP. THIS IS NOT APPLICABLE
TO KIM SINCE SHE WAS BORN IN THE
PHILIPPINES AND NEVER A CITIZEN OF
OTHER COUNTRY.)
FUNCTIONS AS
REPRESENTATIONS OF
REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS
Functions can often be used to
model real-life situations.
Identifying an appropriate
functional model will lead to a
better understanding of various
phenomena.
RELIGION IS ALSO AN EXAMPLE OF
FUNCTION BECAUSE A PERSON CAN
NEVER HAVE TWO RELIGIONS. INSIDE
THE CLASSROOM, THREE CLASSMATES
SAID THAT THEY ARE CATHOLIC. THIS
SHOWS A MANY-TO-ONE
RELATIONSHIP. CLASSMATES BEING
THE DOMAIN AND RELIGION BEING THE
RANGE INDICATE THAT DIFFERENT
VALUES OF DOMAIN CAN HAVE ONE
VALUE OF RANGE. ONE-TO-ONE
RELATIONSHIP WAS ALSO ILLUSTRATED
BY THE CLASSMATES WHO SAID THAT
THEY ARE BORN AGAIN, MUSLIM AND
IGLESIA NI CRISTO - ONE STUDENT TO
ONE RELIGION.
THE FUNCTION
MACHINE Function can be illustrated as a
machine where there is the input
and the output. When you put an
object into a machine, you expect a
product as output after the process
being done by the machine. For
example, when you put an orange
fruit into a juicer, you expect an
orange juice as the output and not
a grape juice. Or you will never
expect to have two kinds of juices -
orange and grapes.
 YOU HAVE LEARNED THAT
FUNCTION CAN BE REPRESENTED
BY EQUATION. SINCE OUTPUT (Y) IS
DEPENDENT ON INPUT (X), WE CAN
SAY THAT Y IS A FUNCTION OF X.
FOR EXAMPLE, IF A FUNCTION
MACHINE ALWAYS ADDS THREE (3)
TO WHATEVER YOU PUT IN IT.
THEREFORE, WE CAN DERIVE AN
EQUATION OF X + 3 = Y OR F(X) =
X+ 3 WHERE F(X) = Y.
Let’s try the following real-life
situation.
A. If height (H) is a function of age
(a), give a function H that can
represent the height of a person in
a age, if every year the height is
added by 2 inches.
Solution:
Since every year the height is
added by 2 inches, then the height
function is 𝑯(𝒂) = 𝟐 + 𝒂
B. IF DISTANCE (𝑫) IS A FUNCTION
OF TIME (𝒕), GIVE A FUNCTION D
THAT CAN REPRESENT THE
DISTANCE A CAR TRAVELS IN 𝒕
TIME, IF EVERY HOUR THE CAR
TRAVELS 60 KILOMETERS.
SOLUTION:
SINCE EVERY HOUR, THE CAR
TRAVELS 60 KILOMETERS,
THEREFORE THE DISTANCE
FUNCTION IS GIVEN BY 𝑫(𝒕) = 𝟔𝟎�
C. Give a function B that can
represent the amount of battery
charge of a cellular phone in h
hour, if 12% of battery was loss
every hour.
Solution:
Since every hour losses 12% of
the battery, then the amount of
battery function is 𝑩(𝒉) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 −
𝟎.𝟏𝟐𝒉
 D. SQUARES OF SIDE X ARE CUT
FROM EACH CORNER OF A 10 IN X
8 IN RECTANGLE, SO THAT ITS
SIDES CAN BE FOLDED TO MAKE A
BOX WITH NO TOP. DEFINE A
FUNCTION IN TERMS OF X THAT
CAN REPRESENT THE VOLUME OF
THE BOX.
Solution:
The length and width of the box
are 10 - 2x and 8 - 2x,
respectively. Its height is x. Thus,
the volume of the box can be
represented by the function.
 Piecewise Functions
THERE ARE FUNCTIONS THAT REQUIRES MORE THAN ONE FORMULA IN ORDER
TO OBTAIN THE GIVEN OUTPUT. THERE ARE INSTANCES WHEN WE NEED TO
DESCRIBE SITUATIONS IN WHICH A RULE OR RELATIONSHIP CHANGES AS THE
INPUT VALUE CROSSES CERTAIN BOUNDARIES. IN THIS CASE, WE NEED TO
APPLY THE PIECEWISE FUNCTION.
DIFFICULTY
APPLICATION RETENTION
A PIECEWISE FUNCTION IS A FUNCTION IN WHICH MORE THAN ONE FORMULA
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 Piecewise Functions
Example
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 Piecewise Functions
Example
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 Piecewise Functions
Example
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 Piecewise Functions

APPLICATION
DIFFICULTY RETENTION

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 APPLICATION
DIFFICULTY RETENTION

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