Aguila, John David C.

Nano is a prefix used in the metric scale to

represent one billionth. Nano comes from the Greek
word for dwarf, so in combination with technology,
it becomes dwarf technology. People refer to
nanotechnology as “tiny tech” or “nanotech”.

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 ELECTRONICS
Single electron transistor
(SET), spin valves and
magnetic tunnel junctions
(MT)s are based on
nanotechnology. Flat-panel
television or computer
monitors are products of
nanotechnology.
AUTOMOBILES
Car paints/coatings using
nanoparticle are being used
to provide smooth, thin
attractive coatings that are
scratch resistant, can repel
dirt and are anti-reflective.
Titania is able to dissociate
organic dust in the presence
of UV light available in
sunlight.
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ENERGY
Carbon nanomaterial
(CNM) has been used in
improving the efficacy of
lithium secondary
batteries, supercapacitors
and in hydrogen storage.
AGRICULTURE AND
FOOD
Controlled delivery of
functional molecules. As a
diagnostic tool for disease
detection.
ENVIRONMENT
Use of nanomaterials as
hydrogen storage or efficient
oil filters may reduce
pollution from vehicles.
Efficient nanomaterials are
lightweight and needed only
in small quantities.
Nanomaterials-based
sensors would be smart
sensors, i.e., they will be able
to detect and rectify
problems.
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DIAGNOSTICS AND
THERAPEUTICS
Nanomedicine researchers are
looking at ways that nanotechnology
can improve vaccines. Commercial
applications have adapted gold
nanoparticles. Nanotechnology is
being studied for both the diagnosis
and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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INDUSTRIES
Semiconductors and magnetic
nanostructures have found maximum
use in industries. Another area being
concentrated on by industries is
molecular electronics, such as for
liquid crystal displays. Industries are
involved in developing and producing
nanomaterials to obtain nano
bioproducts.
COSMETICS
Nanoliposomes are used as vesicular
delivery systems. Solid lipid
nanoparticles (SLNs) are nm-sized
particles with a solid lipid matrix.
Dendrimers were used in a formula
patented by L’Oreal that forms a thin
film when deposited on a substrate.
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TEXTILES
Special threads and dyes used in the
textile industry are products of
nanotechnology. Use of silver (Ag)
nanoparticles in washing machines
remove the germs from clothes while
washing. Masks made of fabrics
coated with nanoparticles for
protection against microbes are
already on the market.
DOMESTIC
APPLIANCES
Nanoporous aerogel insulator is
excellent for insulating walls. Flame-
retardant furniture coatings are on
the market which are synthesized
carbon nanofibers. Fishing rods are
made stronger and lighter using silica
nanoparticles to fill spaces between
carbon fibers.
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 • Many applications of nanotechnology benefits the environment, for example,
treating drinking water, eliminating toxic chemicals, increasing water and
energy efficiency, and harnessing cleaner energy technologies.

• By way of example, in a hospital environment, it is very important to keep

surfaces sanitary and free from contamination, and many cleaning equipment
or washing floors and surfaces to help prevent the spread of germs. Anytime,
chemicals are washed away with water or flushed down the drain, they are
released into the environment.

• Triclosan, commonly found in antimicrobial soaps and cleaning products, is

among many consumer-used chemicals found in the river and drinking water
sources.

• Antimicrobial resistance is a big problem because bacteria are no longer

susceptible to the treatments developed to kill them, and outbreaks can occur
that cannot be managed.

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• Nanotechnology has been identified as one of
the priority areas of research identified by the
Department of Science and Technology-
Philippine Council for Advanced Science and
Technology Research and Development (DOST-
PCASTRD).
• PCASTRD’s mandate is to develop, integrate,
and coordinate national research.
• In the area of agriculture, funded nano
projects include rapid and early pest and
pathogen detection; precision agriculture –
monitoring of agricultural growth parameters;
and post-harvest quality monitoring, nano -
sized feedstock, nano -sized
fertilizers/nutrients, and pesticides.
• Research into nanocomposite films and
membranes aims to extend the shelf-life of
fresh and processed produce, aid the
clarification of juices, and improve whey
protein production.
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The increasing number of engineered
RISKS nanomaterials and nanoproducts
gives rise to increasing breadth and
extent of the potential risks posed to
human health and the environment.
• If the artifact incorporates computing and
GENETICS/ sensing element, say for the controlled
MEDICINE/ deliver y of a drug, additional risks arise for
HEALTHCARE the patient if these elements should
malfunction.
• The security and safety of a person is a
problematic issue, since it will be difficult
initially to detect the presence of nanosize
artifacts that are capable of breaching
security and harming the individual.
• The general problem with composite materials
MATERIALS/
COMPOSITES is that they are more difficult to recycle and
consume more energy during recycling than
pure materials.
• In the manufacturing area, many processes
will need to be redesigned to embody new
principles, particularly relating to
containment of active or waste products.
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• Education and training in nanotechnology
require special laboratory facilities that can be
quite expensive.

• To address these demands of the global

marketplace, a skilled workforce is required that
can move from industry to industry without
retraining.

• To develop this workforce, new interdisciplinary

educational programs need to be developed and
revised.

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 These issues include the economic value of a new materials and new
industries created through nanotechnology, as well as economic
dislocations caused by shifts in investment and the decline of industries and
companies tied to displaced technologies. Other implications might include
increased lifespans made possible through nano-based medicines or
diagnostic techniques, leading to greater numbers of active senior citizens
seeking employment and active participation in the political process.

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 Even though there are currently relatively few products, industries, and
workers involved in nanotechnology compared to other industries, it appears
clear that this technology is high tech and highly sophisticated, which
deepens the trend to reducing workforces and automating the processes of
production and services – a trend which began with the microelectric
revolution and resulted in a dramatic reduction of employment in many
sectors of the economy.

Nanotechnology products that are already on the market allow us to identify

three common characteristics: the products have multiple functions that
previously required more than one product (multifunctional), the products
remain useful longer, and the products use fewer raw materials.

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 The list of social, ethical, legal and cultural implications includes such
issues as privacy, avoiding a ‘nano-divide’, unintended consequences,
university/industry relationships and potential conflicts of interest, research
ethics, and so on. It is widely acknowledged that, precisely because the
applications of nanotechnology are not yet clear, neither are the ethical
issues clear. And yet, many argue, the nano community must begin to
address these issues now, before they overwhelm nanotechnology and derail
potential benefits.

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The genes in the body’s cells
play an important role in
your health – indeed, a
defective gene or genes can
make someone sick.
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Cells are the basic building
blocks of all living things.
Sometimes the whole or
part of a gene is defective or
missing from birth, or a gene
can change or mutate
during adult life.
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In order to insert new genes
directly into cells, scientists
use a vehicle called a
“vector” which is genetically
engineered to deliver the
gene.
In gene therapy that is used
to modify cells outside the
body, blood, bone marrow,
or another tissue can be
taken from the patient, and
specific types of cells can
be separated out in the lab.
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 1 2 3 4

GENE GENE TRANSFER GENE TRANSFER TO THE ADOPTION OF THE

MOST APPROPRIATE
MODIFICATION METHOD SPECIFIC CELL LINE GENETIC ENGINEERING

• Replacement treatment There are 3 physical, This line is divided into Other forms of genetic
• Modifier gene therapy chemical, and biological 2 general categories of engineering include gene
targeting and the
• Adjustment of the methods of gene somatic gene therapy,
elimination of specific
expression of a specific transfer. and sex cell gene genes through nuclease
gene therapy. engineering

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 A stem cell therapy is any treatment that uses stem cells as the primary way of curing or reducing the severity of a
disease or disorder. There are two main ways stem cells can be used:

1 2
as a transplant, where the desired as a target for a drug or other
stem cells are harvested either biologic where the drug or
from the patient or a donor and biologic is intended to activate
refined or modified in some way
a desired response from the
before being injected or grafted
stem cells that already exist in
into the patient.
the patient’s tissues or organs.

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