Statistics and Probability Reviewer

 Normal Distribution
- Also known as Gaussian Distribution
- Where the mean, median, and mode are equal
 Normal Curve
- The graph of a normal distribution
- A bell-shaped curve
 Properties of a Normal Curve
- The domain of the curve is -∞ < X < ∞
- The curve is asymptotic to the x-axis
near but not in the line or in the x-axis
- The curve has 2 symmetrical part
means the same measurements

Demarcation Line

This is
under the
curve 1 Divides the curve into two
or 100%

 The maximum point on the curve occurs at x=µ

 The standard deviation affects the height and the width of the curve.
 The smaller the standard deviation, the taller the graph, the narrower the graph.
 The bigger the standard deviation, the shorter the graph, the wider the graph.
 One standard deviation away from the mean – 68.3%
 Two standard deviation away from the mean – 95.4%
 Three standard deviation away from the mean – 99.7%
Example:
Solve for the standard deviation of the normal distribution where 99.7% of the
values fall between 52 and 82. 𝑀𝑖𝑛+𝑀𝑎𝑥
“99.7% - 3 SD away” µ= 2
µ + 3σ = 99.7%
Max – 82 52+82
µ= 67 + 3σ = 82 67 - 3σ = 52
Min – 52 2
134
µ= 2
3σ = 82-67 -3σ = 52 -67

µ = 67 3σ = 15 -3σ = -15

σ=5 σ=5
 Standard Normal Distribution
- Is a special case of the normal distribution
- Occurs when a normal random variable has a mean of zero and a standard
deviation of 1.
 Standardizing
- Is the process of converting a normal distribution to a standard normal distribution
 Any normal distribution can be converted into a standard normal distribution by turning
the individual values into z-scores.
 Z-score
- Also known as the standard score
- Measures the distance of any raw score from the mean in standard deviation units.
 Linear Interpolation
- If the z-score is in three decimal places
CPA Reviewer
 Characteristics of Art
- Art of today
- Shows societal issues
- Sold online after world war II
- Appropriation
- Collaborative and interactive
 Digital Art
- entitled Malliarum
from Spoliarum by Juan Luna
 Traditional Art
- Realistic
- Practices “Mimesis” copying the model as it is
From the mimetic theory by Plato
 Contemporary Art
- Appropriated
 1950s
- Artist experimented a variety of techniques and different ways of expressing.
- Victorio Edades
Was the first to break the rule of art.
He did not show natural forms nor perspectives and used
bold strokes and bright colors.
 Carlos ‘Botong’ Francisco and Galo Ocampo
- Early contemporary artists influenced by Western artists.
- Abstraction, Expressionism, and Surrealism
 Installation Art
- Created, constructed, or installed on the site where it is exhibited
 ORIGINALITY IS NOT AN ISSUE IN CONTEMPORARY ART.
 Traditional artists’ art consisted of Portraits, Landscape, still life.
 Contemporary artists’ artworks are expression of Freedom, Experimentation, and etc…
 Contemporary artists’ favourite subjects are Children, Women, and the Environment.
 "If all people die, the world will be greener. But if all plants and animals die, the world
will die"
 Due to the "innocence" of the children, they are abused.
 Women are naturally weak, especially physically, compared to men. Yet, their
"vulnerability" abused.
 Styles in Contemporary Art
1. Abstract Expressionism (Spontaneous way)
2. Kinetic Art (Moving)
3. OP Art (Optical Illusions)
4. Environment Art (Earthworks)
5. Feminist Art (Women/ gender)
6. Performance Art (live)
7. Minimalism (Simple details)
8. Video art (recorded)
9. Graffiti art (drawing on a wall)
10. Post-modern art (Welded/ assembled together)
11. Body art (Piercings/ body)
12. Digital art (Animation)
 Skills and Techniques of Contemporary Art
1. Study on their own
2. Interact with other artist
3. Read a lot about other artists and their artworks
4. Experiment chemical reaction
5. Explore materials in hardware stores
6. Team welding and simple engineering skills
 7. Hire other artists to help
 Art Production
- Alone
- Group
 Techniques in Contemporary Arts
1. Collage
- is made by adhering flat elements such as newspapers or magazines,
printed text, illustrations, photographs, cloth, string, etc.
2. Decalcomania
- is the process of applying gouache to paper glass then transferring a
reversal of that image onto canvas.
3. Decoupage
- is done by adhering cut-outs paper and then coating these with one or
more coats or transparent coating of varnish.
4. Frottage
- is the technique of rubbing with crayon on a piece of paper which has
been placed over an object or an image.
5. Montage
- is used for photography or film where a pictorial image is juxtaposed or
placed overlapping to make another picture or design.
6. Trapunto painting
- is the technique used by Pacita Abad where her canvas are padded,
sewn, and often filled with sequins, beads, shells, buttons, tiny, mirrors,
bits of glass, rickrack, swatches of precious textiles.
7. Digital Application
- An example was made possible by the Samsung supports the Arts
FACETS based at Yuchengco Museum.
 Materials
- A substance or a thing of which something is composed or can be made
Artist Artwork Material
1. Impy Pilapil Chime halo Bamboo
2. Alfredo & Isabel Used objects, clothes,
Project belongings
Aquilizan and accessories
3. Mona Alcudia Paper bowl Tableware Paper
Bridge, Metal, Paint,
4. Pacita Abad Singapore Art Bridge
Paint brush
Sa pagbabalik tanaw kay
5. Nicolas Aca Paint, Mud
Yolanda “Kalig-on”
6. Wings Used rubber slippers
General Physics Reviewer
 Kinematics
- is a branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of points, bodies, and
systems of bodies without considering the mass of each or the forces that caused
the motion.
 Scalar Quantities
- are quantities that are fully described by a magnitude alone.
 Vector Quantities
- are quantities that are fully described by both a magnitude and a direction and are
represented by an arrow.
Tail Head

Scalar Quantities Vector Displacement

Magnitude (units only) Magnitude + Direction (with west, east, etc.)
Distance Displacement
Speed Velocity
Mass Weight
Energy Acceleration
Density Force
Power Impulse
Length, Area, Volume Pressure
Time Momentum
Temperature Gravity
work Drag
 Magnitude
- is the amount of force, acceleration, velocity, or displacement.
 Direction
- Is a specific direction in which the force is applies of the acceleration, velocity, or
displacement occur.
 Reference Point
- It is the fixed point
- Position at the origin (0, 0), but in some cases is not.
 Distance
- is a scalar quantity that pertains to the total length travelled by an object or
person.
- Symbol: “d”
- Are all positive (Formula: d = 𝑥1 +𝑥2
 Displacement
- a vector that points from an object’s initial position to tits final position.
- Symbol “d” or ““Δx”
- positive and negative depending on the direction (Formula: 𝑑 = 𝑥1 +𝑥2 & 𝑑 =
𝑥1 -𝑥2 )
 Resultant Vector
- two or more vectors can be represented by a single vector.
- The vector can be acquired by using
1. Graphical Method
- scaling from big measurements to smaller measurements
- accuracy and precision in measurement is a vital role in getting
the resultant vector by graphical method.
2. Trigonometric Method (Pythagorean Theorem)
- Resultant of two vectors forming a right triangle
- can be used to determine the angle of the resultant
- Formula in getting the magnitude of the resultant: 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 𝑐 2
or RV = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2
 - Formula in getting the Direction of the Resultant:
(sOH-cAH-tOA)
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑏
sin θ
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎
cos θ
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑏
tan θ
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎
 Components of Vectors
- It is a reverse process of getting the resultant vector.
- Composed of two components:
a. Y-vector component
b. X- vector component
 Speed
- A scalar quantity
- How fast the object is moving
- Speedometer
measures the speed of an object
𝑑
- Formula: s = 𝑡
 Velocity
- A vector quantity
- uses concepts of displacement and time.
𝑑 𝑥 −𝑥
- Formula: s = then v = 𝑡1 −𝑡 2
𝑡 1 2
 Acceleration
- A vector quantity
- change in its velocity
𝑣
- Formula: 𝑎 = 𝑡

 Graphical Analysis
- is used to understand the concepts of position, velocity, and acceleration
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒
- Formula: slope =
𝑟𝑢𝑛
Δy
m=
Δx
𝑦1 −𝑦2
m=
𝑥1 +𝑥2
UCSP Reviewer
 Biological Evolution
- a branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of points, bodies, and
systems of bodies without considering the mass of each or the forces that caused
the motion.
 Example:
- Populations adopted to colder sub – zero temperatures
 Inuit People
- Have broader hips and short thicker extremities (reduces surface
area: body mass ratio: facilitating heat conservation)
- More Fat Deposits (Insulations)
 Technological Evolution
- the changes over time in technology that give humans increased control over their
environment.
 Examples:
- Change from stone tools to metal tools
- Development of industrial technologies ( steam to electric)
- Agricultural and medicinal procedures
- Communication resources
 Biocultural Evolution
- the mutual interactive evolution of human biology and culture.
 Examples:
- Being lactose tolerant
- Allergies
 Culture
- The complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws,
norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge and everything that a person learns and
shares as a member of a society.
- attempt of humans to survive their environment
 Thinking Capacity
a. Frontal lobe & Motor
- Cortex function
- Cognition and motor abilities
b. Parietal lobe
- touch and taste abilities
c. Temporal lobe
- hearing skills
d. Occipital lobe
- visual skills
e. The vocal tracts as the mechanism by which sounds are produced and
reproduced to transmit ideas and values.
f. 2 Types of Grip
1. Power Grip
- wrap the thumb and fingers on an object.
- hold tools firmly for hunting and other activities
2. Precision Grip
- hold and pick objects steadily using their fingers
g. 2 Forms of locomotion
1. Bipedalism
- capacity to walk and stand on two feet
- humans gained more capacity to move while carrying objects
with their hands.
2. Quadropedalism
- uses all four limbs
 Human Origins and the Capacity for Culture
 Paleolithic
1. Oldowan Industry
- the use of hard water or worn creek cobbles made out of volcanic rock
- the industry is known as Homo habilis
- allowed for the species to “butcher large animals, because human teeth &
fingers
2. Acheulian Industry
 Homo Erectus
- created hand axes that were bifacial, shaped in both sides, and
with straighter and sharper edges.
 St. Archeul
-a patron saint in southern France where the artifacts were
discovered
3. Mousterian Industry
- Was developed by Homo neaderthalensis (Neanderthals)
- Was named after a site in france called Le Moustier.
4. Aurignacian Industry
- used raw materials such as flint, animal, bones, and antlers accessories
such as figurines, bracelets, and beads.
5. Magdalenian Industry
- saw the end of the Paleolithic period as it transformed to the Neolithic
period.
- Is also a Proto
Culture used by humans; creation of microliths
from flint, bone, antler, and ivory.
 Neolithic Revolution
- The period of the major shift in economic substinence of the early humans from
foraging to agriculture.

 Early Civilizations were characterized by;

1. presence of city – states
2. a system of writing
3. ceremonial center where public debates and decisions were made.
 5 primary Theories
1. Divine Right Theory
- the right to rule is based on their filial relationship with supernatural
forces and entities.
2. Force Theory
- a group forces members of another group to subject themselves to their
rules
3. Paternalistic Theory
- the father essentially is the leader of the first political unit, which grew as
the number of the members of his family grew.
4. Social Contact
- a mutual agreement between the ruler and the ruled to ensure order and
security from outside threats.
5. Natural Theory
- humans have an innate need to be part of a community.
 Socialization
- refers to the lifelong process of social interaction through which people acquire
their identities and necessary for survival skills in society.
 Enculturation
- The process by which a person adopts the behaviour patterns of the
culture he lives in.
 Agents of Socialization
1. Family
2. Schools
3. Religion and state
4. Peer groups
5. Mass Media
6. Major social and historical events
 Conformity
- refers to the process of altering one’s thoughts and actions to adapt to
the accepted behaviour within his or her group or society.
 Compliance
- refers to the outward conformity to social pressure but privately
disagreeing with it.
- Does not lead to a change in a person’s private beliefs and is
temporary.
 Identification
- refers to the individual adopting a certain behavior because it enables
him or her to have satisfying relationship with the members of his or
her group.
- Does not necessarily result in a change of a person’s private beliefs.
 Internalization or Acceptance
- involves both public compliance and internal acceptance of the norms
and standards imposed by the group
- persons’ private beliefs and may have longer lasting effects.
 Deviance
- a behavior that elicits a strong negative reaction from group members
and involves that violate commonly held social norms.
 Social Control
- any systematic means and practices used to maintain norms, rules, and
laws; regulate conflict; and discourage deviant behaviors.
 Sanctions
- most common means of social control, are often employed to address
conflicts and violations of social norms.
a. Formal Sanctions
- Are those provided for by laws and other regulations in
society.
b. Informal Sanctions
- are commonly imposed informally by smaller societies, or
groups.
 Human Dignity
- Refers to the idea that a person has the innate right to be valued,
respected, and treated well.
 Human rights
 - legal, social, and ethical principles that consider the human person as
deserving of liberties and protections by virtue of his or her human
dignity.
 Characteristics of Human Rights
1. Human rights are “Universal”
2. Human rights are “Fundamental”
3. Human rights are “Indivisible”
4. Human rights are “Absolute”