11.

1 The work of Gregor Mendel

_____ 1. Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to
his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics
a. Gregor Mendel
b. Democritus
c. Charles Darwin
d. Aristotle
_____ 2. Tiny structures that contain the cells that will later become sperm cells
a. pollen
b. stamen
c. pistil
d. anther
_____ 3. Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to
form a new cell
a. fertilization
b. binary fusion
c. budding
d. fragmentation
_____ 4. Process in which the pollen from one plant is used during reproduction with
another plant
a. cross pollination
b. self-pollination
c. punnet square
d. true-breeding
_____ 5. The pollination of a flower by pollen from the same flower or from another flower
on the same plant.
a. self-pollination
b. cross pollination
c. punnet square
d. true-breeding
_____ 6. Term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if
allowed to self-pollinate
a. true-breeding
b. cross pollination
c. punnet square
d. self-pollination
_____ 7. A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.
a. trait
b. gene
c. allele
d. dominant
_____ 8. A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
a. gene
b. trait
c. allele
d. dominant
_____ 9. A characteristic in which an allele that expresses its phenotype even in the
presence of a recessive allele
a. dominant
b. hybrid
c. allele
d. recessive
_____ 10. Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
a. hybrid
b. dominant
c. allele
d. recessive
_____ 11. Parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross
a. P generation
b. F1 generation
c. F2 generation
d. allele
_____ 12. The first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two
organisms
a. F1 generation
b. probability
c. F2 generation
d. P generation
_____ 13. Different forms of a gene
a. allele
b. chromosome
c. DNA
d. RNA

_____ 14. Describes a trait that is covered over, or dominated, by another form of that trait
and seems to disappear.
a. Recessive
b. Dominant
c. Homozygous
d. Heterozygous
_____ 15. Separation of alleles during gamete formation
a. Segregation
b. Independent Assortment
c. Homozygous
d. Heterozygous

11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles

_____ 16. Likelihood that a particular event will occur
a. Probability
b. Dominant
c. Recessive
d. Segregation
_____ 17. Organism with two of the same alleles for a particular gene, such as “RR” or “rr”.
a. Homozygous
b. Dominant
c. Recessive
d. Heterozygous
_____ 18. An organism that has two different alleles for a gene, example “Rr”.
a. Heterozygous
b. Dominant
c. Recessive
d. Homozygous
_____ 19. Physical traits
a. Phenotype
b. Genotype
c. Heterozygous
d. Homozygous
_____ 20. It refers to the genetic makeup of an organism.
a. Genotype
b. Phenotype
c. Heterozygous
d. Homozygous
_____ 21. One of the best ways to predict the outcome of a genetic cross is by drawing a
simple diagram
a. Punnett Square
b. Genetic cross
c. Hybridization
d. Crossing over
_____ 22. One of Mendel's principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate
independently during the formation of gametes
a. Independent assortment
b. Genetic cross
c. Hybridization
d. Crossing over
11.3 Other Patterns of Inheritance
_____ 23. Both alleles are equally dominant. Both phenotypes show at the same time.
a. codominance
b. incomplete dominance
c. multiple alleles
d. polygenetic traits
_____ 24. One allele is not completely dominant over the other. There is a blend of the
phenotypes.
a. incomplete dominance
b. codominance
c. multiple alleles
d. polygenetic traits
_____ 25. A gene that has more than two alleles, such as in blood type.
a. multiple alleles
b. codominance
c. incomplete dominance
d. polygenetic traits
_____ 26. A trait controlled by two or more genes, such as the human eye color and the
height.
a. polygenetic traits
b. codominance
c. incomplete dominance
d. multiple alleles
_____ 27. The dominant trait shows when it is present. The recessive trait can be hidden or
masked by a dominant allele.
a. complete dominance
b. codominance
c. incomplete dominance
d. multiple alleles

11.4 Meiosis
_____ 31. Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure which
are sets of corresponding chromosomes from each parent.
a. Homologous chromosomes
b. Autosomal chromosomes
c. Heterozygous chromosomes
d. Homozygous chromosomes
_____ 32. Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms;
reduces total chromosome number in half.
a. meiosis
b. mitosis
c. asexual reproduction
d. sexual reproduction
_____ 33. Number of chromosomes in a human body cell.
a. 46
b. 23
c. 48
d. 24

TRUE OR FALSE
__________34. There are 23 number of chromosomes in a human gamete (sperm or egg).
TRUE
__________35. Somatic cell are body cell, which are diploid and have 46 total chromosomes
in humans. TRUE
__________36. Gamete are reproductive cell, which haploid and have 23 chromosomes in
humans. TRUE
__________37. Diploid cells contain two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each
parent (2N). TRUE
__________38. Haploid are cells that have only one set of chromosomes (gametes), and
represented as N. TRUE
__________39. Prophase 1 is the first phase of meiosis in which each replicated
chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome; crossing-over occurs
during this phase. TRUE
__________40. During Metaphase 1, paired homologous chromosomes line up across the
center of the cell. TRUE TRUE
__________41. In Anaphase 1, homologous chromosome pairs separate and are pulled to
opposite ends of the cell. TRUE
__________42. In Metaphase 2, X-shaped chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell,
which are not in homologous pairs. TRUE
__________43. Anaphase 2 is the phase of meiosis in which sister chromatids separate and
move to opposite poles. TRUE
__________44. Crossing-over is a process in which homologous chromosomes exchange
portions of their chromatids during meiosis. TRUE

WORKOUT
1. How do gametes differ from somatic cells?
______________________________________________________________
2. The prefix homo- means “the same.” Explain how this meaning relates to the definition
of homologous chromosomes.
______________________________________________________________
3. How does meiosis relate to haploid cells? How does fertilization relate to diploid cells?

ANSWER:
1. Gametes are located in the reproductive organs and are haploid. Somatic cells make up
the tissues and organs of the body and are diploid.
2. Homologous chromosomes look the same and carry the same genes.
3. Meiosis is a process that creates haploid cells. Fertilization fuses two haploid cells to
make a diploid cell.
_____ 1. Which of the following statements is true of homologous chromosomes?
a. They are exact copies.
b. They contain the same genes.
c. They divide during meiosis II.
d. They connect to each other.
_____ 2. Which phrase best describes meiosis I?
a. duplication of paired chromosomes
b. fusion of sister chromatids
c. division of homologous chromosomes
d. creation of two diploid cells
_____ 3. What happens to sister chromatids in meiosis II?
a. They duplicate.
b. They are divided.
c. They remain together.
d. They do not take part.
_____ 4. Hair color and eye color are examples of a person’s
a. recessive traits.
b. dominant alleles.
c. genotype.
d. phenotype.
_____ 5. When an organism has two alleles at a particular locus that are different, the
organism is called
a. purebred.
b. dominant.
c. heterozygous.
d. recessive.
_____ 6. If a pea plant were homozygous recessive for height, how would its alleles be
represented?
 a. Tt
b. TT
c. tt
d. tT
_____ 7. An allele is dominant in a heterozygote when it is
a. expressed and the other allele is not.
b. a very common allele in a population.
c. the stronger of the two alleles.
d. more desirable than the other allele.
_____ 8. What do the letters inside the grid of a Punnett square represent?
a. phenotypes of parents
b. genotypes of offspring
c. testcrosses of offspring
d. chromosomes of parents
_____ 9. What is the probability that the offspring of a cross between a homozygous
recessive parent and a heterozygous parent will be homozygous recessive?
a. 1/1
b. 1/2
c. 1/4
d. 1/8
_____ 10. The term for a cross that involves just one trait, such as pod shape, is called a
a. homozygous cross.
b. test cross.
c. monohybrid cross.
d. dihybrid cross.
_____ 11. What is the phenotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous
parents?
a. 3:1
b. 1:2:1
c. 9:3:3:1
d. 1:2:2:1
_____ 12. Which phrase best describes the process of crossing over?
a. Pairs of homologous chromosomes exchange segments.
b. Pairs of sister chromatids exchange segments.
c. Pairs of homologous chromosomes become linked.
d. Pairs of sister chromatids become linked.
_____ 13. A plant that is homozygous for red flowers is crossed with a plant that is
homozygous for white flowers. In the case of incomplete dominance, the flowers
of the offspring will be
a. red and white.
b. white only.
c. pink only.
d. red only.
_____ 14. In the case of codominant alleles, a plant that is homozygous for red flowers that
is crossed with a plant that is homozygous for white flowers will produce flowers
 that are
a. red and white spotted.
b. completely white.
c. dark pink all over.
d. pink and red.
_____ 15. Eye color, hair color, and skin color are polygenic traits. Polygenic traits result
from
a. recessive genes.
b. many genes.
c. codominant genes.
d. incomplete dominance