Sculpture
Free-standing is a three-dimensional
Sculpture comes from the Latin word
"Sculpere" - meaning to carve. It is the
art of carving, casting, modeling or
assembling materials into three-
dimensional figure or forms.
Sculpture has its origin in prehistoric
times. An example of this is the menhins
which is a free-standing megalith found
along the coastline of Africa and
Europe. This is a visual three-
dimensional art.
Medium and Techniques
Wood - hardwood like narra, molave,
kamagong, and bamboo - Chisel
through the reductive technique
Stone - example is the adobe which is
hard and enduring. This is the common
medium in sculpture.
Marble hard - limestone which has a
smooth and veined texture suggesting
elegance and used for ornaments and
statuary associated with classical
sculpture
Semi-precious stones -jade crystals
Ceramics - are made of special clay
and are applied to the art of pottery
making.
Terracotta - figures formed out of baked
clay fired at low temperature and done
manually
Metal - is a strong material that is
heated and hammered into shape.
Bronze is a metal that is preferred for
sculpture.
KINDS OF SCULPTURE
figure or a kind of sculpture in the round,
which is monumental.
Relief is sculpture characterized as
embossed in which images are set on a
flat background and carving can be
considered as examples.
Kinetic and mobiles are moving three-
dimensional figures, the best example of
which are those that are suspected on
air to move like goodluck signs we hang
by door. 
Coelenaglyphic is a combination of
intaglio (incised) and cameo (relief)
technique.
MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES
Sculpture can be made from almost
any organic or inorganic substance.
There are two major sculptural
processes: subtractive and additive. 
SUBTRACTIVE The carving of stone
and wood is an example of the
subtractive process. It is a process in
which the unwanted material is cut
away. 
ADDITIVE The construction of a figure
by putting together bits of clay or by
welding together the parts of metal is an
example of the additive process.
Carving
A procedure dating from prehistoric
times, carving is a time consuming and
painstaking process in which the artist
subtracts, or cuts away, superfluous
material until the desired form is
reached.
For example, the narrow dimensions
of the marble block used by
Michaelangelo to carve his David
(1501-1504, Accademia. Florence)
strongly affected the pose and restricted
the figure's outward movement into
space.
MODELING
Modeling consists of addition, to or
building up of form. The materials used
are soft and yielding and can be easily
shaped, enabling rapid execution.  "Assemblage" is sometimes used
The only means of obtaining
permanence for a modeled work is to
cast it in bronze or some other durable
substances. 
Two methods of casting are used: The
Cire Perdue, or lost-wax process, and
sand casting.  these carvings were manifestations of
 Both methods have been used
since antiquity, although the lost
wax process is more widely
employed.  which gave emphasis on the
 Sand-casting is an intricate
process in which fine, cohesive
sand mixed with a small amount
of clay, is used to produce a
positive model and slightly larger
negative mold of the artist's
original, between which molten
metal is poured and allowed to
harden.
Construction and Assemblage
Much of the 20th century sculpture is
created by construction and
Assemblage. These methods have
their origin in collage.  known as the Palette of King Narmer.
A painting technique in which paper and
other materials are posted to a picture
surface, this painting technique was
devised by Pablo Picasso and Georges
Braque in 1912. 
Picasso also made three-dimensional
objects. such as musical instruments out
of paper and scamps of diverse
materials, which were called
"Construction".
The term "Assemblage", was coined
by the French painter Jean DuBuffet
to refer to his own work, which he made
out of collage. Today, this term
interchangeably with the term
"Construction".
PREHISTORIC SCULPTURE
Sculpture is regarded as the oldest art.
The earliest being the carved drawing
on rocks of caves. It is believed that
spiritual ritual and manner of worship.
 The first recorded primitive
sculpture was the fertility statue
female sexual attributes in the
form of wide hips and opulent
breast. 
 The earliest sculptured objects,
cut from ivory, horn, bone, or
stone, are 27,000 to 32.000 years
old. A small ivory horse with
graceful curving lines, is among
the oldest of these objects; it was
found in a cave in Germany. 
EGYPTIAN SCULPTURE
Among the oldest Egyptian sculptures is
a piece of slate carved in low relief,
 It portrays the victory of Upper over
Lower Egypt, depicting kings, armies,
servants, and various animals.  women, consisting of 350 human
 The kings (pharaohs) were also
commemorated in magnificent
life-size statues, set in funerary
temples and tombs not true
portraits, these sculptures are
idealized representations, with
almost standardized features and
fixed gaze, and always depicted
in a frontal pose.
Within the periods, Egyptian
sculpture evolved in the following
forms:
1. Palettes-Shield-shaped pieces of
stone with relief carvings
2. Wall Carvings-which are either in
bust or high relief, usually
found in the walls of tombs
3. Statues -life-size figures of men and
women in sitting or standing positions.
The most popular piece of sculpture
and site of tourism in Egypt is the
sphinx. This is in the form of a gigantic
figure with the human head (symbolic of
the Pharaoh-the mighty ruler of Egypt)  Roman works are in bust forms and
GREEK SCULPTURE
The Greeks believed in "man as the
measure of all things", hence their
fondness of the human form. 
 The head is always seen in
profile, the torso in frontal view
and the feet, again, in profile.
Phideas was chief sculptor of all the
figures of the Parthenon.
Parthenon, believed to be the highest
expression of the Greek spirit, was
described as depicting gravity and
grace, harmony, and balance.  Developed in the later part of Medieval
 The figures are generally gods
conceived as heroic men and
figures, 200 horses and sacrificial
animals.
Prxitels was the first sculptor who
portrayed the feminine body nude, to his
name Venus de Meduci and all other
Aphrodite's were derived from him.
Lysippus is another Greek sculptor. His
works show faces that look animated
and express personality. One of his
greatest sculptures is the head of
Alexander the Great.
MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE
This comes in the form of free-standing
figures based on primitive composure
and frontality and used incised
herringbone. The craftsmen worked and
applied the technique on gold, silver,
and other semi-precious stones.
ROMAN SCULPTURE
Roman Sculpture is unlike the Greek in
the sense that it is more realistic and
matter-of-fact in character. Most of the
represented famous men and women.
The figures show their individual
imperfections and represented the
subjects as they were in real life.
BYZANTINE SCULPTURE
Represents the Christianization of
Rome, there was a great number of
churches and basilicas constructed and
in the beginning, no statutes adorned
churches, instead, the fish was used to
symbolize Christ, a hand protruding
from the clouds symbolized God.
ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE
Ages, it was at this time that sculpture
became subordinated to architecture.
Attached to the stonework rather than
freestanding, the carved image
becomes an integral part of the
architecture. It had to conform to the
design of the area where it was placed.
9TH CENTURY SCULPTURE
Sculpture was governed by the church.
No experimentation was allowed, Christ
was presented as fully garbed, mature,
dark-bearded man with haunting eyes.  "Pieta" and the heroic
The church laid down laws on how
biblical characters were to be presented.
Hence all Byzantine figures are tall,
dignified, and straight. Their robes were
always exquisitely carved, sometimes
covered with jewels.
GOTHIC SCULPTURE
 Although this was similar to
Romanesque sculpture in the
sense that it was subordinate to
architecture, it differed in the
presentation of the human figure.  excellence.
 The statues were given a natural
and life-like air.
EARLY CHRISTIAN SCULPTURE
Sarcophagi sculpture dominated the
early Christian sculpture derived from
sarcophagus which was a term used to
indicate a certain type of limestone for
coffin making. Later on Sarcophagic
sculpture emerged to refer to the
sepulchral chest.
RENAISSANCE SCULPTURE
Witness to the revival of Greek and
Roman trends, Renaissance sculpture
was governed by a great and detailed
attention to anatomical shapes and
proportions. Some amount of
perspective also entered the art at this
time.  This masterpiece, the "Pieta", is today a
By the end of the 15th century, styles
and techniques underwent changes.
Having mastered casting in bronze,
artists experimented on pose and
dramatic presentations.
 Sculpture became more secular
and gained independence from
the church.
o The first monumental
sculptures of the high
Renaissance were the
"David" of Michaelangelo,
carved when he was only
in his 20's, an early
manifestation of his genius
in sculpture,
 The genius of the time was
Michelangelo or Michelangelo
Buonarroti, born March 6, 1475 in
Florence, Italy and considered as
the major sculptor of all time. He
is also called the Renaissance
painter and architect par
 
 He made an imprint in sculpture
by the revival of classical values
in art by maximizing the full
potential of the human form as a
symbol of power through his
preoccupation with musculature.
The "Pieta" was the masterpiece of
Michelangelo's youth-he was only 24
then, the agreement was between
Reverend Cardinal Jean Villiero de la
Groslaye and Michelangelo, sculptor of
Florence to make a pieta (statue of
likeness) from marble about the Virgin
Mary with the dead Christ in her arms,
the size of a common man for the price
of 450 ducats of the papal mint and to
be accomplished within one year from
the start of the work
treasure of St. Peter's in rome.

BAROQUE SCULPTURE
 Rose in the 17th century, it was
the result of a reaction to the
classical form. Sculpture was
governed by the aesthetic that it
was a means to express states of
the soul.
  The outstanding artist of this
period was Gian Lorenzo Bernini,
a painter, sculptor and architect.
Thus, the figures depicted all
ranges of human emotion.  enormous outdoor structures of steel,
 Bemini's works are highly
dramatic and their depth of
emotional expression suited the
intense spirit.

ROCOCO SCULPTURE
 Purely ornamental in nature, this
style is characterized by a highly
ornate and exquisite study of
detail which suggests pomp and
wealth.
This style was first used in the court of
the French King originating in France.
Rococo art appeared largely in furniture,
panels, vases and ums.
19TH CENTURY SCULPTURE
The 19th century, developed two trends:
the Neo-Classical and the Realistic
Romantic trends. The Neo-Classical
Sculptor depicted perfect human
anatomy and endowed the figure with a
calm, reflective look, in imitation of the
Greeks.
MODERN SCULPTURE
These sculptors are August Rodin,
Wilhelm Lehmbruck, Aristide Maillol,
Constantine Branscusi, William Zorach
and Alexander Archipelago, Julio
Gonzales, Raymonds Duschamp Villion,
Alexander Caldes, and Symour Lipton.
RECENT TRENDS
Since the 1960's, sculptors have
continued to work in a variety of media
and styles. Anthony Caro, in England,
creates powerful metal constructions,
which generally have a horizontal axis. 
Americans working in metal on a
monumental scale include George
Ricky, who composes delicate stainless
steel structures set into motion by the
wind and Richard Serra, who builds
such as the 61-m (200-ft) St. John's
Rotary Arc (1980) at the New York exit
from the Holland Tunnel under the
Hudson River.
ADDITIONAL:
PHILIPPINE SCULPTURE
 Often seen from the transitional
carving of anitos to the santos to
Christ and down to the saints,
Filipinos find it rather not difficult
as they are already familiar with
the ways of the wood.
ETHNIC SCULPTURE
 has been created utilizing classic
materials like wood and stone, as
well as via carving, clay molding,
and metal casting.
 Filipino ethnic arts are the result
of love and patience. Imaginative
brains and skillful hands produce
the elaborate carvings on wood,
metal, stone, or glass.
GUILLERMO TOLENTINO
 Hero of the sculpture movement
 His most popular and well-known
piece was the Bonifacio
Monument.
 This monument was a tribute
piece to the Filipino revolution
 that was fought against the
Spanish in 1896.
 Tolentino completed this multi-
figure sculpture in 1933, and it
became the cornerstone of his
career.

Architecture
The Greek  Parthenon

 Architecture is the art and

science of designing buildings,
bridges and structures to help us
meet our personal and communal
needs.
 Architecture as an art aims to
satisfy the aesthetic requirements
of the buildings without
2. The Arch
disregarding the need for a sound
Arches have many functions,
structure with complete utilities.
including supporting other
structures such as roofs, and
TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL
serving as actual and symbolic
CONSTRUCTIONS
gateways. 
1. Post and Lintel 3. The Cantilever
This consists of two vertical posts This is any structural part
for support (post) and a projecting horizontally and
horizontal one (lintel). anchored at one end only. This
The prehistoric Stonehenge is an type of construction needs a
early example of Post and Lintel beam with a great tensile
construction. Two stones were set strength which can be securely
upright as supports and a third was fastened at the supported end.
placed across them, creating an
opening beneath.
MATERIALS USED IN
 Another example of post and
ARCHITECTURE
lintel construction is the
Parthenon in Athens, Greece. It
1. Stone
was built about 454 438 B.C. as
As a building material, stone is massive
a temple of the Athena Parthenos
and virtually indestructible. It became
It has become synonymous with
the favored material for the public
perfection in art. 
buildings of the Egyptians and the
 At present. The post-and lintel is
Greeks. 
generally used for wooden
 stone is rarely used as a
buildings.
structural material. It is expensive
to quarry and transport, and it is
Prehistoric Stonehenge
 too massive to handle readily at
the site.
 used in facades while flooring,
countertops, and public spaces.
Stone can be found in various
textures, colors, and pattern.
 Adding authenticity to the
structures and luxury in certain
ways, we can observe some old
government and institutional
building structures in stone in
various parts of the world.
2. Wood
Like stone, wood can be used as a
structural element or as a façade. In
many structures, it is used as both.
Wood is as beautiful and versatile a
material for building as it is for sculpture.
It is abundant and a renewable
resource. 
 Considerably one of the oldest
materials in the construction
industry which has proved to be
one of the most sustainable
technologies.
 Scientists and researchers have
been successful in exploring
more sustainable and high-tech
options in wood-like translucent
wood and Cross Laminated
Timber.
3. Cast Iron
Cast iron as a building material was
introduced in the nineteenth century
industrialization. It was one of a number
of structural materials that would change
the face of architecture.
Cast iron was a welcome alternative to
stone and wood.
 Like stone. iron has great strength, is
heavy, and has a certain brittleness yet
it was the first material to allow the
erection of tall buildings with slender
walls.
4. Steel
It is a strong metal of iron alloyed with
small amounts of Carbon and a variety
of other metals. Steel is harder than iron
and more rust and fire-resistant.
 It is more expensive than other
structural materials but its great
strength allows it to be used in
relatively small quantities.
 Steel is is the material that can
be used as a structural material
as well as a visible material.
 Its property of with standing
tensile forces makes it an
effective structural material, as an
R.C.C. reinforcement as well as
structural materials such as
space frames, I-section beams,
trusses etc.
5. Concrete
It is a manufactured mixture of cement
and water with aggregate, of sand and
stones which hardens rapidly by
chemical combination to a stone like,
water and fire resisting solid with great
compressive strength.
 The material that's the backbone
of modern architecture, concrete
is composed of cement, fine and
coarse aggregates bonded
together in a fixed ratio.
 The compound can be easily
molded into the desired form
using the appropriate scaffolding,
forming a column, beam, slab,
foundation etc
6. Brick
Brick compares favorably with some as
a structural material for its fine and
weather resisting qualities and for the
ease of production, transportation and
lying.
  A type of block used to build
walls, pavements and other
elements in masonry
construction.
 Properly, the term brick denotes
a block composed of dried clay,
but is now also used informally to
denote other chemically cured
construction blocks.
7. Glass
Glass is widely used in the present era
to create lightweight transparent
buildings that are see-through and
provide daylighting.
 The king of contemporary
architecture
8. Bamboo
It doesn’t require many technologies
and equipment and serves as an eco-
efficient building material for our
construction industry.
 The buildings take less time to
build and bamboo can be grown
at a much faster rate than usual.
9. Straw
Straw bale architecture and construction
is a method of building that uses rows of
stacked bales encased in reinforced
plaster.
 The resulting structure is
lightweight, durable and can
function as a standalone
structural element or as a highly
efficient insulating barrier.
THE PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE
 The Philippine architecture
evolved from the nipa hut which
is commonly found in the
countryside. 
 The materials used are nipa,
palm leaves, wood and bamboo. 
 The design of Philippine
architecture is influenced by
factors like climate, weather
conditions and the availability of
materials.
 This is reflected even in houses
which are made of stronger
materials. 
 Since the Philippines is a tropical
country, windows of houses are
wide for free circulation of air.
These are made of wood and
capiz shells.
 Modern Filipino houses are
influenced by western style of
architecture. They are made of
cement, wood, marble, tiles,
galvanized iron and glass or
plastic for windows and doors.
The old St. Augustine church, the
University of Sto. Tomas San Sebastian
Basilica, some parts of the Intramuros,
and the historic town of Vigan are only
some of the proofs of the antiquity of
Philippine architecture. 
Last Dec. 2, 1999 - the UNESCO World
Heritage Convention inscribed the
historic town of Vigan in the world
Heritage List of Cultural Properties for
its "exceptional" and "universal value.
Artists who contributed their works
and services to the Center are:
1. Hernando Ocampo donated his
painting "Genesis" with tapestry weaves
in Kyoto, Japan utilized as the design for
the curtains of the Center's Theater for
the Performing Arts;
2. Fernando Zobel, Arturo Luz and
Cezar Legaspi did murals for various
areas of the Center;
3. Vicente Manansala gave the bronze
wall sculpture that dominates the
entrance of the theater;
4. Pacita Keller designed the
Philippine-made Capiz chandeliers in
the Center foyer area;
5. Federico Aguilar Alvarez evolved
the curtains design for the smaller
experimental theater,  Chinese, Spanish,and American
6. Leonardo V. Locsin the architect of
the Cultural Center of the Philippines.
He is known for his bold modem and
vigorous design of which are now
imposing architectural landmarks found
in the most progressive business
sectors of the country.
FAMOUS FILIPINO ARCHITECTS:
1. Leandro V. Locsin - Cultural Center
of the Philippines
2. Jose Manosa-San Miguel -
Corporation Building
3. Francisco Manosa - Coconut Palace
in Tagaytay, Cavite.
San Agustin Church is located on
General Luna St. corner Real St.
Intramuros. This is the oldest stone
church in Metro Manila dating back to
1571.
ADDITIONAL:
The Philippines architectural landscape
is a contract among small traditional
huts built of wood, bamboo, nipa, grass,
and other native materials.
PHILIPPINE CONTEMPORARY
ARCHITECTURE
 Philippine contemporary
architecture refers to the
architecture of the Philippines
from the era of the country's
Colonization by Spain up to the
present.
 It reflects the historical and
cultural tradition in the
country,Most prominent historic
strictures in the archipelago are
influenced by Austronesian,
architectures.
UNIQUENESS IN FILIPINO
ARCHITECTURE
 Philippine is known to try and
adapt it's constructed architecture
to it's natural environment.
 Architecture in the Philippines
today is the result of a natural
growth enriched with the
absorption of varied influences.
JUAN F.NAPKIL
 the Father of Philippine
architecture and the very first
national artist for architecture.
 Napkil's greatest contribution is
his belief hat there is such a thing
as Philippine architecture,
espousing architecture reflective
of Philippine traditions and
culture.
DIFFERENT STYLE OF
ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
CAVE
 A natural chamber or series of
chambers in the earth or in the
side of a hill or cliff.
  Ancient cave dwellers exists in
carved figures on cave walls,
which was called Philippine mural
PRIMITIVE HUT
 Made up of Tree branches and
Leaves
 Portable Shelter
 Protect from rain and heat of the
sun
TREE HOUSE
 It is built 2 to 20 meters above
the ground
 Protection from floods, wild
animals and enemies
 It is mostly found in Northern
Luzon and Mindanao
BAHAY KUBO (NIPA HUT)
 It is an icon of Philippine culture
as it represents "bayanihan"
 A spirit of communal unity of
effort to achieve a particular
objective.
 Traditional construction materials
are bamboo tied together and
covered thatched roof using nipa
or anahaw leaves
2. SPANISH PERIOD (ANTILLIAN
ARCHITECTURE)
FORTS
 A strong and fortified place that is
also a permanent army post
during The Spanish era
PLAZA MIRANDA
 A public square in a city or town
 An open area usually located
near urban building and
walkways
CHURCHES
 it was built by the center of the
town by the town plaza it was
made up to adore (Volcanic tuff)
stone ,coral stone or brick
GOVERMENT BUILDING (CAPITOL)
 It was just a meter away from the
respective church in the place
 It was the house of higher ranks
persons before such as Spanish
frias
BAHAY NA BATO (STONE HOUSE )
 The 12th century of town houses
 Typical house of noble Filipinos
 It is a Mixture of native Filipino,
Spanish and Chinese influence
 The apex in the development of
indigenous Filipino architecture
3. AMERICAN PERIOD
CHALET
 House that early in 20th century
 It was simple and respectable
house for those moving up to the
middle class
4. POST WAR PERIOD
TWO-STORY HOUSE
 Living quarters occupied both first
and second floor
 In the bahay na bato , the living
quarters were on the upper floor
and the lower floor was a storage
area
BUNGALOW HOUSE
 A one-storied house with a low-
pitched roof
 This new status symbol
(bungalow) represented the
Americanization of the Filipino
house
  Most seen type of housein the
country
UPPER-CLASS RESIDENTIAL
ARCHITECTURE
 Apartments, Condominiums,
Hotels and oter commercial
establishment
DIFFERENT ARCHITECTURAL
STYLES
Architectural styles evolved in different
periods in history because of the needs
of the times. Other factors which
contribute to architectural styles are the
materials and the methods used in
assembling them.
Egyptian Architecture (4000 - 2280
B.C.)
 The religious rites of the
Egyptians were traditional.
virtually unchangeable, and
mysterious. and these traits are
reproduced in the architecture of
both tombs and temples.
MESOPOTAMNIAN ARCHITECTURE
Mesopotamian architecture is evident in
its palaces and temples. The
distinguishing characteristic is the
Ziggurat, or tower, built at successive
levels, with ramps leading from one
platform to the next in order to reach the
shrine which is set atop the Ziggurat.
The Ziggurat at Ur is splendid.
There are three styles or orders in
Greek architecture: the Doric. Ionic
and Corinthian.
The Doric is the earliest. simplest and
most commonly used. The most
accomplished representative of the
Doric order is the Parthenon.
The lonic is more ornate, the column is
taller and slender than the Doric. It has
a base, and the capital is ornamented
with scrolls on each side unlike in the
Doric, the freeze is continuous and not
divided.
 Ionic was introduced by
architects from Asia Minor and
was generally researched for
smaller temples. 
The Corinthian is the most intricate and
the favorite of Roman architects. The
Corinthian column, with base and shaft
resembling the lonic, tended to become
more slender. The distinctive feature is
the capital which is much deeper than
the lonic.
Roman Architecture (1000 B.C.-A.D.
4000)
Roman Architecture can be stylistically
linked to both Greek and Etruscan's
(early inhabitants of Northern Italy)
precedents. However. with the birth of
the empire several innovations in
building design were introduced. The
most significant of these was the arch,
and after the 2nd century, the use of
concrete to replace cut stone.
 One of the most impressive and
famous remains of Ancient Rome
is the Colosseum. Dedicated in
A.D. 80, the structure consists of
two back to back amphitheaters
forming an oval arena, around
which are tiers of marble seats.
Baroque Architecture (1600-1750)
 It is characterized primarily as a
period of elaborate sculptural
ornamentation. 
 The architectural framework
remained close to that of the
Renaissance, although often it
 was far more spacious but had a
profusion of carved decoration.  Traditional architecture also
 Columns and entablatures were
decorated with garlands of
flowers and fruits, shells, and
waves.
 The St. Peter's Church in Rome
is the prominent expression of
the Florid Banque building styles
from its origin in Rome. The florid
Baroque style in architecture
spread to Spain. Austria and
Southern Germany.
Modern Architecture
 Modern Architecture is an
attempt to interpret man's
purpose through his building in a
style free in relation to change
and independent of fix
symmetries.  
 In modem architecture. new
structural materials are used in
varying forms and are
scientifically calculated to avoid
waste.  principally derived from the
 Modern architecture is
characterized by unbroken lines
and volumes. 
 Modern buildings are either
vertical as in the case of
skyscrapers or horizontal like the
sprawling bungalow,
ADDITIONAL:
VERNAVULAR ARCHITECTURE
 Vernacular architecture is a
category of architecture based on
local needs, construction
materials and reflecting local
traditions.
 The vernacular architecture is not
to be confused with so called
“traditional” architecture, though
there are links between the two.
includes buildings which bear
elements of polite design:
temples Batak
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
 The principal Islamic architectural
types are: the Mosque, the Tomb,
the Palace and the Fort.
 Domes and Minarets are the
dominating architectural
elements.
NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
Neoclassical architecture is an
architectural style produced by
the neoclassical movement that
began in the mid-18th century. In
its purest form, it is a style
architecture of Classical antiquity,
the Vitruvian principles and the
architecture of the Italian
architect Andrea Palladio
 In form, Neoclassical architecture
emphasizes the wall rather than
 chiaroscuro and maintains
separate identities to each of its
parts.
POSTMODERN ARCHITECTURE
 Postmodern architecture began
as an international style the first
examples of which are generally
cited as being from the 1950s,
but did not become a movement
until the late 1970s[1] and
 continues to influence presentday
architecture.
 The functional and formalized
shapes and spaces of the
modernist style are replaced by
diverse aesthetics: styles collide,
form is adopted for its own sake,
and new ways of viewing familiar
styles and space abound.
ARTDECO ARCHITECTURE
 is a movement in the decorative
arts and architecture that
originated in the 1920s and
developed into a major style in
western Europe and the United
States during the 1930s.
PARAMENTRISM ARCHITECTURE
 an architectural style based on
computer technology and
algorithms. The concept emerged
from the digital animation
techniques of the mid-1990s, but
has risen in prominence in the
early-21st century with the
development of advanced
parametric design.
ARCHITECTURE
 is the realm of visual arts, just
looking at buildings made in
different places in different
centuries, reflecting varied
architectural styles, helps
understand the evolution of
architecture. Here we present the
10 most influential Architectural
styles and movements in history
that have been applied to famous
structures around the world.
MUSIC
 Music is the art of combining and
regulating sounds of varying pitch
to produce melodious harmony
expressive of various ideas and
emotions.
 Sound begins with the vibrations
of an object, such as a table that
is pounded or a string that is
plucked. The vibrations are
transmitted to our ears by a
medium which is usually air.
Music is part of this world of sound, an
art based on the organization of sounds
in time. We distinguish music from other
sounds by recognizing the four main
properties of musical sounds: Pitch
Dynamics, Tone, Color and Duration
FOUR MAIN PROPERTIES OF MUSIC
1. Pitch
 It refers to the relative highness
or lowness we hear in a sound.
Most men speak and sing in a
lower range of pitches than
women or children do.
 The pitch of a sound is decided
by the frequency of its vibrations.
The faster the vibrations, the
higher the pitch the slower the
vibrations, the lower the pitch.
2. Dynamics
 Dynamics means how quietly or
loudly a piece of music should be
played.
  When instruments are played  Meter means measure and refers
more loudly or more softly, or to the number of beats in a
when there is a change in how rhythmic unit or measure.
many instruments are heard, a
dynamic change results. Tempo 
 refers to speed, whether the
3. Tone Color/Timbre music moves fast or slowly.
 The quality of sound that Musicians erroneously use the
distinguishes them is called word "time" to refer to all these
TIMBRE. Changes in tone color terms.
creates a contrast, when the
same melody is played by two or
more other instruments, it creates
different effects
 We can tell a trumpet from a flute
even when each of them plays
the same tone at the same
dynamic level. The quality of
sound that distinguishes them is
called tone color or timbre

4. Duration
 this property of sound depends
on the length of time over which
vibration is maintained.
ELEMENT OF MUSIC
DYNAMICS 
 adds beauty in a musical
performance or in a song. This
element refers to the loudness or
quietness of music.

RHYTHM The following are pertaining the

 is often associated with the terms dynamics:
beat, meter, and tempo.
 Rhythm forms the lifeblood of Pianissimo (pp) very quiet
music too in its widest sense.
Rhythm is the ordered flow of Piano (p) quiet
music through time.
 rhythm persuades our lives, so Mezzo piano moderately soft
we find it everywhere in music, in (mp)
pitch, tone color, and volume.
How these elements change in Mezzo forte (mf) moderately loud 
times, and their rate of change
Forte (f) loud Fortissimo
have to do with rhythm.
Fortissimo (ff) very loud 
BEAT
 Gives music its rhythmic pattern Sforzando (sfz) a sudden, forced
loud
Meter 

Melody
 Melody is next in importance to
rhythm. While rhythm is
associated in the imagination with
physical emotion, melody is
associated with mental motion.  single melodic line by moving them one
 The overarching tune created by
playing a succession or series of
notes.
 A melody is a series of single
tones that adds up to a
recognizable whole.
Harmony
 The sound produced when two or
more notes are played at the
same time
 Harmony refers to the way
chords are constructed and how
they follow each other.  hear one main melody accompanied by
 A chord is a combination of these
or more tones sounded at once.
Harmony is the simultaneous
sounding of two or more tones.
TIMBRE
  The quality of the sound that
distinguishes one voice or
instrument from another.
PITCH
 A sound based on the frequency
of vibration and size of the
vibrating objects.
TEXTURE  Mediums
 The number and types of layers
used in a composition.
 Musical texture refers to how
many different layers of sounds
are heard at once, to what kinds
of layers they are (melody or
harmony) and to how they are
related to each other.  ensembles, composed of any
BASIC MUSICAL TEXTURES
1. Monophonic Texture - literally
means one sound. It is a texture of a
single melodic line without
accompaniment, performance of a
instrument or voice playing or singing in
unison, results in a fuller, richer-
sounding monophonic texture.
2. Polyphonic Texture - simultaneous
performance of two or more melodic
lines of relatively equal interest
produces the texture called polyphonic,
meaning many sounding in polyphony,
several melodic lines compete for
attention.
3. Homophonic Texture- When we
chords, the texture is homophonic.
Attention is focused on the melody,
which is supported and colored by
sounds of subordinate interest.
Form
 The word form is associated with
shape, structure, organization,
and coherence. Form in music is
the organization of musical ideas
and time.
ENSEMBLES IN MEDIUMS
 It is termed as an ensemble when
two or more performers are
engaged in playing or singing a
piece of music.
ORCHESTRA
 It is the most spectacular of
sizable group of instrumental
 performers usually under
direction of a conductor.
CONDUCTOR
 He has to know every detail of
the music and be able to give the
most precise directions with his
baton and hands.
SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA
 The symphony orchestra is a
large ensemble which includes all
the principal instrumental types.  which calls for only a few
 The modern symphony orchestra
has about 100 players, but this
number varies according to the
kind of music being played.
CONCERTO
 The concerto is a form written for
orchestra and usually one solo
instrument is given a prominent
role in music.
BAND
 A band is an instrument
ensemble, large like orchestra
but consisting mainly or
exclusively of wind and
percussion instruments.
THE RONDALLA
 This is the best-known
instrumental group in the
Philippines today. It is a band
made up mostly of stringed
instruments
 it is a band made up mostly of
stringed instruments.
Mixed Ensembles -
 A considerable literature of music
exist for large mixed ensembles
which include instruments and
Voices.  HISTORY OF MUSIC
the Chamber Orchestra -
 The term chamber orchestra is
applied to small instrumental
ensembles in which there are
only few performers for a part. 
 Chamber orchestras are in a
category of ensemble between a
chamber ensemble and the full
orchestra.
Chamber Ensembles -
 Chamber music is a medium
performers (from two to about
eight or nine instruments) with
one player to each part. The most
common chamber music
ensembles are listed below:
1. Solo Sonatas - Music written
for a solo instrument (violin, cello,
flute, oboe, horn, etc), with an
accompaniment by such
instruments as the piano or
harpsichord, belongs to the
category of chamber music
ensemble.
2. String Quartet - The most
common medium of chamber
music appears to be the string
quartet. It consists of two violins,
a viola, and a cello. When the
piano replaces one of the four
instruments, the ensemble is
called a piano quartet.
3. Duos, trios, quintets, and
others - Music in which
instruments have equal
importance is called a duo, music
for three instruments is a trio, for
five, a quintet, for six, a sextet, for
seven, a septet, for eight, an
octet, for nine, nonet. These
EUROPEAN AND ASIAN ANCIENT dealing with tales of love and
MUSIC cavalry. The most popular
 The first-ever written piece of instruments in medieval music
music, presented in a cuneiform were flutes, lutes, and dulcimers.
“alphabet”, was found in Syria
and it probably dates back to RENAISSANCE TO CLASSICAL
3400 years ago.  MUSIC 
 Researchers were able to find out  During the Renaissance,
more about ancient music by composers laid the foundation for
studying the Drawings on walls, what Baroque music would later
vases, and other objects, become. The development of
deducing that in Ancient Greece, counterpoint and the use of
for example, instruments similar chromatism, in particular, would
to modern bagpipes already later inspire Baroque artists such
existed.  as Bach and Vivaldi. 
 With this method, they also  During the Baroque period, in
discovered the existence of string particular, composers started
instruments (such as the lyre) creating music for richer
and flutes (the aulos). Some ensembles that would later
writings of that time also develop into full orchestras.
suggested the existence of Some forms still in use today,
polyphony. such as the sonata and the
fugue, were invented during
THE MIDDLE AGE  these times
 There is a rich corpus of research
about medieval and renaissance OPERA AND ROMANTIC MUSIC 
music.   From the XVIII to the early XX
 The interest in this topic is still so century, many different
vivid that lots of contemporary composers, from Mozart to
ensembles and choirs devote Beethoven, from Haydn to
their existence to a repertoire of Schubert, experimented with
this kind.  different forms, melodic ideas,
 Medieval music is actually quite innovative harmonic solutions,
trendy on YouTube and and instruments. This Classical
streaming platforms too, where it era involved the development of
is not unusual to find covers of a brand new singing form that
popular modern songs in this mixed music and theater, still
historical style. known today as Opera.
 During the Middle Age, Symphonies also became very
polyphony blossomed, together popular. 
with a new notation system that  In this wide time span, various
set the foundation for the one we currents and subgenres
still use today. At that time, music flourished. One of the most
was mostly.  known and loved current today is
 devotional, although there was Romantic music, brought on by
also a secular current mostly
 Chopin, Schumann, Brahms, and
many others.
KINDS OF MUSIC
PROGRAM MUSIC 
 This kind of music is connected
with elements of a story or a
poem. Unlike absolute or pure
music, program music is
abundant with literary or pictorial
connotations.  
Example: Opera, ballet, and
Lieder could also trivially be
considered program music since
they are intended to accompany
vocal or stage performances.
PROGRAM MUSIC
IMITATIVE MUSIC
 It copies the actual sound of the
subject, as in the imitation of
animals which during that time,
was very popular.
DESCRIPTIVE MUSIC
 pictures, an event or scene. One
of the first examples of this kind
of program music was
Beethoven's Symphony No. 6
called the Pastoral symphony.
NARRATIVE MUSIC
 Intends to tell a story or represent
a series of related events A good
example of narrative music is
"Don Quixote".
FOLK MUSIC
 is the traditional and spontaneous
music of a people race, nation or
region
 It is passed down orally from one
generation to another and is
generally not a composer's work.
 We have a treasury of songs in
folk music that reflect all phases
of life in love songs, work songs,
patriotic songs, drinking songs.
narrative songs, dance songs,
etc.
ART SONG
 Art Song is usually composed
with a piano accompaniment and
is often sophisticated.
Unlike folk songs, an art song is
the work of a composer who is
trained in music.
 Folk songs and art songs differ
from each other in dynamics,
general expression and tempo.
JAZZ MUSIC
 Melody and rhythm blend
harmonically in jazz music.
Syncopation and rhythmic
background are strong which
began in the United States in
1900.
 Much of jazz music is improvised,
that is by the playing musicians, it
is not written down like classical
music.
 Much was borrowed by jazz
music from work songs and
songs with sad words or "blues"
and the instruments use tones
and inflections that imitate human
voice.
The traditional jazz
It was played in 1910. A traditional jazz
band includes trumpet, clarinet and
trombone and a double bass, drums and
banjo.
modern Jazz
Modern Jazz, on the other hand, was
developed in 1940 and many use
trumpet, piano, saxophone, double
bass, drums and the musicians take
solos .

Classical music

 Musical compositions of enduring

excellence felt to be first
significant before modern times
are called classical music.
 In the Philippines, among the
noted Filipino classical music
composers are Buencamino.
Santiago and Silos.
 Classical compositions such as
Madaling Araw, Nasaan ka Irog,
and Hatinggabi are typical
examples of this kind of music.

The Opera

 This is a musical drama, which

for many years, has been one of
the most attractive forms of
entertainment. 
 It is a wonderful combination of
vocal and instrumental music,
ensembles, soloist, chorus,
ballet. orchestra, scenery,
pantomime and acting.

OPERA MUSIC

 Theatrical Music is a perfectly

natural thing.
o Its origins go back
toprimitive ritual music
played by the savage
tribes. Even today, music
written to accompany a
play, film, or ballet seems
self-explanatory.