- Urinary and systemic alkalizer

PHARMACEUTICAL - antacid
AIDS AND 2. Sodium Bicarbonate
NECESSITIES - aka “baking soda”
- systemic antacid
- Carbonating Agent
I. AKALI METALS
- Side effects:
- Group IA: Alkali Metals
- Systemic alkalosis
- Most reactive metals
- rebound hyperacidity
- Valence: 1
3. Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate
Aka: “fleet enema”
A. HYDROGEN Use: Cathartic
- Aka: “Inflammable air”
- lightest element 4. Sodium Metabisulfite
- water-soluble antioxidant
Isotopes:
a. Protium – most abundant 5. Sodium Carbonate
b. Deuterium – heavy hydrogen Use: Antacid
c. Tritium – radioactive Carbonating Agent

B. LITHIUM 6. Sodium Chloride

- Aka “Earth” Aka: rock salt
- Lightest Metal
table salt
Pharmacologic Action
soler salt
 Depressant
 Diuretic Use: electrolyte replenisher
tonicity adjusting agent
Non- Pharmacologic condiments
 Heat exchanger in aircon preservative

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS 7. Sodium Citrate

1. Lithium Bromide Use: Alkalizer
- depressant Buffer
Diuretic
2. Lithium Carbonate (Lithase) expectorant
- DOC for MANIA shorten the coagulation time
3. Lithium Bromide
- depressant 8. Sodium Fluoride
Use: Anticariogenic (2% soln) – Prevents
C. SODIUM tooth decay
- aka “Natrium”
- present in extracellular fluid 9. Sodium Hydroxide
- For fluid retention (Pharmacologic) Aka: Caustic Soda
Sosa
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS Lye
1. Sodium Acetate
- Diuretic Use: Saponifying agent
 D. POTASSIUM
10. Sodium Phosphite - Aka: kalium
- reducing agent - most abundant and predominant intracellular
cation
11. Sodium Hypochlorite - hypokalemia/ hyperkalemia
Aka: Dakin’s Solution
Chlorox Pharmacologic action
- diuretic
Use: Oxidizing agent - important in muscle contraction
Disinfectant
Bleaching agent IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
1. Potassium Acetate
12. Sodium Iodide Use: Antacid
Use: Expectorant Diuretic
Antifungal Urinary and systemic alkalizer
Iodine solubilizer
2. Potassium Bicarbonate
13. Sodium Lactate Use: systemic antacid
Use: Antacid Carbonating agent
Diuretic Source of bicarbonate ion

14. Sodium Nitrate 3. Potassium bitartrate

Aka: chile salt peter Aka: Cream of tartar
Creamor
Use: Vasodilator
Meat preservation Use: Laxative
Treatment in cyanide poisoning
4. Potassium bromide
15. Sodium sulfate -depressant
Aka: Glauber’s Salt
5. Potassium Carbonate
Use: Cathartic Aka: Potash
Salt of peter
16. Sodium Tartrate Perlash
Use: Primary standard of KFR for
water content determination Use: Antacid
Carbonating agent
17. Sodium Thiocyanate Carbonate source
Use: hypotensive agent
6. Potassium Chlorate
18. Sodium Thiosulfate Use: Oxidizing agent
Aka: Hypochlor Component in toothpaste, gargle,
Photographer’s Hypo and mouthwash

Use: Treatment of Cyanide poisoning 7. Potassium Chloride

with sodium nitrate Use: Electrolyte replenisher
VS in iodometry and (Slow push)
permanganometry
8. Potassium citrate
 - diuretic
- expectorant E. AMMONIUM
- diaphoretic - hypothetical alkali metals

9. Potassium Hydroxide Pharmacologic action:

Aka: caustic potash 1. Diuretic
Lye potash 2. Buffer
3. Expectorant like iodide
Use: saponifying agent for soft soap 4. Anti-cariogenic like fluoride

10. Potassium Iodide

- expectorant IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
- antifungal 1. Ammonium Bromide
- iodine stabilizer - sedative/ depressant

11. Potassium Nitrate 2. Ammonium Carbonate

Aka: Salt peter Aka: sal volatile
Saltire Hartshorn
Salt prunella
Use: expectorant (Ammonium)
Use: Diuretic Antacid (Carbonate)
Meat preservative Respiratory stimulant

12. Potassium Permanganate 3. Ammonium Chloride

Aka: Mineral Chameleon Aka: Muriate of hartshorn

Use: oxidizing agent Use: expectorant

VS in permanganometry Diuretic
Urinary acidifier
13. Potassium Dihydrogen phosphate
Use: Cathartic 4. Mercuric Amido chloride
Aka: white precipitate
14. Potassium Sodium Tartrate
Aka: Rochelle salt Use: Topical anti-infective
Sal signette
5. Ammonium Iodide
Use: Cathartic Use: Source of Iodide
Sequestering agent Expectorant
Antifungal
15. Potassium Thiocyanate
-hypotensive agent 6. Ammonium Acetate
Aka: spirit of mendererus
16. K2Sx.K2S2o3
- Potassium Thiosulfate and Potassium Use: styptic
polysulfide
- sulfurated potash
- Liver of sulfur II. COINAGE METALS
- Can occur in free metal state
- complexes/ chelates
A. Copper IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS (SOLUBLE
- Aka: Cuprum COMPOUNDS
- only reddish metal 1. SILVER NITRATE
- component of hemocyanin and cytochrome Aka: Lapiz infernulariz
oxidase Lunar caustic
Indelible ink
2 important alloys: Caustic pencil
1. Brass (Copper + Zinc)
2. Bronze (Copper + tin) Use: treatment of warts
Eye antiseptic for newborn babies
Pharmacological actions of mother with gonorrhea
1. Protein precipitant
2. Enhances physiological utilization of 2. Silver Diamine nitrate
iron Aka: Howe’s solution
3. Wilson’s disease (Toxicity)
4. Antidote: Penicillamine Use: Dental protective
Desensitizing agent
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
1. Copper Sulfate. 5H2o
Aka: Blue Vitriol and blue stone IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS (INSOLUBLE
COMPOUNDS
Use: Component of Benedict’s, 1. SILVER IODIDE
Barfoed’s and Fehling’s - Poisonous
ingredient -disinfectant
Antidote for phosphorous
poisoning 2. Silver proteinate
Ingredient of Bordeaux mixture A. Mild silver proteinate
as a fungicide Aka: Argyrol
Use: antiseptic for the eye

2. Copper Acetate B. Strong silver proteinate

Aka: Paris Green Aka: Protargol
Use: Insecticide Use: strong germicide for ear and
throat
3. Copper Citrate
- use as astringent in 8% concentration C. Colloidal silver proteinate
Aka: Collargol
Use: general germicide
B. SILVER
- Aka: argentum
Shining, Bright B. GOLD
- Aka: aurum
Pharmacological Action Shining dawn
1. Oligodynamic Property (Germicidal King of all metals
action) -most malleable and ductile
2. Argyria (toxicity) - Best conductor of electricity
3. Antidote: NSS
Dissolved by:
1. Aqua regia (3part HCl and 1 part HNO3) Use: Antacid/ Laxative
2. Selenic Acid
2. Magnesium Hydroxide
Aka: Milk of magnesia
Magnesia magma
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
1. Aurothioglucose (IM) Use: Antacid/ Laxative
- Treatment od Gout and R.A
3. Magnesium Oxide
2. Gold Na Thiomalate (IM) Aka: calcined magnesia
- treatment of Gour and R.A
Use: Laxative
3. Auronofin (PO) Antacid
- treatment of Gout and R.A. Component of universal antidote

II. ALKALINE EARTH METALS 4. Magnesium Trisilicate hydrate

A. Beryllium - antacid
- never employed in medicine because it - Prolong antacid action
is the most toxic metal
- fluorescent lamp 5. Magnesium Sulfate
Aka: Epsom Salt
B. Magnesium
- lights of all structurally important metal Use: Cathartic (PO)
- chlorophyll component Anticonvulsant (IM)
- a compound of Grignard’s reagent Antidote for Boron Toxicity

Natural souces: 6. Hydrated Magnesium Silicate

1. As silicates Aka: Talc
-Talc Soapstone
-Asbestos French chbalk
Softest mineral
2. As Carbonate
- magnesite Use: Filtering agent
-dolomite Clarifying agent
Dusting powder
3. As Sulfate
- kieserite 7. Magnesium Citrate
Aka Lemonada purgante
Pharmacologic Action Purgative lemon
1. Laxative
2. Depressant
3. Natural Ca-channel blocker C. Calcium
- 2nd most abundant cation in
Antidote: Calcium Gluconate extracellular fluid
- Vitamin D is needed for its maximum
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS absorption
1. Magnesium Carbonate
Aka: Magnesia Pharmacologic Action
1. Blood coagulation factor Quicklime
2. Important muscle contraction Calx
3. Important release of neurotransmitter
4. The primary element of bones and Use: Component of Bordeaux
teeth mixture
Insecticide
Deficiency state
1. osteoporosis 9. Calcium Phosphate
2. osteomalacia (adults) - aka Bone ash
3. rickets (immature mammals) - use as antacid
4. hypocalcemia
10. Calcium Oxychloride
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS Aka: Chlorinated lime
1. Calcium Bromide Chloride lime
- sedative
-depressant Use: disinfectant
Bleaching agent
2. Calcium Carbonate
Aka: Precipitated Chalk 11. Calcium sulfate hemihydrate
Pepared chalk Aka: Plaster of paris
Gypsum
Use: Antacid Terra alba
Ingredient od toothpaste
and dentifrices Use: rodenticide
Preparation of surgical
3. Calcium chloride casts and dental impressions
- Aka Muriate of lime
- use as calcium replenisher D. STRONTIUM
Use: Manufacture of flares
4. Calcium Gluconate
- Use as calcium replenisher and IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
Calcium supplement 1. Strontium Chloride
- use as temperature desensitizing
5. Calcium Hydroxide agent (SENSODYNE)
Aka: Slaked Line
Milk of lime E. Barium
- heavy
Use: Antacid - Toxicity: Baritosis
Saponifying agent - Antidote: Epsom Salt

6. Calcium Lactate IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS

- calcium supplement 1. Barium Sulfate
Use: Radiopaque subs used for GIT
7. Calcium hydrogen phosphate imaging
dihydrate
- source of Calcium and phosphate 2. Barium Hydroxide
- use as Carbon Dioxide absorbent
8. Calcium Oxide
Aka: lime F. Radon
 - Marie Curie Antiseptic
- Radioactive Element use for:
1. Cancer Radiotherapy 5. Zinc Sulfate + 7H2O
2. Diagnostic purpose Aka: White Vitriol
III. VOLATILVE METALS
A. ZINC Use: Emetic
- present in insulin Astringent
Preparation of white
Pharmacologic Action lotion
1. Antiseptic
2. Astringent
3. Antiperspirant 6. Hydrated Zinc Silicate
4. Protectant Aka: Natural calamine
Use: Topical protectant
Other uses:
1. Container of batteries 7. Zinc- eugenol cement
2. Protective coating of galvanized - dental protective
iron

Deficiency: Parakeratosis
Antidote: Sodium Bicabonate B. CADMIUM
- astringent
- manufacture of stink bomb
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
1. Zinc Chloride Poisoning: itai-itai disease
Aka: Burnett’s Disinfectant Fluid
Antidote: BAL ( British anti-lewisite)
Use: disinfectant/ antiseptic or Dimercaprol
Dentin desensitizer
Corrosive IMPORTANT COMPOUND
1. Cadmium Chloride
2. Zinc peroxide - Emetic
Aka: Zinc White - treatment of Tinea infection
Lassar’s paste
2. Cadmium Sulfide
Use: Antiseptic Aka: yellow sulfide
Astringent Use: anti-seborrheic
Topical protectant
3. Cadmium Sulfate
- ophthalmic antiseptic
3. Zinc Oxide
- antiseptic C. MERCURY
Aka: Quicksilver
4. Zinc Sulfide Messenger of Gods
Aka: White lotion
White sulsife Use: diuretic
Antiseptic
Use: parasiticide Treatment of syphilis
Topical protectant Cathartic
 Parasiticidal/ fungicidal Use: buffer (Ophthalmic soln
2%)
Industrial use: thermometer Antiseptic
Amalgams (Dental Tonicity adjusting agent
Cement)
2. Na2B4O7. 10H2O
Disease: Minamata Aka: Borax
Na tetraborate
Antidote: EDTA Dobelle’s solution

Use: antiseptic
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS Eye wash
Wet dressing for wounds
1. Hg2Cl2
Aka: Calomel B. Aluminum
Use: Cathartic - most abundant metal
Local antiseptic - 3rd most abundant element

2. HgCl2 Pharmacologic use:

Aka: Corrosive sublimate -astringent
Use: disinfectant - aluminum foil used for burn
patients
3. HgI
- treatment of syphilis IMPORTANT COMOUNDS
1. ALCL3 . 6H2O
4. HgI2 - Astringent
- stimulant of indolent ulcers - antiseptic
- antiperspirant/ deodorant
5. K2HgI4
- antiseptic 2. Alum
- component of Mayer’s reagent - [AlNH4(SO4)2 . 12H2O] –
NH4 salt
6. HgNH2Cl - [AlK(SO4)2 . 12H2O] – k salt
Aka: White precipitate - used as astringent
Use: topical antiseptic
3. Aluminum Hydroxide
7. HgO - amphogel/ cremalin gel
Aka: yellow precipitate - used as antacid
Use: ophthalmic anti-infective - used as protectant
- causes constipation
IV. BORON GROUP
A. Boron 4. Aluminum Phosphate
- industrial use in vulcanizing rubber - phosphagel
- used as antacid, astringent, and
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS demulcent
1. H3BO3
Aka: sal sativum 5. Al2(CO3)3
Toxicity: lobster appearance - use for the treatment of
phosphatic calculci
 Treatment: 100% O2
Artificial air (He
6. Al2O3 80%, O2 20%)
Aka: Alumina Hyperbaric O2
Use: treatment of silicosis

7. Aluminum Silicate B. SILICON

a. Kaolin
Aka: China clay, native
hydrated aluminum silicate
Use: adsorbent in diarrhea
b. Bentonite
Aka: soap clay, mineral soap,
native colloidal hydrated
magnesium silicate
Use: suspending agent
c. Pumice
- volcanic origin and used as
dental abrasive
C. Gallium
- substitute for mercury
manufacture of arc lamps
- 2nd most abundant element
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
1. SiO2 - Silicosis (Toxicity)
2. Glass: Na2CO3 + pure silica
3. Kaolin – adsorbent
4. Purified siliceous earth –
absorbent
5. Bentonite – suspending agent
6. Talc – clarifying and dusting
agent
7. Attapulgite
Aka: Polymagma
Diatabs
Quintess
in
- use as adsorbent

8. Simethicone
V. CARBON GROUP - Polymeric dimethyl siloxane
A. CARBON - antiflatulent
- Crystalline = graphite, diamond
- Amorphous = coal, anthracite

C. TIN
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS - stannum
1. Carbon Dioxide - preparation of tin cans
- treatment of acne, warts. Corns,
calluses, eczema IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
1. SnF2
2. Carbon trioxide - anticariogenic
- use as antacid for effervescent
tablets 2. SnO2
- germicide
3. Carbon Monoxide
- 210x greater affinity to hemoglobin
than oxygen leading to asphyxia then D. LEAD
death - plumbum
- astringent
 - protein protectant - Most abundant gas in air: 71% N2,
Poisoning: Plumbism 29% O2
Antidote: EDTA
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
Sources of Poisoning 1. N2
1. Lead pipes - very stable
2. Paints - since stable, used as INERT
3. Batteries atmosphere for readily oxidizable
substance
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
1. Pb(CH3COO)2 - LIQUID N2 = used as
- Aka: sugar of lead refrigerant in a black container
- Use: astringent
2. Nitrous Oxide
2. Pb2(CH3COO) - Aka: laughing gas
- aka: Goulard’s extract - Use: inhalational anesthetic
- use: Astringent/ antiseptic - S/E: diffusion hypoxia
- black container
3. PbO
- Litharge (Common Name) 3. Nitrous Dioxide
- vasodilator
- for cyanide poisoning

VI. TITANIUM/ ZIRCONIUM 4. Nitrous trioxide

A. TITANIUM - preservative
- Aka: Titan/ sons of the earth
- Use: powerful reducing agent 5. Aromatic ammonia spirit
Aka: spirit of hartshorn, spirit of
IMPORTANT COMPOUND sal volatile
1. Titanium Oxide - use as respiratory stimulant
- Opacifying agent: Ocusert
- UV ray protectant: TiO2 reflects
UV B. Phosphorous
- Aka: light carrier, St. Elmo’s fire
B. ZIRCONIUM - White (Poisonous)
- same with aluminum but banned - Red (Non-poisonous)
due to granuloma formation
IMPORANT COMPOUND
- Former official compounds are 1. Phosphate
oxide and carbonate. Both used as - antacid and cathartic
antiperspirant and for athletes foot
C. ARSENIC
- Aka: LEWISITE METAL
- use as insecticide (Copper Aceto
VIi. NITROGEN GROUP Arsenate or Paris Green)
A. NITROGEN - Antidote (BAL)
- Aka: Mephitic air, azote, without
life IMPORANT COMPOUNDS
1. As2O3
 - insecticide/ anti-leukemic - Aka: brimstone, shubari, enemy
of copper
2. AsI3 - used in preparation of scabicidal
- primary standard in the and keratolytic ointment or lotion
preparation of ceric sulfate - stimulant cathartic
D. LEAD - depilatory agent
- expectorant - antidandruff
- emetic
- anti-helminthic C. SELENIUM
- Aka: Selena, Moon
IMPORTANT COMPOUND - essential trace element
1. SbKOC4H4O6 - Promotes absorption of Vitamin E.
Aka: tartar emetic, brown mixture - antioxidant

- emetic 1. Selenium Sulfide

- Tx of schistosomiasis - Selsun blue (aka)
- anti dandruff

E. BISMUTH X. CHROMIUM/ MOLYBDENUM/

- Aka: beautiful meadow URANIUM
- Use: Astringent A. CHROMIUM
Antiseptic - essential trace elements
Internal protective for - glucose tolerance factor
ulcer - Deficiency: hyperglycemia

- Cause: Dark stool IMPORTANT COMPOUND

Blue-black gums 1. K2Cr2O7
- oxidizing agent
- Antidote: BAL/ Dimercaprol

VIi. TANTALUM B. MOLYBDENUM

- not affected by any body fluid, - essential trace elements
therefore inert in out body - Co- factor enzyme
- sheet form use in repair of bones, nerve
and tissue IMPORTANT COMPOUND
1. Molybdenum Oxide
IX. CHALCOGENS + Ferrous Sulfate – hematinic
A. OXYGEN Brand name: MOL-IRON
- Aka: empyreal air,
dephlogisticated air, “yne: C. URANIUM
- most abundant element - discovered by Becquerel
- use in the treatment of asphyxia and - radioactive element used for
hypoxia manufacture of atomic bombs
- container in green - no pharmaceutical use

XI. HALOGENS
B. SULFURE A. FLUORINE
- strongest oxidizing agent
 - Poisoning: Fluorosis 1. Strong iodine solution (Lugols
Solution)
Principal manifestation 2. Iodine Tincture (Disinfectant)
1. Mottled enamel 3. Povidone-Iodine (betadine)
2. Abnormal bone growth
E. ASTATINE
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS - only metallic
1. Sodium Fluoride - only synthetic halogen
- anti cariogenic at 2% soln. - only radiactive halogen

2. Tin Fluoride
- Anti cariogenic at 8% soln. XII. MANGANESE/ TECHNECIUM
A. MANGANESE
B. CHLORINE Co factor in:
- aka: dephlogisticated muriatic acid 1. Protein synthesis
- Most abundant extraceullular anion 2. Phosphorylation
- used as water disinfectant 3. Fatty acid and cholesterol
synthesis
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
1. Hypochlorite (Na,K) Poisoning: Parkinson-like
- bleaching agent
1. Potassium Permanganate
2. Hydrochloric Acid - Aka: mineral chameleon
- treatment for achlorhydria - use: as oxidizing agent and an
antiseptic
C. BROMINE
- dark reddish brown fuming liquid B. TECHNECIUM
with suffocating odor - first element produced artificially
- used in preparation of
- sedative/ depressant radiopharmaceuticals
-Poisoning: brominism
XIII. NOBLE GASES
Principal Manifestation A. HELIUM
1. Skin eruption - second lightest gas
2. Psychosis - toxicity (inhalation): Donald duck-
3. Weakness like sound
4. Headache - container: brown

Anridote: NaCl/ Ammonium B. NEON

Chloride - for advertising

D. IODINE C. ARGON
- expectorant - most abundant noble gas
- anti fungal - substituent for N2 in providing inert
atmosphere.
- Deficiency: goiter
D. KRYPTON
Elemental iodine preparation - least abundant of all noble gas
- have inhalational anesthetic activity
 E. XENON 5. Ferric Chloride
- Investigational with inhalational Use: astringent
anesthetic activity Styptic
Detection of tannins
F. RADON
- Aka: Niton 6. Ferric Ferrocyanide
- synthetic noble gas - Prussian Blue
- Used for the treatment of CA
(Cervical CA) 7. Ferrous Ferricyanide
- turn bull’s blue

XIV. IRON XV. OTHER METALS

PRESENT IN PROTEINS A. COBALT
1. Hemoglobin - essential in development of
2. Transferrin erythrocyte and hemoglobin
3. Ferritin
4. Cytochrome oxidase - Component of vitamin B12
- Deficiency: Megaloblastic Anemia
ENHANCE ABSORPTION OF
1. Vitamin C 1. Copper Chloride
2. Copper Aka: lover’s ink/ sympathetic ink

TOXICITY Use: desiccator indicator

1. GI distress
2. Cardiac collapse B. NICKEL
Aka: old nick’s copper
Use- Hematinic Fossil fuel
Antidote- Deferoxamine
C. OSMIUM
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS - heaviest/ densest metal
1. Ferrous Sulfate
Aka: green vitriol IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
Use: hematinic 1. Osmic Acid
S/E: constipation 2. Osmium Tetroxide
- both used in staining
2. Ferrous gluconate microorganism for microscopic
Brand name: FERGON study especially in electron
Adv: less irritating microcopy

3. Ferrous Fumarate D. PLATINUM AND PALLADIUM

Brand name: TOLERON - Catalyst in finely divide steel

4. Ferrous Carbonate
Aka: Chalybeate pills
Ferruginous pills
Use: hematinic XVI. DIMERCAPROL
Aka: British Antilewisite (BAL)

Use: Use to treat acute poisoning

By Arsenic, Mercury, Lead, and Gold.