Atoms

and
Elements
For:
Ida Mahsuri Ljunggren
 Imagine, everything
are made up of a little
ball, so small that we
call it atom

Atom Molecule Ions

• Atom is the smallest part of • Molecule is a two or more atoms • Charged particle.
an element that can exist. joined together. (Not in your syllabus yet)
Examples: (Can be atom of the same element, or different element) • Examples:
• Sodium atom Na • Examples: • Sodium ion, Na+
• Chlorine, Cl2
• Chlorine atom Cl Cl Cl • Chloride ion, Cl-
• Hydrogen, H2
• Hydrogen atom H
H H
• Oxygen, O2
• Carbon atom C
O O
• Water, H2O
• Oxygen atom
O 2
H O H
 Element is considered
the type of substance
of that little ball

Element Compound Mixture

• Element is the simplest • Compound is a substance with • Compound is a substance with
substances and hence cannot two or more elements joined two or more compounds
be broken down chemically or chemically. joined physically.
physically. (Can be broken down chemically) (Can be broken down physically)
• Examples: • Examples: • Examples:
• Everything you see in the periodic
table • Water (H2O) • Sand and water
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2) • Oil and soap

3
 Elements (Ingredients)
• Simplest substance

Na O
Atoms
Mixture (Cakes)
• Can be separated physically Cl H

Molecules Cl Cl

Compounds (Base + Icing)

• Can be separated chemically

H O H
Molecules
 Simplest substance that
cannot be broken down
chemically or
physically.

• 92 Elements are found naturally.

• 25 Elements are man-made.

Elements
5
 Element Symbol
Iodine I
Dysprosium Dy
Argon Ar
Scandium Sc
Often the symbol consist of the first
or two letters of an element name. Oxygen O
Rhenium Re
Some are in Latin or Greek.
Sulfur S

First Letter must be in CAPITAL

Fe (Ferum in Latin = Iron) Na (Natrium in Latin = Sodium) C (Carbon) 6

Pt (Platinum) W (Tungsten represents a German name, Wolfram)

 Early Humans
Discover:
• Sulfur, S near volcanoes,
• Gold, Au in river bed,
• Carbon, C in charcoal by burning wood.

7000 years ago

• Copper, Cu extraction from rock. 3500 years ago
• Mixed Copper, Cu with Tin, Sn forming Bronze.
• Iron, Fe
extraction
from rocks.

2000 years ago,

Greek Philosopher assume:
Elements are four elements
- Fire, Water, Earth, & Air
 1700s
1200 - 1700
17 new elements were found
Zinc, Zn
Indian Scientist • Nickel from rocks 50 new elements were found
extract Zn from • Magnesium from ponds
rock with waste
• Separated nitrogen and
wool.
oxygen from the air.
• Henry Cavendish &
Hennig Brandt Joseph Priestley
extract P from
removed oxygen from
urine.
the air.
1800s 20th & 21st Century
Technology drives discoveries
More new elements were found
• Rhenium and technitium
• Caesium and rubidium are found by Ida Tacke
are found by a new and colleagues.
instrument called
spectroscope.
• Aluminium is found.
• Aluminium is not found 25 artificial new elements
earlier due to the nature were made by scientist.
of aluminium bind
strongly with oxygen in 8
the rock.
 Asked Questions > Collect Evidence > Suggest Explanation > Testing Explanation

Asked questions Collecting Evidence & Suggesting explanation Testing Explanation

• What are the patters in • John Dalton • Dmitri Mendeleev • Scientist test
the elements arrange elements based Mendeleev’s prediction
properties? studied on groups: • French scientist found
• How many elements evidence from • Elements with similar gallium as predicted,
are there? properties in the same • Swedish and German
experiments: group, scientists discovered
• Can we use patterns scandium and germanium
to find new elements? • Elements are • Elements with lightest as predicted.
made up of atomic mass to heaviest
9
down a group.
atoms,
• Each atoms has • Mendeleev able to
different mass. predict new elements by
leaving empty space in
the periodic table.
 Going down the vetical column = group
Going sideway the horizontal row = period

Group 1 Group 7

Period 1

Period 7

• Patterns in Melting Point

• Melting point in group 1 decreases down the group (From H to Fr).
• Melting point in group 7 increases down the group (From F to Ts).

• Patterns in Density
• Density increases going down a group.

10
(Semi- metal)

11
 Metals
High (except mercury)
Shiny
Electrical conductor
(electric is able to flow)
Heat conductor
(heat is able to flow)
Malleable (can be bent into shape)
Ductile (able to draw into wires)
Property Non-Metals
Melting and boiling point Low (except carbon)
Appearance Dull
Electric Conductivity Electrical insulator
(electric cannot flow)
Heat Conductivity Heat insulator
(heat cannot flow)
Malleability Non-malleable (break upon beding)
Ductility Non-ductile (scattered in powder
upon pulling into wires)
12
Most metal exist as element in an atom - (Sodium, Platinum, Gold, Silver)

Some metal exist as compound (combination of element) in a molecule

- (Sodium chloride, potassium hydroxide, Iron oxide)
Malleable = Can be bent into shape
= Atoms arranged in huge patterns
= Strong forces hold atom together

Ductile = Can be made into wires

= Atom able to slide one another

High Melting and Boiling Point = Strong forces hold atom together
= Require high energy to convert solid metal to liquid or gas
Some non-metal exist as single atom = held by weak forces between one another
(Helium, argon, krypton, xenon)

Some non-metal exist as molecules= held by stronger forces between one another
(oxygen gas, chlorine gas, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide)

Carbon dioxide
Non-Malleable = Brittle
= Cannot be bent into shape
= Weak forces between one non metal atom or molecule with another

Non-Ductile = Cannot be made into wires

Low Melting and Boiling Point

= Weak forces between one non metal atom or molecule with another.
Compound is a substance with two or
more elements joined chemically.

Any two or more elements that you see in the periodic

table, but they are joined chemically.

17
 Compound properties
The properties for compound and element differ.

Na Cl Cl N O

Sodium, Na Chlorine, Cl Nitrogen monoxide

(Substance: Element) (Substance: Element) (Substance: Compound = combination of 2 elements)
(Particle : Atom) (Particle : Molecule) (Particle : Molecule)

• Shiny • Greenish-yellow gas 18

• Fizzes in water • Poisonous gas
1. Develop questions
2. Plan an investigation
• Hazards = Possible source of danger.
• Risks = Chance of damage or injury from a hazard.

3. Considering evidence
4. Do Calculation

19
Naming compound and writing formula
 Naming Compounds

Metal + Non-Metal(-ide) Metal + Non-Metal + Oxygen (-ate) Non- Metal + Non-Metal

• Zinc + Oxygen • Copper + Sulphur + Oxygen • 1 Nitrogen + 1 Oxygen (ide)

= Zinc Oxide = Copper Sulphate = Nitrogen Monoxide
• 1 Sulphur + 2 Oxygen (ide)
• Sodium + Chlorine • Potassium + Nitrogen + Oxygen = Sulphur Dioxide
= Sodium Chloride = Potassium Nitrate • 1 Phosphorus + 3 Chlorine (ide)
= Phosphorus Trichloride
• Calcium + Sulphur • Calcium + Sulphur + Oxygen • 1 Phosphorus + 5 Oxygen (ide)
= Calcium Sulphide = Calcium Sulphate =Phosphorus Pentaoxide

21
 Name of Element or Number of Atoms of Each Formula
Compound Element in One Molecule
Bromine 2 bromine atoms Br2
Nitrogen monoxide 1 Nitrogen + 1 Oxygen NO
Nitrogen dioxide 1 Nitrogen + 2 Oxygen NO2
Dinitrogen tetroxide 2 Nitrogen + 4 Oxygen N2O4

Name of Compound Ratio of Atoms of Each Element Formula

(Metal + Non-Metal) in One Compound
Iron sulfide 1 iron : 1 sulfur FeS
Vanadium pentoxide 1 vanadium : 5 oxygen V2O5
Copper sulfate 1 copper : 1 sulfur : 4 oxygen CuSO4
Sodium carbonate 2 sodium : 1 carbon : 3 oxygen Na2CO3
22
6.10
Oxides,
Hydroxides,
Sulfates, and
Carbonates

23
Any element + oxygen = oxide

Oxides
A compound of oxygen with another
element
24
• Non-metal oxides = Acidic (pH less than 7)
• Example:
• Carbon dioxide, CO2
• Nitrogen monoxide NO
• Sulfur dioxide SO2

• Metal oxides = Basic (pH more than 7)

• Example:
• Sodium oxide Na2O
• Calcium oxide CaO
• Potassium oxide K2O
25
• Heat magnesium in air (oxygen) = magnesium + oxygen = magnesium oxide, MgO

• Heat sulfur in air = sulfur + oxygen = sulfur dioxide, SO2

Some element combines with oxygen without heating

• Aluminium react with air (oxygen) = aluminium oxide, Al2O3

26 26
Metal + hydrogen + oxygen = metal hydroxide

Hydroxides
A compound made up of metal,
hydrogen and oxygen
27
• Metal hydroxide = dissolve in water to form alkali (pH more than 7)
• Example:
• Sodium hydroxide NaOH
• Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
• Potassium hydroxide KOH

28
Metal + sulfur + oxygen = metal sulfate

CuSO4

Sulfate
A compound made up of metal, sulfur
and oxygen
29
Metal + carbon + oxygen = metal sulfate

CaCO3

Carbonate
A compound made up of metal,
carbon and oxygen
30
 Mass (g)
Mass of empty evaporating basin 25.10
Mass of empty evaporating basin + salt 25.60
Mass of salt 0.50
Thank You and Good Luck!
33