Name: Pauline Yvonne M.

Jaurigue
Course and Section: BSN-1B

OUTLINE OF EACH TOPIC

I. FIRE

What is Fire Extinguisher ?

A fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device used to

extinguish or control small fires, often in emergencies. It is not intended for
use on an out-of-control fire, such as one which has reached the ceiling,
endangers the user (i.e., no escape route, smoke, explosion hazard, etc.), or
otherwise requires the equipment, personnel, resources, es and/or expertise
of a fire brigade. Typically, a fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held
cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent that can be discharged to
extinguish a fire. Fire extinguishers manufactured with non-cylindrical
pressure vessels also exist but are less common.

What are the class of Fire ?

 Class A fire = solids such as items made of wood including paper, fabrics
or plastic.
 Class B fire = volatile liquids like petrol which are flammable.
 Class C fire = volatile gases like cooking gas bottles containing butane or
propane.
 Class D fire = metals (eg aluminium, magnesium etc)
 Class E fire = electrical items and electrical based fires
 Class F fire = organic based materials specifically things like cooking fat
and oil

What are the Types of Fire Extinguisher ?

 Water – These are the most common types of fire extinguisher as they are
easily purchased, available for use on common types of fire, and relatively
low cost. They are suitable for class A fires involving solids like wood,
plastic and paper. They should not be used on flammable liquids or
cooking fats and oils (class B and class F).
 Foam – These fire extinguishers are versatile and for use on a more
extensive range of fire sources. They can be used for wood, plastic and
paper (class a), and also flammable class b liquids. Like water fire
extinguishers they should not be used on electrical items, however there
is less risk if the foam fire extinguisher is inadvertently sprayed on to
electrical appliances than would be the case with a water extinguisher.
 Powder – Dry powder fire extinguishers may be considered as multi use
as they are usable and safe for class a, b and c fires. There are special
powders which can be used for extinguishing metal based fires and extra
care should be taken when using powder on flammable gases. There are
additional hazards when tackling a class c fire using a powder
extinguisher if the source of the fire has not been identified and shut off.
 Carbon dioxide – CO2 fire extinguishers are ideal for electrical based fires
which present a hazard if using water, foam or powder. The carbon
dioxide will suffocate the fire, however you should remember that unlike
powder, water or foam, CO2 gas does little to prevent a fire reigniting
once extinguished as it dissipates quickly.
 Wet chemical fire extinguishers- are usually supplied with a long lance
which helps to safely deploy the foam. The wet chemical forms a thick
soapy foam-like blanket over the surface of the burning oil/fat which stops
oxygen from reaching the fire and smothers the flames.

What are the Color Code of the Types of Extinguisher ?

 Water fire extinguishers are colour coded red.

 Foam or Aqueous Film Forming Foam fire extinguishers are colour coded
in cream.
 Powder fire extinguishers are colour coded with blue.
 Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are colour coded with black.
 Wet Chemical fire extinguishers are colour coded with yellow
 Water mist fire extinguishers are colour coded with white

II. SECTIONS

What is anatomical position?

Standard anatomical position, often known as anatomical position,

is the particular body orientation used to describe a person's anatomy. The
human body is often positioned anatomically in an upright, forward-facing
position with legs that are parallel to one another. The palms of the upper
limbs, or arms, face forward and droop to either side.

What are the five regions of the body?

The five regions of the body include the head, neck, torso, upper

extremities, and lower extremities. The head region includes the skull and
face. The torso, also called the trunk, consists of the chest, abdomen,
and pelvis. The upper extremities include the arms, armpits, and shoulders.
Finally, the lower extremities consist of the legs, buttocks, thighs, knees,
ankles, and feet. Dividing the body into these regions makes locating and
describing a specific part of the body easier. For example, when describing
the relative location of the heart, it is said to be in the torso region of the body.
What are the three planes of the body?

The three planes of the body are the sagittal plane, the coronal plane,

and the transverse plane. These planes are imaginary reference points that
divide the body into various sections in order to help describe relative
anatomy. 

The sagittal plane is a vertical plane that travels down the middle of
the human body and divides the body into right and left portions. The coronal
plane runs vertically through the side of the body, dividing it into the front of
the body (anterior) and the back of the body (posterior). The transverse (or
axial) plane runs horizontally, separating the top half of the body from the
bottom half.

III. CELL

What is a Cell ?

A cell is a mass of cytoplasm that is bound externally by a cell

membrane. Usually microscopic in size, cells are the smallest structural units
of living matter and compose all living things. Most cells have one or
more nuclei and other organelles that carry out a variety of tasks. Some single
cells are complete organisms, such as a bacterium or yeast. Others are
specialized building blocks of multicellular organisms, such
as plants and animals.

What is a Cell theory ?

Cell theory states that the cell is the fundamental structural and functional
unit of living matter. In 1839 German physiologist Theodor Schwann and German
botanist Matthias Schleiden promulgated that cells are the “elementary particles of
organisms” in both plants and animals and recognized that some organisms are
unicellular and others multicellular. This theory marked a great conceptual advance
in biology and resulted in renewed attention to the living processes that go on in cell.

What do Cell Membranes do ?

The cell membrane surrounds every living cell and delimits the cell
from the surrounding environment. It serves as a barrier to keep the contents
of the cell in and unwanted substances out. It also functions as a gate to both
actively and passively move essential nutrients into the cell and waste
products out of it. Certain proteins in the cell membrane are involved with cell-
to-cell communication and help the cell to respond to changes in its
environment.
IV. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

 Chemical

From the smallest atoms to the largest

macromolecules, chemicals are thought to be the smallest and lowest unit of
organization in a living system. The particles and enzymes used to drive
reactions and processes in an organism are made up of chemicals, as are the
structural components of the living cell. These include the functional
organelles. Once aggregated, organelles can form the basic unit of all living
things- the cell.

 Cellular

Cells are the smallest unit of all living things. Composed of smaller

structural units known as organelles, cells carry out the basic processes and
functions of living things. Some cells can be specialized to secrete certain
chemicals or biomolecules, while other cells can form physical barriers within
the body. Smaller clusters of cells that share functional similarities can
assemble in sheaths of casings known as tissues.

 Tissue

The tissue is an organizational level composed of similarly specialized

cells that carry out specific functions. There are four general categories of
tissues in the human body:
1. Epithelial tissue is typically found on organ surfaces like the skin,
respiratory tract, and lining of the digestive tract.
2. Connective tissue gives form to organs and holds them in the correct
cavities of the body.
3. Muscular tissue mainly makes up the musculature of the human body and
can be further classified by its structure and function.
4. Nervous tissue forms the major organs and structures of the nervous
system.

The functional grouping of multiple tissues gives rise to organs.

 Organs

Organs are groups of tissues with similar functions. Although multiple

tissue types can contribute to the overall structure of an organ, a shared
function is characteristic. Examples of organs include the heart, which is
mainly muscular tissue and functions to pump blood throughout the body; the
skin, which is made of epithelial tissue and provides external protection and
temperature regulation; and the brain, which is composed of nervous tissues
and processes sensory information. Groupings of organs that carry out
specific functions in an organism are known as organ systems.

 Organ Systems
 Organ systems are groupings of organs that carry out specific functions
in an organism. In the human body, the eleven organ systems are categorized
by their structure and function. These organ systems include:
1. The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, nails, and accessory
glands.
2. The integumentary system primarily provides an outer external protective
layer to the human body, but also plays an essential role in the regulation of
the internal body temperature through a process known as thermoregulation.

Taken collectively, it is the largest system in the body.

This diagram shows the layers of the skin,

which is part of the integumentary system.

The skeletal system includes the bones, ligaments, cartilage, and tendons of

an organism. It provides structural support to the human body and also aids in
the formation of blood cells.
The muscular system has skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue. This
system is primarily involved in movement, or locomotion, as well as the
production of heat in the body.

The respiratory system is made up of the nose, mouth, trachea, pharynx,

larynx, sinuses, lungs, and diaphragm. The respiratory system is responsible
for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through breathing.

The digestive system is composed of the mouth, teeth, tongue, salivary

glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, rectum,
and anus. It breaks down and absorbs nutrients and excretes the waste.

The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood and

is primarily involved in the transport of materials throughout the body by
circulating the blood.

The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It

serves the essential purpose of maintaining fluid balances in the body as well
as removing soluble waste products.

The endocrine system is made of many glands and tissues throughout the

body. The endocrine system secretes hormones or chemical messengers
utilized in cell signaling pathways and physiological communication.

The lymphatic system includes lymph, lymph nodes, vessels, and glands

and is involved in the return of fluid to the interstitial spaces as well as
immune function.
REFERENCES

https://study.com/academy/lesson/levels-of-organization-organ-systems-in-the-
human-body.html

https://www.britannica.com/science/cell-biology

https://www.osmosis.org/answers/anatomical-position

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_extinguisher