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UNIT 4 – Introduction to Calculus

Topic: First Principles
Learning Objective: [ ] To be able to differentiate functions using first principles

Task on Entry

Question 1: Using limit theory, find the gradient of the tangent to ( ) = at the point (3,9).

nts,9 ) m(3th ,
tht)

.in/9+6nHi-9 )- hnihso(6hnth2-)h- o- YIo(6th)=6n(a, 4m(

¥=I:(4+1%-1=1

Question 2: Using limit theory, find the gradient of the tangent to ( ) = at the point =

ath , ( ath ) )

¥e=k÷o(¥¥n÷)=÷g(a42aYh)

ns.n→o(2ath)=2a
ofahnth#)n-+o--
him

him

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Skill: The Derivate

What is the derivative?

The gradient for any point on a curve

Deriving the derivative from first principles

a-
without
assumptions
• mlnth flnth ))
,
Gradient of NM
✗

n¥÷÷ point
¥=t÷¥-÷'
=

fGeth)[f
Therefore the gradient
at @ flu))
,

=Yyo( flnthnfn )
Notation and vocabulary

±¥I(Hx+hL) the DERIVATIVE FUNCTION of f- (a)

at
f- ( n ) is the y value se

f- ' be ) is the gradient

at N

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Example #1
Find the derivative of ( ) =
Find (2) and interpret your answer.

n (n ,
n ) m ( nth ,
Cath ) 2)

fyn ) -
-

Ligo ( ñ+2IEIg )
=

Lyin ( 2hz)
=

Lyin ( 2x th ) =
2n

f- (21--212)--4
'

:< the gradient when a- 2 is 4 .

Example #2
Find the derivative of ( ) = 3
Find ( 1) and interpret your answer

)
'

nfze ,
3rd ) m( Nth , 3 ( ath )

(a) Lyin (364212+12)--3^2 )

'
f =

tiny (3Ñ+6hnnt3h2_3#)
( 6hz#)
= Uni
no

him
n→o( 6kt 3h
) Gn
=

f (4)
'

= 6×-1=-6 -
: The gradient
at a- - l is 6 .

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Example #3
Find the derivative of ( ) = +2

RCN ,Nt2 ) mlnth , Greth )t2)

film)= him
n→o(%¥E£)
=ygi(n+h+n2)
-1%11-1--1

Example #4
Find the derivative of ( ) = 5

ntr ,
-

5) m( nth ,
-5 )

t.tk#sfnIns--n)=YI(-n)- o ↳ horizontal line

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Example #5
Find the derivative of ( ) =
Find ( 1) and interpret your answer

nlx N 4) m( nth Cxth )4 )

lyjmfcnh-zhif.tn#n4-2hx+h4-n-)
, ,

f- (a)
'
=

win
(
=
N4t2hÑth3dt 2hr3+ 4h2m2s-2hPa + h3e2t2h3seth4 -

nz ,
he

hnnjn ( 4h.is/-6hnn2t4h3xth4-)
bin
( 4N 't 6ha 't 4h2m th
) 4ns
'
=
=

↳o

f- C- 1)
'
-4
: The gradient where
is -4
=

a- -
l .

n(n A), m( nth ,

nth )

fynt-i mfn t.IE?-)hso- yig(h-n)- I

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a) ) Get HP )
'
nth , N m( Nth ,

f- In
)=yyi(K42nhI+nh?fn+h)
'

( N3thn2t2hYt2h3eth3e+h?n#
= im
↳☐

=win
( 3hñ+n3h→ )
↳☐

win
=

↳o
( 3kt 3hr -
h2 ) =
3nF

b) f (2)
'
=3 (2) 2=12
: .
The gradient
where a- 2 is 12

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a) nla.be ) mlnth , ¥)
film -
-

II. ( ±Iz_)

n.dk#-nY -)=tin -ol:In-h :n)-uin -o(n-h+-nse'

= win

E)
= him
n→o
(niniihnj )
min
n→(n¥n)=÷
=

b) f- (4) ¥2
'
at these
= = = -

1 The gradient
f- (3)
'

¥ ¥ =
} points is -1

respectively .
and
¥

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a) i ) nth , 7) month ,
7)
f-
n→o(¥a)=
win
'
th ) =

him
(E) -0
=

no

ii ) nth -4) , mcnth -4 ) ,

f-
)=YIz(z¥Ée)=
'
in

him
(E) -0
=

no

b) The derivative is
always zero .

f- (d) =O
i. '

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 ) m( nth ,5( nth)2 )
'

a) Nae Sn

slntnqhf.tn?-5#)=lnugiy(5n2t10hYnt5h2-5n2-)
,

fin
)=¥y(

= him
no
(1042+-542)
=¥f( lose + 5h
) =/ On

b) got )=N2y×s g' In )=2ny×s

f- (a) (a)
'
=
5N f' =
lose

flu)=5gGe ) and f- (a)

'
( n)
'
i.
5g
=

c)
I:(c9É
ath
) -
n

?o49É )
tins
n

cygyfglnthh-g.tn#=cg' (a)

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ai ) n(N,2x2 ) m( nth ,2Cxth)2)
mlslth ,
2CN42huth4 )

f- ' (a) =

mlnth.be?-4hx+2h2)n*(2N4-4hxt2)h2-2n2
him
nth -
n

44%242-1
=L:z(

=¥z(4n+2h)=4n
aii ) n( a ,9n ) mfoeth 96th )) ,

n.la?hIE:e-)--yi:(9h-)--9
f- (a)
'
= rim

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 Q6 continued

✗ ✗

aiii) nth 2m49sec )

,

m( Nth ,
26th )2 + 96th ))

2nh-4hnn.
=yig(
I E ?nt9n+9h-(2n2t9#--
f- (a)
'

thing ( 2*+444222+96+9426291=1
( 4hn+h2hh )
=
him
↳☐

=
him
no ,
( 4kt 2h +
9) = 4nt9

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 Q6 continued

✗
✗ ✗ ✗

b) f (a)
Liz (
9kthlntgCn+hHhYth)-gG)-h
.FI?Le-l9kHhl#)--tyjy(
'
=

=
win
↳, ( glnthl-glnlthln-th.hn)
n
)

h.i.mn#+:;-: : .=i=nhyI(gk+hL-gI)+cim
=
him

'
(a) + h
'
(a)
g
=

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 I

2N
3h2
f (a)
/ =
nun
-1
4ns

¥
-U-2 or

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