From Francisco (Module 1 and 2)

Fuel - is any substance or combustible material that by rapid oxidation or

burning produces heat and light.

Fossil fuels - are fuels that originate from the earth as a result of the slow
decomposition and chemical conversion of organic material.

Synthetic fuels - or synfuels, the new combustible-fuel-options, are liquid

or gaseous fuels derived largely from coal, oil shale, and tar sands.

The Different Types of Fuels

• Solid Fuels
• Liquid Fuels
• Gaseous Fuels
Gasoline – Octane - 8 18

Diesel – Hexadecadene - 16 32

Fuel oil – Dodecane - 12 26

Methane - 4

Propane - 3 8

Ethane - 2 6

Acetylene - 2 2

Ethylene - 2 4

Octane - 8 18

Benzene - 6 6

Heptane - 7 16

Crude oil - is the term used from the raw petroleum as it comes from the
oil wells. Classification of Crude oil

• Paraffin Base
• Napthenic Base
• Mixed Base
1
Coke - typically used in blast furnaces, is produced by heating coal in the absence of
oxygen; It is the solid substance remaining after the partial burning of coal in an even
or after distillation properties.
Density – the mass per unit volume of the fuel
Hydrometer - an instrument used for determination of SG
Coefficient of Volumetric Expansion – a coefficient used in oil purchasing and storage,
since oil is bought by volume usually expressed in terms of 42-gallons barrels.
Viscosity – property of Diesel fuel used to measure its resistance to flow.
Kinematic Viscosity – the ratio of absolute viscosity to that of the density.
Saybolt Viscosimeter – an instrument used to measure viscosity of oil in Saybolt
Universal
Heating Value – also called as Calorific Value, refers to the heat content of the fuel
in a unit mass.
An instrument or apparatus used to determine the heating value of a fuel is known as
Bomb or Sergent Calorimeter.
Higher Heating Value (HHV) - is the heating value obtained when the moisture or
water in the product of combustion is in the liquid condition.
Lower Heating Value (LHV) - is the heating value obtained when the moisture or
water in the product of combustion is in the vapor condition.
Flash Point and Fire Point – the temperature at which oil vapor flashes or burns
steadily; used in relation to ignition and storage hazards of oil.
Pour point – the lowest temperature at which oil flows; used in pumping and flow of
oils.
Color - is sometime specified on the basis that good color indicates clean fresh stock
of satisfactory volatility.
Purity - Although oils is a relatively pure fuel it may contain some sediment and
water, ash, or sulfur, all of which are undesirable impurities and are limited to low
permissible amounts in specifications.
Sulfur Content – in weight percentage; useful with reference to corrosion of plant
equipment.
Moisture and Sediment – in weight or volume percentage; useful in firing of oil.
Specific Heat – varies with temperature but for usual values is about 0.4 to 0.5
Btu/lb-F; used in heating problems.
Carbon Residue – test indicating carbon forming characteristics of oil; used in oil
burning.
Coal – is a solid fuel which is a mixture of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
sulfur, ash, and moisture. It is believed that the coal once existed primarily as
vegetable matter; It is a general term that encompasses a large number of solid
organic minerals with widely differing compositions of properties, although all are
essentially rich in amorphous (without regular structure) elemental carbon.
Coal has these components distributed throughout its mass:
• Coal substance consists of many organic compounds by carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen from original vegetable matter.
• The mineral matter to some extent was in the original vegetable fibers.
• The moisture content of coals, often called “mechanical moisture”, means water
retained by coal.
Anthracite coal - The highest grade of coal
Graphite is a moderately soft allotropic form of carbon.
Semi-anthracite coal - Not used commercially as steam coal
Semi-bituminous coal - Highest grade of bituminous coal
Bituminous coal - Soft and with high percentage of volatile matter
Sub-bituminous coal - Sometimes known as black lignites
Lignites coal - The transition state between peat and the sub-bituminous grade
Coal substance – part of coal consisting of organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen that are derived from the original vegetable.
Mineral Matter- composed of inorganic compounds which to some extent with in
the original wood.
Moisture Content – referred to as mechanical moisture and means water as such
retained by the coal.
2
Heating Value or Calorific Value – the equivalent heat content in a unit mass fuel;
determined either by calorimetric measurement or by Dulong’s formula
Ash-fusion temperature – refers to fluid temperature
Grindability – indicates the case with which a coal maybe pulverized.
Coking – refers to the ability of the coal, when heated, to evolve volatile matter.
“As- received Basis” - useful for combustion calculations
“Moisture-Free-Basis” - avoids variation of the moisture content even in the same
shipment and certainly in the different stages of pulverization.
“Dry Mineral-Matter-Free Basis” - circumvents the problem of the ash contents
not being the same as the mineral matter in coal.
Proximate Analysis - This is the easier of the two types of coal analysis and the one
which, supplied readily meaningful information for coal’s use in the steam generators.
Fixed Carbon - It is the elemental carbon that exists in coal.
Volatile Matter - It is that portion of coal, other than water vapor, which is driven
off when the sample is heated in the pre absence of oxygen in a standard test.
Moisture - it is determined by a standard procedure of drying in an oven.
Ash - it is the inorganic salts contained in coal.
Sulfur - It is determined separately in a standard test.
Ultimate Analysis - It is a special type of gravimetric analysis in which the
constituents are reported by atomic species rather than by compound.
C – Carbon
H – Hydrogen
O – Oxygen
N – Nitrogen
S - Sulfur
A – Ash
W – Moisture
Combustion - is the rapid chemical union with oxygen of an element in which the
exothermic heat of reaction is sufficiently great and the rate of reaction is sufficiently
fast that useful quantities of heat are liberated at elevated temperature.
Straight oils are oils produced entirely from the crude chosen entirely through
elimination of undesired constituents by refining process.
Additive oils are oils produced by adding to straight mineral oils; certain oil are
soluble compounds that enhance the lubricating oil properties for use in Diesel
engines.
Proximate analysis – composition of fuel that gives on mass basis the relative
amount of volatile matter, fixed carbon, moisture and ash.
Fuel is any substance or combustible material that by rapid oxidation or burning
produces heat and light. An example of a fuel is coal or gasoline.
Steam Generator is a combination of apparatus for producing, furnishing, or
recovering heat, together with apparatus for transforming to a working fluid the heat
thus available.
Types of Boiler
• Fire-tube boilers – are those having the heat gases of combustion inside the tubes.
• Water-tube-Boilers – are those having the hot gases of combustion outside the
tubes.
Dryness Factor (or fraction) or Quality of steam – refers to the amount of steam in
the mixture of water and steam at the riser.
Top Dryness Factor – applies to the mixture leaving the tubes.
Boiler Performance – the measure of boiler heat output.
Steam Generator Heat Balance - The fuel supplied to a furnace when completely
burned releases its heating value.
Useful Energy - Energy Absorbed by the steam generator fluid
Steam Generator - is a combination of apparatus for producing, furnishing, or
recovering heat, together with apparatus for transforming to a working fluid the heat
thus available.
The two types of boilers are fire tube boiler and water-tube boiler.
3
Paraffin Base - A crude oil containing paraffin wax but very few asphaltic materials. Classification of Boilers:

Naphthenic Base - Naphthenic base oils, have unique characteristics that make them • Water tube boiler – is a steam boiler in which water circulates within tubes and
well suited for use in specialized applications and environments. Also known as pale heat is applied from outside the tubes to generate steam.
oil, naphthenic base oils contain much less wax than a comparable paraffinic base oil, • Fire tube boiler – is a steam boiler in which hot gaseous products of
which gives them much better low temperature pour points in addition to higher combustion pass through tubes surrounded by boiler water.
solvency performance. 2
Power boiler – is a closed vessel in which steam or other vapor (to be used externally to itself) is generated at a pressure of more than 1.055 / gage
by the direct application of heat.
Mixed Base - Mixture of Paraffin and Naphthenic Base
Portable boiler – is an internally fired boiler which is self-contained and primarily
Natural gas - The gaseous hydrocarbons are usually associated with liquid intended or temporary location and the construction and usage is obviously portable.
petroleum, either standing above the liquid in the earth or dissolved in it.
Locomotive boiler – is a boiler mounted on a self-propelled track locomotive and
Gasoline - Liquid petroleum fuel intended for use in spark ignition engines. Specific used to furnish motivating power travelling on rails.
gravity is 0.70 to 0.78
Miniature boiler – is any boiler which does not exceed any of the following limits: 405 mm inside diameter, 1,065 mm overall
2
length of outside to outside of heads at center 1.85 mm of water heating surface, 7.03 / maximum allowable working
Kerosene - The next fraction heavier than gasoline. Intended for use in lamps, pressure.

heaters, stoves, and similar appliances. Low pressure heating boiler – is a boiler operated at pressure not exceeding 1.055 / 2
gage steam, or water temperature not exceeding 121°C.

Distillate - Slightly heavier than kerosene. Hot water supply boiler – is a boiler furnishing hot water to be used externally to
itself.
Diesel Fuel - Petroleum fractions that lie between kerosene and lubricating oils.
Unfired pressure vessel – is a vessel in which pressure is obtained from an external
Fuel oils - Covers a wide range of specific gravity. sources or from an indirect application of heat.

Lubricating oils - Made up in part from heavy distillates of petroleum and in part Reinstalled boiler – is a boiler removed from its original setting and re-erected at
from residual oil, that is, oils remaining after distillation. the same location or erected at location without change of ownership.
Aliphatic hydrocarbons form straight chains, alicyclic hydrocarbons form rings of carbon atoms and aromatic hydrocarbons contain a
special structure called a benzene ring ( 6 6) Second hand boiler – is a boiler of which both the location and ownership have
been changed after primary use.
Alkanes have only single bonds between carbon atoms.
Condemed boiler – is a boiler that has been inspected and declared unsafe to
Alkenes contain at least one double bond between a pair of carbon atoms.
operate or disqualified stamped and marked indicating its rejection by qualified
Alkynes have at least one triple bond between carbon atoms. inspecting authority.

Sewage-Sludge Gas - Obtained from sewage disposal plants Air preheater – is a heat exchanger which utilizes the heat of the flue gases to
preheat the air needed for combustion.
From Prime

Steam Generator or Steam Boiler – is an integrated assembly of several essential 4

components the function of which is to produce steam at a predetermined pressure
and temperature.
 Boiler heating surface – is the total area in 2 through which the heated water and hot gases exchange heat.
Baffles – a device that direct the flow of the hot gases to effect efficient heat transger
between the hot gases and the heated water. 2
Rated boiler horsepower – is the manufacturer’s rating equivalent to the heating surface in divided by 0.91 for water tube and 1.1 for fire tube.

Developed boiler horsepower – is the actual heat absorption divided to 35,322.

Blowdown valve – is a valve through which the impurities that settle in the mud
drum are removed.
Breaching – is a duct that connects the boiler and chimney.
Burner – is the combustion equipment for firing liquid and gaseous fuels.
Draft Fans (Induced Draft and Forced Draft) – are devices used to supply air
Percent rating – is the ratio of the developd boiler horsepower to the rated boiler
horsepower.
ASME Evaporation units – is the heat output of the boiler or the rate at which heat
is transformed.
Factor of evaporation – is the actual heat absorption per kg of steam generated divided by 2257 (ℎ from and at 100°C).

needed for the combustion and create the draft required for the flow of gases in the
boiler. Equivalent Evaporation – is the product of the rate of vaporation of steam and
factor of evaporation.
Economizer – is a feed water preheating device which utilizes the heat of the flue
gases. Actual specific evaporation or boiler economy – is the ratio of the mass of steam
to the mass of fuel.
Feed water heater – is the preheating device which utilizes steam mixed and the
feed water. Equivalent specific evaporation – is the product of the actual specific evaporation
and the factor of evaporation.
Feed water pump – is a device used to deliver water into the boiler.
Boiler efficiency or overall thermal efficiency – is the measure of ability of a boiler
Furnace – is a device that encloses the combustion equipment so that the heat steam generator to transfer the heat given it by the furnace to the water and steam.
generated will be used effectively.
Net boiler efficiency – is the boiler efficiency less the energy consume by accessories.
Fusible plug – is a metal plug with a definite melting point through which the steam is
released in case of excessive temperature which is usually caused by low water level.

Gage glass (water column) – a device that indicated the water level existing in the
boiler.

Pressure gage – is a device that indicates the pressure of the steam in the boiler.

Safety valve – is a safety device which automatically releases the steam in case of
over pressure.

Soot blower – is a device which uses steam or compressed air to remove the soot
that has accumulated in the boiler tubes and drums.

Temperature gage – is a device that indicates the temperature of the steam in the
boiler.
5
Water walls – are water tubes installed in the furnace to protect the furnace against
high temperature and also serve as extension of hat transfer area for the feed water.

Heat supplied by fuel – heat generated by the fuel.