1ELEMENTS FACTS ORIGINAL NAME COMPOUNDS USES

VIIIA
Noble gas, Inert gas, Rare gas
1. Helium (He) • 2nd lightest gas
• Donald duck sound
• Artificial air
• Brown cont.
2. Argon (Ag) • Most abundant NB
• Sub for N2 as inert atmosphere in pharm.

3. Krypton (Kr) • Greek = hidden

• Least abundant nb
• Inhalational anesthesia
4. Xenon (Xe) • Greek = stranger
• 4 times heavy as air
• General anesthesia
5. Radon (Rn) • Heaviest inert gas Niton
• Tx for cert. cancers

IA
Alkali Metals
1. Hydrogen • Simplest and lightest Protium
(H) • 1st = universe Deuterium
• Production: Linde Method Tritium
• Industrial Use: Haber Process Water
Hydrogen Peroxide
Acids
2. Lithium (Li) • lightest of all metals Lithos “Earth” 1. Li2CO3 (Lithium carbonate) • lithium salt for bipolar disorder
• bridge element (diagonal relationship with (manic phase)
Mg) • Eskalith
• Quilnium-R
• Lithase
3. Sodium (Na) • 1st = Earth’s crust Natrium 1. NaHCO3 (Sodium bicarbonate) • baking soda
• reacts violently with water • systemic antacid
• Primary cation in extracellular fluid • [s/e] systemic alkalosis
• used with caution in patients with heart and • rebound hyperacidity
kidney conditions 2. NaH2PO4 (Monosodium • fleet enema
phosphate) • cathartic
3. NaCl (Sodium chloride) • rock salt
• table salt
• soler salt
4. NaF (Sodium fluoride) • anticariogenic (2% solution)
 5. NaOCl (Sodium hypochlorite) • Dakin’s solution,
• Chlorox
• OA
• Disinfectant
• bleaching agent
6. NaNO3 (Sodium nitrate) • Chile salt peter
• Vasodilator
• meat preservation
• Tx for cyanide poisoning
7. Na2SO4 (Sodium sulfate) • Glauber’s salt
• cathartic
8. Na2S2O3 (Sodium thiocyanate) • hypochlor
• photographer’s hypo
• Tx for cyanide poisoning
• VS in iodo and permanga
4. Potassium • Principal cation in the intracellular fluid kali (alkali) Arabic work 1. KC4H5O6 (Potassium bitartrate) • Cream of tartar
(K) • Similar appearance and behavior with Na for plant ashes (al- • Creamor
qalyah). • laxative
2. K2CO3 (Potassium carbonate) • Potash
• salt of peter
• perlash
3. KOH (Postassium hydroxide) • Caustic potash
• lye potash
• saponifying agent (soft soap)
4. KNO3 (Potassium nitrate) • Salt peter
• Salitre
• salt prunelle
• diuretic
• meat preservative
5. KMnO4 (Potassium • mineral chameleon
permanganate) • VS in permanga
6. KNaC4H4O6·4H2O (Potassium • Rochelle salt
sodium tartrate tetrahydrate) • sal signette
• cathartic
• sequestering agent
5. Ammonia • Hypothetical alkali metal 1. (NH4)2CO3 (Ammonium • Sal volatile
(NH4) • USES: carbonate) • Hartshorn
o Diuretic • expectorant (ammonium)
o Buffer • antacid (carbonate)
o Expectorant • respiratory stimulant
o anticariogenic 2. NH4Cl (Ammonium chloride) • Muriate of hartshorn
• Expectorant
• diuretic
3. NH4CH3COO (Ammonium acetate) • Spirit of Menderesus
• styptic
 ELEMENT FACTS NAME DEF/TOX ANT COMPOUNDS USES

IB
Coinage Metals
Used in jewelries and currency; not very reactive; occur in nature in the free metallic state; very malleable
1. Copper • Only reddish Cuprum 1. Wilson’s Chelating 1. Cu2+ (Cupric ion) • generally blue in aqueous
(Cu) colored metal disease agent: solution
• 3rd most •  Cu Penicillamine • essential trace element
malleable • protein precipitant
metal 2. Menke’s 2. Cu2SO4·5H2O • Blue vitriol
Alloys: syndrome (Copper (IV) sulfate • blue stone
• Bronze (Cu + • kinky/steely pentahydrate) • Roman vitriol
Sn) hair • Salzburg vitriol
• Brass (Cu + Zn) syndrome • emetic action (PO)
• Tx for phosphorus
poisoning
• using Benedict’s, Fehling’s
and Barfoed’s solution
• component in Paris Green
(cupric aceto-arsenate)
• component in Bordeaux
mixture (cupric sulfate and
lime, algaecide and fungicide
in swimming pools)
2. Silver (Ag) Common alloy Argentum Argyria NaCl 1. AgNO3 • Lapiz infernuraliz
• Sterling silver (Silver nitrate) • lunar caustic
(92.5% Ag + • caustic pencil
7.5% Cu) • argenta nitras
• Oligodynamic • light sensitive
action • prophylactic
• protein • ophthalmia neonatorum
precipitant (ophthalmic solsution, 1%)
• tx for warts
• used in Tollen’s reagent
2. Silver Sulfadiazine • tx against P. aeruginosa
• local anti-infective
3. Amoniacal Silver • Howe’s solution
Nitrate
 • dental protective mixed w/
10% formaldehyde or
eugenol
Silver Proteinates
A. Argyrol • 19 – 23% ionized protein
(mild silver protein) • antiseptic for the eyes
B. Protargol • 7.5 – 8.5% ionized protein
(strong silver protein) • stronger germicide for ear
and throat
C. Collargol • 18 – 22% ionized protein
(colloidal silver • general germicide
protein)
3. Gold (Au) • Most malleable Aurum Tox: BAL/ 1. Purple of Cassius • colloidal gold + Sn(OH)4
• Unreactive Dermatitis Dimercaprol 2. Aurothioglucose
Solvents for gold: (50% Au by
• Aqua Regia weight)
(3 parts HCl + 1 3. Gold Sodium
part HNO3) Treatment Of Rheumatoid
Thiomalate
• Selenic Acid Arthritis
(50% Au by
weight)
4. Auranofin
(29% Au by weight)
 ELEMENT FACTS NAME DEF/TOX ANT COMPOUNDS USES

IIA
Alkaline Earth Metals
1. Beryllium • “Glucinum” Most toxic • compounds have no medicinal use
(Be) metal
2. Magnesium • Lightest of all 1. MgCO3 • Magnesia
(Mg) structurally Magnesium • Antacid
important carbonate • laxative
metals 2. Mg(OH)2 • Milk of magnesia
• Production: Dow Magnesium • magnesia magma
Process hydroxide • antacid
• 2nd most • laxative
abundant 3. MgO (Magnesium • Calcined magnesia
intracellular oxide) • Laxative
cation • Antacid
• Found in • component of
chlorophyll Universal Antidote
• Grignard 4. Talc • Hydrated magnesium
reagent silicate
• softest known mineral
5. MgSO4 • Epsom salt
(Magnesium • cathartic (PO)
sulfate) • anticonvulsant (IM)
• Antidote for Ba tox
6. Calcium • “Calx” lime DEF: 1. CaCO3 • Precipitated chalk
(Ca) • osteomalacia Calcium carbonate • prepared chalk
(adults) • antacid
• rickets 2. CaO • Lime
(children) Calcium oxide • Quicklime
o bones become • Calx
soft and • component of
rubbery, easily Bordeaux mixture
deformed • insecticide
• osteoporosis 3. CaCl2 • Muriate of lime
bones become Calcium chloride • Ca replenisher
 porous and 4. Ca(OH)2 • slaked lime
more Calcium hydroxide • milk of lime
susceptible to • antacid
fracture • saponifying agent
5. CaSO4 · 1⁄2 H2O • Plaster of Paris
or 2H2O • Gypsum
Calcium sulfate • terra alba
dihydrate • rodenticide
• preparation of surgical
casts and dental
impressions
6. Strontium • Used in the 1. SrCl2 • temperature
(Sr) manufacture of Strontium chloride desensitizing agent
flares (SENSODYNE)
2. Barium • Most reactive Bar = TOX: Baritosis MgSO4 or 1. BaSO4 • Barium meal
(Ba) among alkaline heavy Na2SO4 Barium sulfate • radiopaque contrast
earth metals media for X-ray
imaging of GIT
2. Ba(OH)2·8H2O • Baryta water
Barium hydroxide • saturated solution of
octahydrate barium hydroxide in
water
3. Radium • Discovered by Radius = • First radionuclide used in medicine
Marie Curie ray
 IIB
Volatile Metals
1. Zinc (Zn) • Element found in DEF: NaHCO3 • Therapeutic use of zinc compounds and preparations:
insulin Parakeratosis of skin protectant
• 2nd most important skin
trace mineral for
o normal growth
o reproduction
o wound healing
o tissue repair
2. Cadmium • Very poisonous TOX: BAL/Dimercaprol 1. CdCl2 • Emetic
(Cd) heavy metal Itai – itai disease Cadmium chloride • for tinea infections
• Source: cigarette 2. CdS • only yellow sulfide
smoking Cadmium sulfide • antiseborrheic
3. CdSO4 • topical astringent
Cadmium sulfate • ophthalmic antiseptic
4. Mercury • Only metal that Hydrargyrum TOX: Minamata Dimercaprol, 1. Mercury • Diuretic
(Hg) exists as liquid at Quicksilver, Disease Penicillamine, • Antiseptic
room temperature asoge DMSA • Antisyphilitic
• laxative
• parasiticde
• fungicide
2. Hg2Cl2 • Calomel
Mercurous chloride • Cathartic
• local antiseptic
3. HgCl2 • corrosive sublimate
Mercuric chloride • disinfectant
4. Hg2I2 • tx of syphilis
Mercurous iodide
5. HgI2 • stimulant of indolent
Mercuric iodide ulcers
6. K2HgI4 • Antiseptic
Potassium mercuric • component of Mayer’s
iodide reagent
7. HgNH2Cl • white precipitate
Mercuric • topical antiseptic
amidochloride
8. HgO • yellow precipitate
Mercuric oxide • ophthalmic anti-
infective
 ELEMENT FACTS DEF/TOX COMPOUNDS USES

IIIA
Boron/Aluminum Family
1. Boron (B) • Buffer (ophthalmic TOX: Lobster 1. H3BO3 Boric acid • Sal sativum
solution, 2%) appearance
2. Na2B4O7·10H2O • sodium tetraborate
• Antiseptic
Borax • Dobelle’s solution
• tonicity adjusting
• Antiseptic
agent
• eye wash
• wet dressing
• for wounds
2. Aluminum • Most abundant 1. AlCl3·6H2O • Astringent
(Al) metal Aluminum chloride heptahydrate • Antiseptic
• 3rd most abundant • antiperspirant/deodorant
element 2. Al(OH)3 • Amphogel
• Astringent Aluminum hydroxide • cremalin gel
• Al foil used for • antacid
burn patients • protectant
• s/x constipation
3. AlPO4 • Phosphagel
Aluminum phosphate • Antacid
• Astringent
• demulcent
4. Al2O3 • Alumina
Aluminum oxide • tx of silicosis
Aluminum silicates
5. Kaolin • Clay
• native hydrated aluminum
silicate
• adsorbent in diarrhea
6. Bentonite • soap clay
• mineral soap
• native colloidal hydrated
magnesium silicate
• suspending agent
7. Pumice • volcanic origin
• used as dental abrasive
 ELEMENT FACTS DEF/TOX COMPOUNDS USES

IVA
1. Carbon (C) Allotropes: 1. CO2 (Carbon dioxide) • tx of:
• Crystalline o acne
o Graphite o warts
o diamond o corns
• Amorphous o calluses
o coal o eczema
o anthracite 2. CO32-(Carbonate) • Antacid
• for effervescent tablets
Main use: ANTIDOTE 3. CO (Carbon monoxide) • 210x greater affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen
leading to asphyxia then death
• Tx: 100% O2
• artificial air (80% He, 20% O2)
• hyperbaric O2
2. Silicon (Si) • 2nd most abundant TOX: Silicosis 1. Kaolin • adsorbent
element 2. Purified siliceous earth • adsorbent
3. Bentonite • suspending agent
4. Talc • clarifying agent
• dusting agent
5. Attapulgite • Polymagma
• Quintess
• adsorbent
6. Simethicone • polymeric dimethyl siloxane
• antiflatulent
3. Tin (Sn) Stannum 1. SnF2 (Stannous fluoride) • anticariogenic
2. SnO2 (Stannic oxide) • germicide
4. Lead (Pb) • Plumbum TOX: Plumbism 1. Pb(CH3COO)2 • sugar of lead
• Astringent Ant: EDTA Plumbous acetate • astringent
• protein precipitant 2. Pb2(CH3COO) • Goulard’s extract
• Astringent
• antiseptic
3. PbO (Plumbous oxide) • Litharge
ELEMENT FACTS COMPOUNDS USES

1. Titanium (Ti) • Named after the Titans
• Corrosion resistance
• 9th most abundant element
2. Zirconium (Zr) can cause skin granuloma
IV B
1. Titanium (Ti)
2. Titanium dioxide (TiO2)
• antiperspirant
• deodorant
• surgical aid
• fracture fixation
• high refractive index
• physical sunblock
• opacifying agent in tableting
• white pigment
 ELEMENT FACTS COMPOUNDS USES

VA
Nitrogen Family
1. Nitrogen (N) • “mephitic air” 1. Nitrogen gas (N2) • used as inert atmosphere for readily
• “azote” oxidizable substance
• “without life” • liquid N2 used as refrigerant
• Most abundant gas in air • BLACK container
• (71% N2, 29% O2) 2. Nitrous oxide (N2O) • laughing gas
• inhalational anesthetic
• s/x diffusion hypoxia
• BLUE container
3. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) • Vasodilator
• tx for cyanide poisoning
4. Nitrate (NO3-) • preservative
5. Aromatic Ammonia Spirit • Spirit of Hartshorn
• Spirit of sal volatile
• respiratory stimulant
2. Phosphorus (P) • “Light carrier” 1. Phosphate (PO4-3) • Antacid
• St. Elmo’s fire • cathartic
Forms:
• white (poisonous)
• red (nonpoisonous)
3. Arsenic (As) • Lewisite metal 1. Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) • Insecticide
• Found in the insecticide Copper Aceto • antileukemic
Arsenate (Paris Green)
• Antidote: BAL 2. Arsenic triiodide (AsI3) • primary standard for ceric sulfate

4. Antimony (Sb) • Expectorant 1. Antimoy Potassium Tartrate • Tartar emetic

• Emetic (SbKOC4H4O6) • brown mixture
• anti-helminthic • tx of schistosomiasis
5. Bismuth (Bi) • “Beautiful meadow” S/x: dark stool, blue-black gums
USE: Antidote: BAL/Dimercaprol
• Astringent
• Antiseptic
• internal protective for ulcer

VB
1. Tantalum (Ta) • Inert, unaffected by body fluids
• Bone replacement for temporary braces of long bones
 ELEMENT FACTS
1. Oxygen (O) • Empyreal air
• dephlogisticated air
• yne
• Most abundant element
• Container: GREEN
2. Sulfur (S) • Brimstone
• shubari
• enemy of copper
3. Selenium (Se) • Selena, moon
• Essential trace element
1. Chromium (Cr) • Glucose Tolerance Factor
• involved in glucose metabolism and proper activity of insulin
DEF: hyperglycemia
2. Molybdenum (Mo) • Involved in the metabolism of nucleic acids
• Cofactor associated with Flavin-dependent enzymes: Xanthine oxidase
USES COMPOUNDS USES
VIA
Chalcogens
• USE
o treatment of hypoxia/asphyxia
USE: 1. Precipitated sulfur • Sulfur praecipitatum
o preparation of • Lac sulfur
scabicidal and • Milk sulfur
keratolytic 2. Sublimed sulfur • Pure sulfur powder
ointment or lotion
o stimulant cathartic 3. Washed sulfur • Sulfur lotum
o depilatory agent • Sulfur treated w/
o anti-dandruff ammonia water
4. Saturated lime • Prep is used for acne
solution • Charac effect of
sulfide
5. Compound senna • Mild cathartic
powder
6. Alkaline sulfur • Tx of scabbies
ointment
7. Compound sulfur • Tx of scabbies
ointment
o promotes 1. Selenium disulfide • Selsun blue
absorption of Vit E (SeS2) • antidandruff
o antioxidant
VIB
 ELEMENT FACTS USES COMPOUNDS USES

VIIA
Halogens
1. Fluorine (F) • Greenish yellow choking gas • USE
• Most electronegative element o excipient in toothpaste
• Strongest OA
• Essential element found in teeth and bones
2. Chlorine (C9l) • Dephlogisticated muriatic acid • USE:
• Yellowish green gas o water disinfectant
• Highly irritating to skin, eyes and mucus membrane • HCl, NF: tx of achlorhydria
3. Bromine (Br) • Dark, reddish brown fuming liquid with suffocating • USE:
odor o chemical reagent
• Powerful caustic and germicide o sedative
o central depressant
• TOX:
o Brominism
• s/sx:
o skin eruption
o psychosis
o weakness
o headache
4. Iodine (I) • Heaviest nonmetallic element • TOX: 1. Iodine Tincture • (2% iodine in 50% alcohol with
• most metallic among halogens o Iodism NaI)
• Soft, dark grey crystalline solid with • Antidote: 2. Strong Iodine • (5% iodine in water with KI)
metallic sheen o Cornstarch Solution/Lugol’s
• Present in thyroid gland o sodium Solution
thiosulfate 3. Iodophor • complexes of iodine + nonionic
• USE: surfactants
o antimicrobial • retain germicidal properties
• reduced
• volatility and removed irritant
properties
4. Povidone • iodine (Betadine)
o iodine
o polyvinylpyrrolidone
5. Iopanoic acid • iodine + organic molecules =
concentrate in the organ to be
studied
• for radiopaque visualization of
gall bladder
6. Astatine (At) • Only metallic, synthetic and radioactive halogen
 ELEMENT FACTS USES

VIIB
1. Manganese (Mn) • Cofactor involved in • Phys role:
o protein synthesis o normal bone structure
o phosphorylation o reproduction
o fatty acid o normal functioning CNS
o cholesterol synthesis o constituent of mitochondrial enzyme systems
• TOX: tremors
2. Technetium (Tc) • 1st element product artificially • USE:
• “technetos”: artificial o imaging studies
3. Rhenium (Rh) • Catalyst for dehydrogenation
 ELEMENT FACTS COMPOUNDS USES

TRIADS
1. Iron (Fe) • Present in proteins: 1. Ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) • Green vitriol
o Hemoglobin • Hematinic
o Transferrin • s/e constipation
o Ferritin 2. Ferrous gluconate • brand name Fergon
o cytochrome oxidase • less irritating
• Enhances absorption of Vitamin C and Cu 3. Ferrous fumarate • Toleron
• USE: hematinic
• TOX: 4. Ferrous carbonate (FeCO3) • Astringent
o GI distress • Styptic
o cardiac collapse • detections of tannincs
• Antidote: Deferoxamine 5. Ferrous chloride (FeCl3) • Astringent
• Styptic
• detections of tannincs
6. Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 • Ferric ferrocyanide
• Prussian blue
• iron (III) hexacyanoferrate (II)
7. Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2 • Ferrous ferricyanide
• Turnbull’s blue
2. Cobalt (Co) • Essential in the development of 1. Cobalt (II) chloride (CoCl2) • Lover’s ink
1. Erythrocyte • sympathetic ink
2. hemoglobin • desiccator indicator
• Component of Vitamin B12
• DEF: Megaloblastic anemia
3. Nickel (Ni) • Old Nick’s Copper
• Kupfernickel
• Therapeutic use: Trace element
4. Ruthenium (Ru) • Catalyst of ammonium production
5. Palladium (Pd) • Catalyst of organic reactions (hydrogenation and dehydrogenation)
6. Platinum (Pt) • Catalyst of organic reactions in producing 1. Cisplatin • Peyrone’s salt
petroleum and glass • Treat testicular and ovarian cancer
2. Carboplatin • less nephrotoxic and ototoxic than Cisplatin
7. Osmium (Os) • Heaviest/densest metal 1. Osmium tetroxide • both used to stain microorganisms in electron
2. Osmic acid microscopy