Internship Report on Housing Development Project

INTERNSHIP FINAL REPORT
CHAPTER ONE
1. BACKGROUND OF ORGANIZATION
Introduction
The housing shortage is among one of the most critical problems of the Harari Regional State. As
per the study of Regional Government there is a shortage of 10000 houses. In addition to this the
quality of the available housing was very low.
The state of housing situation therefore impels the strong intervention to expand construction
and create capacity in this area .In addition to shortage of housing, the high rate of unemployment,
the low level of the construction sector, and etc. lie among the most critical problems of the
Region.
Therefore, the Harari Regional State has been drafted a strategy to avail land to housing
cooperatives, individual house builders and real estate developers. To this effect Harari Housing
Development Project Office [HHDPO] were established by the proclamation number 56/1998 of
the Harari Regional State. Its mission is to oversee the construction of 8,140 houses, and execute
the goals set for the coming 4-5 years. It has an organisational structure that corresponds to its
major tasks. Based upon these broad missions for the five years, justification, overall objective,
goals, major targets and principles regarding house transfer and its executions are stated as
follows.
1. Background Housing Development Project

Project office
office
1.1 Overview of the company
1.11 Vision
The vision of this project is to make a real difference to peoples’ lives by promoting sustainable
communities. By:
Promoting good practice in housing management, and

Supporting the delivery of quality housing in well-designed neighborhoods.
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1.1.
1.1.2 Mission
Play a significant role in the construction sector.

Increase its organizational strength by recruiting professionals, who will have at their
disposal advanced, state of the art machineries.
Take an active part in the nation’s real estate development thus ensuring maximum
customer satisfaction.
To solve the housing problem of the region, to create essential conditions that enable
the construction of houses in the existing parts of the region and in expansion areas.
Reduce unemployment problems and improve income of the residents based on the
government’s housing development program; in particular expand micro and small
enterprises in metal and woodwork and in the production of construction materials
sectors and etc. with a view of expanding employment and improving income.
1.1.3 Overall Objective of the Organization
1. Step by step solve the deteriorating accommodation problem in the city and improve
the city residents’ living standard.
2. Renew and upgrade the slum areas and decaying parts of the city.
3. Reduce unemployment problems and improve income of the residents based on the
government’s housing development program; in particular expand micro and small
enterprises in metal and woodwork and in the production of construction materials
sectors and etc. with a view of expanding employment and improving income.
4. Strengthen the construction industry and improve the vocational training systems.
5. Ensure fair wealth creation and distribution by constructing houses for low-income
households and ensuring tenure security.
1.2 Main products and service of the company

1.2.1 Features and facilities of modern cultural houses
In achieving an attractive appearance and comfortable floor plan, combines

traditional and the best of today’s design.
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The master suite has a study/bath, dressing and outer balcony.

The opening through the kitchen to the back yard provides a convenient pass
through for the service rooms.
Terrace on the top of traditional room provides extra recreation area.
The design compact, so that lot size can be controlled
Having three and more than three different bed room.
1.2.2 Features and Facilities of Modern Meeting Hall Center
Meeting Hall center having the best today design
It’s have VIP member sitting area at the top.
It is accommodate more than 80 parliament member.
It use for improve political system of the city.
It has basement use for storing material.
1.2.3 Features and Facilities of Modern Recreation Center
Recreation center having the best today design
It has sport court use for valley ball and basketball.
It has green area at the center of recreation area and terrace on the top.
It has basement use for steam bath and storing material.
1.3 Main customers/the end user of the company’s products
Government employers, rich farmer’s tenants of kebele houses

Households to be relocated from renewal areas
City residents who have a capacity to repay the cost of the houses.
one who is temporarily residing out of harari region on account of business, a study
or others (Most of all Diasporas included)
The applicant age must be Over 18years
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CHAPTER TWO
2. MANAGEMENT, TRAINING AND EMPLOYS

2.1. How we gotten in to the company
Firstly, Madda Walabu University prepare a letter internship placement and given to the student
through our department after the completion of second semester of third year class schedule.
Taking the request letter, we have asked different construction companies and organization. All
these companies and organization which we asked were not allowed us to take part in their
organizations. But Harari 0housing development and government construction agency, accept
our request and give us confirmation. After the completion of first semester of fourth year we
have started our internship practice by attending in Harari housing development and government
construction agency.
Then we made a contact with General Manager of Harari housing development and government
construction agency and he had written a letter for us, to do our practical attachment (internship)
In Harari housing development and government construction agency. Next day we went site and
introduced to site engineer, site Forman and staff members. . After they oriented us about the
site and work tasks we officially started our internship practice.
2.2 Section of the company we have been working in
In the company we were assigned in the construction section which is responsible for supervision.
The construction section consists of a construction Engineer who is head of the construction
section. It also consists of site Engineer, surveyor, Forman, operators, sub store time keeper &
sub contract workers.
2.2.1 Main parties in construction project
I. (owner - it may be individual, government like our case, real-estate developers etc.
Client (owner)
They are the most important party who is active from inception to completion with duty of
Availability and cost of land

Location and accessibility
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Price
Required infrastructure
Legal constraint
Site preparation (right of way)
II. Consultant- the main role of the consultant is to interpret the client’s project requirement
in to a specific design.
The consultant team shall,
Ascertain, interpret and formulate the client’s requirement in to understandable project
Assess client’s cost limit to decide on materials & the like

Prepare contract document
Supervise the project and constantly inform the client on the progress
Approve payment
III. Contractor- these are groups established mainly as commercial companies, that contract
to construct development project
Responsibility of contractors
Carry out full site investigation prior to submission of tender

Submit tender
Plan, program, control the construction process
Notify consultant about delay, discrepancies
Effect all payment to his employees, supplier, sub-contractors
Provide post occupancy repair & maintenance if required
Public sector agencies
Statutory Authorities – offer technical advices during design and construction in their respective
areas. E.g. fire authority thus early information to these authorities is required
Municipalities and government authorities- offer the basic land permit and building permit.
Financial institutions- like banks, insurance company or other investors that provide funding.
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Board of Directors
General Manager
Plan, Community
Audit & Inspection
Communication &
Documentation
House
Transferring Administrating &
Contracts Purchasing &
Administration General Services
Administration Finance
& Materials
Quality Micro Enterprise
Administration
Home Transferring
General Services
Home Administration
Enterprise
Development Record & Human
Resource
Laboratory Capacity Building
Management
Enterprise
Budgeting Purchaser &
Supplier
Building Project Construction Construction
Finance Material Material
Administration Distribution Administration
Figure 1 work flow in the section
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2.3 The work piece we have been executing

In our internship program our advisor on the site assigned us to do daily work dairy that is needed
to compute the efficiency of the day to day activities. But this work is done at the end of each day.
So we are free almost the whole day. Because of that we are used to see, on the morning time, the
works that are done before our arrival on the site for internship. So in this section we are going to
discuss not only about the work diary, but also about the things that we sew & asked. Some of the
things are about the foundation, takeoff sheet and some design assumptions taken on the design of
the building. Supervision of construction/project is the reason for the quality and sufficiency of
specified project. Duties and responsibility of supervision can be achieved to the desired result if
especially he/she applies to the given/recommended rules. These rules are available in the form of
check list.
2.3.1Daily work diary

Like we have stated earlier the need of the daily work diary is to see the efficiency of the employees
& the daily laborers on each day. This helps the contractor to control every worker every day so
that they will stay on the track to finish the project on the specified time schedule.
The things that needs to be filled on the daily work diary are the date, the weather, staff on site,
labor force, progress of the project, works on hand, type of machineries used etc…. on the date
place we write the day, on the weather we write that days weather like sunny or rainy, on progress
of the project we state the works done on that day, by works on hand we mean works that are
transferred for the next day without being completed.
The main thing in doing the daily work diary is to record every single actions that held within the
site on that day. During our intern most of the time the things that are recorded on work diary are
Volume of concrete casted in m3

Weight of reinforcement bars used to reinforce beams, columns, solid slabs, ribbed
slab, and as a stirrup in kg (differentiating by their diameter)
Total area of formwork casted for slab, column, & beams in m2
Area of ribbed HCB placed in m2
2.4. The procedures we have been using while performing the task
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We are not professional since we have no experience in site work. So we have taken the first step
to execute our task by referring theories which we have been learning in class and comparing it
with site work, presenting equations to different bodies to their respective field (one that give us
sufficient answer) and when risky work (mistake is observed) we inform to responsible body and
we discuss on that issue. We can say that we did our best to get what is expected to know and to
develop our practical skill during the internship program. We accomplished our task very well in
office and observe on site each and every step while they construct the building. Confidently
speaking we have work every assignment (work task) that our supervisor gave us and we were
good assisting him.
2.4.1 How good we have been in performing our task
Since working the daily work diary is a simple task we have been performing it without any
difficulties & without any confusion. This task is more of a recording work with simple
mathematical computation so we can say that we have done it accurately and neatly. But its better
if we discus about the construction held before we arrived at the site.
2.4.2 Challenges we have been faced and the measures taken
During the Internship we have faced these challenges:
Not having an experience on the construction sites.
Shortage of information in the drawings.
Lack of construction safety wears i.e. safety shoes, helmet, gloves, etc.
Difference in site and class technical terms.
2.4.3 Some of measures we have taken to overcome those challenges are:
We have learned the words they used by asking and trying to memorize each word. As
time progresses we was able to understand and respond to the words.
Through time information in the drawings is resolved when we engaged to work.
we have tried to use our own protective materials
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CHAPTER THREE
3. OVERALL INTERNSHIP TRAININGS
3.1. Daily Technical duties that arise at the site
In this sub section of the report we have tried to present all trainings that we have experienced
during our internship period in the hoisting organization, harari housing development project
office. Our internship project in harari housing development project office focus on the
educational building project.
All the trainings and exposures which we have experienced during our internship regarding to
the educational building project are presented below. We have tried to summarize all the
training we got in two subgroups; site works and office works.
Regarding site works, we have got a chance to practically experience how major substructure and
superstructure get accomplished. I have summarized all trainings and exposures at site as follow:
current construction practice, supervision guidelines and site visits. On the other hand, office
works, we get trained on office works at construction site: quantity estimation, lesson and
experience on how different office works run and lesson on MS-project.
3.1.0. Site works
In this sub section we have tried to present our internship experience concerning daily site works. These
include the progress of the project from site clearance up to casting ground floor slab and upper basement
slab.
3.1.1. Substructure
Sub structure is one part of a structure which is found below the ground surface. It is used to
transfer load from super structure (i.e. the structural part which is found above the ground surface)
to the ground surface mainly soil mass or bed rock. In this stage of construction work the following
works are to be done at the site of the project:
3.1.1.1. Site clearance
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Though we did not got the chance to see site clearance it’s carried out for removal of top soil (organic soil),
plants etc. to an average depth of 20-30cm with working space of 0.5 cm- 1m.
3.1.1.2. Bulk excavation
Bulk excavation is clearing of the upper soil after site clearance often to depth of FFL (floor finish level)
with recommended elevation reference on the design.
3.1.1.3. Setting out
Setting out is carried out using construction of profile board (batter board), which will serve as elevation
reference now onwards and location of pads are marked on ground (‘chekal’) to take step on pit
excavation. Profile (‘modiny’) is transferred using gomma (weha lek) from the pad that is located in highest
elevation compared to elevation of other pads.
Fig 2 setting out for school building
3.1.1.4. Pit excavation
It is the process of removing the top layer of the crest seeking for a sound material for placing of
footings to some depths. It also avoids the lateral movement of the structure. The depth
magnitude differs according to the properties of the superstructure, topography and the type of
the soil.
The excavation of foundation is executed 30cm wider on 4 faces of the foundations for working
space and the depth executed is 2m but some pits vary because of the boulder (The pit is dogged
up until hard and stiff soil strata acquired.). Therefore, the minimum depth for pits excavation is
50cm.
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Excavation of foundation is a mechanical process and can be done using labor force and/or by
using excavation machineries. In this site Daily Labors are used to excavate foundation pits as
shown in the figure below.
Fig 3 pit excavation by man power
3.1.1.5. Trench excavation
Is executed for the construction of masonry work. it is excavated by taking 15cm working space
on both side by the concept of a worker can put his leg while constructing the masonry.
3.1.2. Structural work
3.1.2.1 Foundation
It is a part of the substructure which functions as the mediator in transferring the load superimposed by the
superstructure to the soil foundation. There are different types of footings. The selection would differ
depend up on various factors listed below:
The degree of exposure

The properties of the bearing soil
The area concurred by the footing
Environmental factors
The size of the building
Purpose of the building
Cost of the construction
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Fig 4 Casting footing

Methodology (procedure for construction of footing)
5cm thick lean concrete is spread in the pit, erection of form work for the pad is followed
by placing pad reinforcements, checking the center and position of column using tumbi
(plum bob), rope (string) and tape measure, reinforcement for the foundation column is tied
to the base of footing reinforcement. After providing spacer for clear cover (50mm) it will
be ready to be casted.
3.1.2.2. Foundation column
Foundation column rise from footing and continue up to grade beam. Its purpose is to transfer all loads to
the foundation. The reinforcement of foundation column and the reinforcement of the footing pad have a
great connection as it’s shown in the above photo. When they cast footing pad they brace the foundation
column with yoke to prevent shifting of its center due to pressure of concrete and vibrator.
Methodology (procedure of construction)
Reinforcement of foundation column is placed with the consideration of overlap to the extending elevation
column. By tying Staffa (stirrup) and spacer for clear concrete cover. Cratchery ) is nailed and formwork
of elevation column is erected by keeping the alignment (verticality) checking with tumbi(tied on two
orthogonal side of column to check its deviation), after checking Center to center span length of
corresponding column, pouring height & tightness of form work concrete is casted till the lower base of
grade beam.
3.1.2.3 Masonry work
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It is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar; it’s generally a
highly durable form of construction also depends on the quality of the material used, mortar and
workmanship. It is used for the construction retaining wall, septic tank and man hole. Mostly has
50cm thickness.
The first step in masonry retaining wall construction is construction of its profile
which will guide the masons while construction.
Lay each course of stone masonry keeping the alignment, vertical and horizontal,
and mortar thickness.
3.1.2.4. Grade beam
Is a component of building foundation (laid on masonry work) consists of reinforced concrete beam that
transmit loads from bearing wall in to spaced foundations. Also used for bracing (protect the horizontal
movement of individual footing (columns) due to the horizontal load). It is separated from the ground
floor with expansion joints (cheap wood) there for it does not transmit loads from ground floor it is assumed
that ground floor can resist the loads imposed on it using the ground as support hence it is in direct contact
with the ground. Grade beam reinforcement is placed on 5cm thick lean concrete that is laid on masonry
with provision of spacer & stirrup, after constructing the formwork concrete is casted.
3.1.2.5 Back fill, compaction and hard core
All internal back filling is done with approved material, if possible with material excavated on the site. It
should be well rammed and consolidated by adding waters as necessary to achieve the required compaction
by keeping moisture content to optimum.
Compaction is the process in which a stress applied to a soil causes to decrease density. It’s a
Vital part of the construction.
Hard core: is provided under the ground slab. It shall be sound approved stone of specified finishing
thickness The main purpose of hard core is to prevent the dampness from the soil penetrating and affecting
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the floor slab through capillary action. 25cm thick hardcore work should be sound, well rammed and
consolidated with the top surface blinded with crushed masonry.
3.1.2.6 Ground floor
It is a plane horizontal structural element used to support live loads and transfer the loads to the supporting
ground.
Methodology (procedure of casting ground floor)
After backfill and compaction, hard core were provided under the slab
Then mesh(reinforcement for ground slab) is provided which is used to prevent crack
developed by settlement (consolidation of back fill material due to losing of moisture
content through time), temperature change, shrinkage, expansion and related factors.
Also cheap wood was placed around grade beam used as expansion join since ground slab
is not structural part of the building
Finally concrete is casted
3.1.3 Super structure work
3.1.3.1 Elevation column
Column is as structural part of a building which is a vertical member that support vertical, horizontal and
moments coming from the beam ,slab, stair and other member of the structure and transfer it to the sub
structure i.e. foundation.
1. Krachery (bracing) will be prepared with a dimension of 2cm greater than the
dimension of the columns on each side.
2. The formwork will be inserted inside the krachery and then erected.
3. Use plumb bob and check vertical alignment.
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4. Then the formwork will be fixed in position and the concrete will be filled the
formwork for the column has to wait at least 24 hours to be removed after casting.
When columns are cast, the air inside the voids of the concrete has to removed
(compaction) by a vibrator. In casting a column the concrete cover is maintained by a
device called spacer, which is small cubical molded cement with a wire which binds it
to the reinforcement
Fig 5 column work
Stirrup (Staffa)
They are provided to resist diagonal shear cracks and outward buckling in case of column, to tie
longitudinal bars, to improve ductility and Stirrups are required to be designed to carry shear above
the capacity of concrete.
Fig 6 column stirrup
Same as foundation column since elevation column is higher concrete is poured through shutter to
height of 2m and the opening is closed by sliding the form work the rest height is poured at the
top. Pouring height is provided to prevent occurrence of segregation
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3.1.3.2. Beams
It is a horizontal structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting

bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the external loads,
own weight, span and external reactions to these loads.
Intermediate beam is used to carry slab and transfer the loads to the supporting columns. Beams
can be continuous, fixed or cantilever. In this site the beams has the same thickness with the slab
are called submerged beams. When a beam is subjected to loading, it develops tension zones so it
has to be reinforced. Also a beam subjected to shear stress can’t be overcome with increasing the
depth of the beam. This is because it is impractical to make beams too deep due to architectural
reasons and other reasons. Therefore stirrups are provided to take the shear stress. These are
horizontal load bearing members which are classified as either
Secondary beams which transmit floor loads to the main beams.

Main beams which transmit floor and secondary beam loads to the columns
The construction of beam is the same as the case of column, but in this case the form work is set
up in the horizontal direction, while in the case of column it is laid vertical. The placing,
compacting, and curing are the same.
3.1.3.3. Slab
Slab is common structural elements of modern building that support its dead weight and loads
imposed on it by transferring them to beams or walls safely. In this site the slabs are two way-slabs
because the uniform distribution loads resist them primarily by bending about both the axis, it’s
known when the ratio of the long span to the short span is less than two.
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Ribbed slabs are built using precast beams, hollow concrete block (three cells), reinforcement
bars, and concrete. Here are some of the steps that I glance during construction of ribbed slabs.
Precast beams are spread over the false work and panel with 54cm interval
Over those precast beams HCBs are loaded across the crosection.
Use negative reinforcement bar to tie up the precast beam and beam.
The electrical and drainage installation are well fixed
Diameter six plain bar are distributed over the HCBs along and across and along the
section.
Concrete is filled, vibrated (in area of beam and solid slab), and cured.
Fig 7 slab work
3.1.3.4. Stair case
Stair are set of steps leading from one floor to another and are provided in building to afford a
means of communication between the various floors, steps arranged in series and placed in an
enclosure is called stair case. . Building law and safety matters, user concerns identification,
function and spatial experience, clarity and traffic flow as well as aesthetic concepts are determined
very early in the course of a basic design of stair case. On the main office building there are two
types of stairs
i. Two flight stairs (open newel half turn stairs) its direction is reversed by 180°
ii. Three flight stairs (open newel half turn stair) with quarter space landing
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Fig 8 formwork of stair case and its casting
3.1.4. Concrete work
Concrete work includes selection of materials (its component) proportioning, mixing, placing,
compacting and curing. Since each step of concrete work has significant effect on its final product
to attain desired properties for fresh and hardened concrete the above procedures has to be carefully
carried out.
Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse granular material (aggregate or filler)

embedded in a hard matrix of material (cement or binder) that fills the space among the aggregate
particles and glues them together.
Compressive strength is well known property of concrete and has low resistance to tensile force to
overcome this property steel reinforcement which is high in tension and compression is introduced.
3.1.4.1. Ingredients of concrete and their selection
Cement
It is a material with adhesive and cohesive properties which make them capable of uniting or
bonding together fragments or particles of solid matter into a compact whole.
In our site PPC (Pozzolana Portland Cement) and OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) are used. PPC
is different from OPC in its higher resistance to corrosion, reduces rate of hardening and lower
frost resistance. Cement is stored in a dry and well ventilated store, on a wooden floor raised
minimum 20cm. above the ground.
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Aggregates
Aggregates are important constituents in concrete they generally occupy 65- 75% of the volume
of concrete hence due consideration should be given in their selection and proportion. In choosing
aggregate for in a particular concrete attention should be given to three important requirements:
Workability when fresh for which the size and gradation of the aggregate should be
such that undue labor in mixing and placing will not be required
Strength and durability when hardened for which the aggregate should:
- contain no impurities which adversely affect strength and durability
- be resistant to weathering reaction
- Does not go in to undesirable reaction with the cement
Economy meaning
it shall be available from local and easily accessible
well graded in order to minimize paste in consequent cement requirement
The aggregate used on the site is a product of national cement plc. Transported from dire dawa it
has basaltic nature with grain size of 1-4 cm. The silt content of the aggregate is checked whenever
necessary because high silt content can risk the structure under construction. The test that is usually
done for this purpose is jar test. The silt content of aggregate increases in rainy season. Because
silt materials are transported by rain water (flood) & accumulates in the aggregate. If the test
indicates that its silt content is high the aggregate will be changed or it will be washed.
Water
Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actively participates in the chemical reaction with
cement. A popular yard stick to the suitability of water for mixing concrete is that
If water is fit for drinking then it fit for making concrete
It should be free from impurities such as suspended solids, silt, clay, acids, alkalis,
organic matters and dissolved salts.
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Tests by the sense of smell, sight should reveal such impurities; however water of doubtful quality
should be submitted for laboratory analysis and test.
3.1.4.2 Mix proportion of concrete in our site
Mixing of concrete materials should be done thoroughly to ensure the uniform distribution of
materials in concrete mass. For practical concrete mix the cement, water and aggregate should be
so proportioned that the resulting concrete has the following properties:
i. When freshly mixed it is workable enough for economical and easy uniform
placement but not excessively fluid
ii. When hardened it possess strength and durability adequate to the purpose for which
it is intended
iii. It involves minimum cost consistent with acceptable quality
Volume batching is used in our site, to achieve the desired strength of concrete weight of cement
and size of boxes is changed. Here are some proportions
Concrete class Box size Number of cement (pcs) Mix

ratio
c-5 50x40x20 1 piece of cement (50 kg) ppc 1:4:6
Table 3 mix proportion
NOTE: for different grade of concrete (c20, c25, c30) box ratio is the same but only with variation
of box depth.
For c25 concrete 360kg of cement is used per m3

For c30 concrete 400kg of cement is used per m3
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3.1.4.3 Placement and compacting of concrete
In order to secure good hardened concrete, certain fundamental principles should be born in mind
in handling it when fresh. The best concrete mix can be easily damaged when a little mistake is
made on the way from the mixing place to forms. Therefore, each step in handling and transporting
should be carefully controlled. Segregation i.e. segregation of the coarse aggregate from the mortar
or of water from other ingredients, should be prevented. The equipment and method of handling
and transporting concrete should be selected according to
Amount of concrete involved

Size and type of construction
Location of batch plant
Relative cost
In our site they use crane to transport the concrete hence the slab is huge section that consumes
about 80m3 in the left section and 110m3 on the right section of a building. Using such machine
has advantage of
Maintain quality of fresh concrete (i.e. prevention of setting and protects from effect of
weather)
Reduction in man power
Quick casting (time efficient)
Compaction is one of important steps in concrete making, because the density, strength and
durability of concrete depend so much on it. The objective of compaction is to ensure an intimate
contact between the constituent materials and to illuminate air bubbles and to achieve maximum
density which leads to higher strength. It is done by vibrator. However proper and efficient
vibration is required in site some sections are over vibrated, and others are less vibrated in both
cases the concrete is subjected to segregation
3.1.4.4. Curing concrete
It is important that fresh concrete be kept moist for several days after placing. Moist is necessary
for proper hardening of concrete because chemical reaction that result in setting and hardening of
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the paste takes place only in presence of water. In addition the loss of water by evaporation from
the time the concrete is mixed and placed is usually so rapid that if concrete dries out too quickly
by exposure to the sun and wind it will shrink. This early and usually rapid shrinkage will result
in tensile stresses that will lead to surface crack. In order to prevent such effects and to assure
attainment of strength the concrete is cured from day one after it is casted by spraying water and
spreading sand on the concrete. I.e. the use of sand is to reduce rate of evaporation and keep the
moist for longer time.
3.1.5. Reinforcement
Reinforcement bars are a rounded steel bars with different size provided to overcome concrete
weakness in tension and give additional compressive strength. All reinforcement bars are of the
specified quality and in accordance with the standard technical specification the bars should be
store in clean and dry area and also sheltered from rainfall. It should be reasonably free from
corrosion, rust and other impurities, such as grease, oil and other kind of dirt which affect the
strength of reinforcement. Different diameter of bars are used most of which fall between 8-20mm.
diameter 24mm bars were used for beams on critical section (large span without interior column
(7.2m) ).
3.1.6 Form work
Concrete is a plastic material when fresh hence it needs forms or molds until it sets and hardens.
The forms are generally made of either timber or steel. Before placing concrete the forms and
subgrade should be cleaned and moistened thoroughly specially in hot weather. In order to
prevent concrete from adhering to the surface forms should be thoroughly oiled.
Striping form work
Early striking of forms is generally desirable to permit quick re use, start curing as soon as
possible and allow repairs and surface treatment while the concrete is still green and condition
are favorable for good bond.
The time between casting of concrete and removal of the formwork depends mainly on the strength
development of the concrete and on the function of formwork. Provided the concrete strength is
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confirmed by test on cubes stored under the same condition, formwork can be removed when the
cube strength is 50% of the nominal strength or twice the stress to which it will then be subjected
whichever is greater, provided such earlier removal will not result in unacceptable deflection such
as due to shrinkage and creep. As I observed in site some removal period of formworks are listed
below
For non-load bearing parts of formwork like sponda (side vertical forms for
beams),columns, walls, footings grade beams it is removed in -------24hrs
for intermediate beams and slab formwork strikes in ------- 21 days
3.1.7. Office work
In this sub section we have tried to explain our internship experience regarding office works.
This includes preparation of different take off sheets and preparation of re-bar schedule, we
have added typical takeoff sheet and re-bar schedule sheet.
3.1.7.1 Takeoff sheet
It is the process of measuring quantities from detail drawing. It is used to calculate different
quantities like excavation, formwork, concrete, masonry and backfill. Takeoff sheet often has
the following format:
T D S Description T D S Description
Table 4.take off sheet
3.1.7.2. Re-bar schedule
It is used to record re-bar shape, dimension, number, position which is taken from structural
details. It helps us to prepare the work order with minimize wastage using 12m re-bar.
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It is clear that the reinforcement bar is one of the essential units of a certain structural element
and for these reason it is important to determine the type and amount of steel required for a
certain project. The cost of reinforcements in the market is per kilogram, and also the sheets
are usually prepared in kg. A typical re-bar schedule has the following format:
S/ Description Shape Dia. Length x No of Wastag Remark

N e
(Location) (mm (mm) 12mba
) r
Table5. Re-bar schedule
3.2. Other responsibility that are given for us

These responsibility are given by the site engineer for us that is we are responsible for checking
the following listed work in proper method, b/c we assigned as site supervisor.
3.2.1 Pit Excavation
Check:-
The foundation drawings to correspond with the conditions on the site, if not
prepare a written report and submit to the designer immediately.
The coordinate points are carefully transferred to ground using plum bob
The excavation or foundation is executed 25 cm. wider on each side than the
thickness of the foundation wall as given in the standard technical specification.
The foundation depth, width, line and levels to correspond the drawings.
The trench and pits to be clean from grass, bushes and pieces of wood.
3.2.2. Formwork Construction
Check: -
The bracing of formwork:-The form work must be strong enough to carry the load
imposed until the concrete is strong enough to carry itself and harden sufficiently.
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Formworks have the right dimensions and are level and straight.
Before casting concrete, formworks have to be thoroughly cleaned out and free
from holes and dirt.
The top level of the formwork shall be at the same level as the top level of finished
concrete. If not define the top level of finished concrete on the formwork with
great accuracy.
3.2.3. Back Filling
Check:-
All organic materials, such as pieces of wood, roots, bushes and black cotton
soil are removed from all backfill material.
All the places where backfilling shall be executed are clean from grass, bushes
and pieces of wood.
Where pipes and electrical cables are in connection with the backfilling, the
work shall be executed very carefully, so they do not break or get damaged.
Each layer to be well rammed and consolidated with the addition of waters as
necessary to achieve the required compaction i.e. Keep moisture content to
optimum.
The maximum layer of fill for one time compaction does not exceed 20cm,
thickness in accordance with the standard technical specification.
3.2.4. Concrete
Check:-
All ingredients cement, aggregates and water are of the type and quality specified.
Cement in stored in a dry and well ventilated store, on a wooden floor raised minimum
20cm. above the ground.
Sand to be clear of impurities like dust mica & organic matter.
Coarse aggregate to be crushed basaltic stone or gravel of approved quality.
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Coarse aggregate to be hard, dense, durable non-porous and uncoated rock

fragments.
Aggregates are stored on clear hard surface to prevent contamination by soil.
Water used for mixing concrete is clean and free from injurious amounts of oil, acids,
alkalis, organic materials.
3.2.4. Steel Reinforcement
Check:-
Steel reinforcement is stored in clean condition. It should be free from loose rust.
The dimension, length and shape of the reinforcement bars are according to the
drawings and specifications.
Bending of reinforcement bars is done with adequate bending tools but heat is strictly
not allowed for bending of reinforcement bars.
All bars with cracks or splits at the bend are not used for construction.
All reinforcement bars are clean and free from close rust, grease, oil, or tar and other
kind of dirt.
The reinforcement bars are placed in position according to the drawings, and firmly
bound together with mild steel wire(black wire), diameter 1.5mm in accordance with
the standard technical specification.
These blocks or spacers do not turn over when concrete is casted.
3.2.5. Stone Masonry
Check: -
The trench to be clean from grass, bushes and piece of woods

The stone has to be hard, sound, free from cracks and not weathered.
The stone masonry execution is with specified mortar and with well filled joints
The stone masonry during execution is kept free from solid and other kind of dirt
The mix proportion of mortar is correct
3.2.6. Hard Core
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The main purpose of hard core is to prevent the dampness from the soil penetrating and affecting
the floor through capillary action.
Check:-
Stone for hard-core is sound and approved quality.

All stones in the hard-core are of approximately equal and recommended size.
All hard-core is wall rammed and consolidated with the top surface blinded with
crushed aggregate in accordance with the standard technical specification.
The placing of stones to result in minimum voids.
3.3. Benefits of the Internships
During our internship experience at HARARi HOUSING DEVELOPMENT PROJECT OFFICE we have
been benefited from the internship experience. During these four months of our internship
program we were able to bridge the gap between student life and professional life. This
internship program provided us a platform to introduce our self in professional field.
In the internship program we have gained benefits which helped us to explore our skills, qualities
and abilities. Since in our first practical experience everything done is new and interesting to me.
However within these four months we have been the opportunity to improve our practical skills,
theoretical knowledge, our interpersonal communication skills, team playing skills, leadership
skills and etc. and also have the opportunity to understand about the work ethics and gain a great
knowledge in entrepreneurship skills.
We get some benefit beside which we didn’t if we spent those four months in the class. Some of
the benefits are:
3.3.1. In terms of improving Practical Skills
This program gave us many opportunities to test and refine our skills. All in our learning years
our knowledge has been theoretical. This program has changed this and now we have developed
practical knowledge which helped us to build and improve our confidence.
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The main aim of this internship program is to improve student practical skills by applying his /her
theoretical knowledge. During our internship program we get the following practical skill.
How to read, understand and interpret the structural and architectural drawing of
the building.
How to construct the building in limited space by using Steps during the
construction of different part of the building.
How to prepare formwork for different structure part of the building and checking
the alignment of formwork by using string and tumbi
How to check whether the columns deviate or not by using plum bobs (tumbi).
How to prepare (mix) different compressive strength of concrete and how to
place, compact, Cast and cure concrete
How to prepare different document in office such as takeoff sheet, rebar schedule,
bill of quantity, payment certificate, and cost breakdown.
How to control the quality of different material on site  Knowing diameter of
reinforcement by inspection.
Understanding arrangements of bars in reinforcement detail drawing
3.3.2.In terms of upgrading theoretical knowledge
In addition to the practical skill this program helps us to strengthen our theoretical knowledge
and gain meaningful engineering experience to complement academic studies. The courses taken
were focused on theory. Since the practice depends first on theory, it was easy to work and
correlate the activities and enhance our understanding of constructing a building. Theoretical
knowledge is dependable on principles, logic and calculations.
This internship program provided us with the opportunity to expand our attitude, broadening
our intellectual knowledge and practical skills. The work I did was mostly related to structural
design we took specifically reinforced concrete. The lecture mainly discussed about two concepts
Analysis and Design of RC sections. We covered designs such as beam and one way slabs, column
MURAD AND BEKA 28

and stair case. Here we got a chance to see the entire reinforcement placement on the truly tells
us for what purpose they placed. Finally when some problem arises at the site this create a
chance for us to something to say on it.
3.3.3. In terms of improving interpersonal communication skill
During the site work and office work we have been able to ask different kinds of people from all
walks of life. During these times we have gained confidence on how: -
to ask different questions

to make discussions
to answer questions when asked
To respond to superior and etc.
In the design office, we had been given the chance to talk and interview important people from
different sites. Through these interviews we have been able to talk to Resident Engineer. During
these interviews we had the opportunity to learn on the communication skills that we have been
striving for a long time.
3.3.4. In terms of improving team playing skills
Most of the tasks we completed were assigned as group duty. So most of the time we had to
work independently but at the same time together. While we were doing this different tasks,
ideas where rose and there were arguments between us. But at the end we agreed on acceptable
terms which we believe helped us share what we have in our mind. This thing helps us to develop
our team playing skills to some extent.
We have learned that as part of a team, an engineer should have to works with a positive attitude
within a group for the success of a project. An engineer must have good managerial and
organizational skills. Confident and enthusiastic engineers are able to succeed by gaining the trust
of co-workers.
Good team player possesses the following skill

Communicates constructively
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Listens actively
Functions as an active participant
Shares openly and willingly
Cooperates and pitches in to help
Exhibits flexibility
Shows commitment to the team
Works as a problem-solver
Treats others in a respectful and supportive manner
3.3.5. In terms of leadership skills
We have seen how each worker is controlled and organized to perform its day to day activities.
Among all other managements we have seen that human resource management is the most
important one.
We have actually observed the method of controlling the working time and amount of work done
by each worker so that the work proceeds according to the work plan.
For effective leadership we understood that personal values like confidence, effective
communication and devotion are very important.
Here in our every place is occupied with the right person, this person has a responsibility so they
do their work effectively. Therefore no one give us a position to experience this thing which
means I didn’t get this benefit
Leadership is a skill to guide, control and monitor peoples.
3.3.6. In terms of understanding about work ethics related issue
Our supervisor was always advising us that we should be an ethical and responsible professional
for the future. He has been showing how to develop this good behavior during our stay on the site
with him. And also he told us lots of practical cases that related to work ethic that he could see
when he was working in different places.
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We have been guided and obeyed by the rule and regulation of the company. Some of the work
ethics include;
Punctuality: - means keeping the companies work beginning and ending time and
to complete a given task within the given period.
Office disciplines: - in work place you don’t have to disturb the working
atmosphere. For example abstain from opening loud voice, loud music, songs and
things which disturb others workers working mood.
Reliability: - The worker should be qualified for the part he is supposed to
be performing . He/she must have appropriate skill and knowledge for the
task assigned
Honesty: - Regarding this value each worker regardless of its status should
abstain from bad behaviors such as cheating , bias , corruption etc..
Cooperation: - Each worker should interact and cooperate with each other
while working . That is because it is through such system problems could be
easily solved.
On our stay on the site we were very punctual, daily attendant of the work & responsible to our
profession. During this program we were developed our work ethics.
At the site we have been able to see different engineers in hierarchy work and lead the site
workers and the engineers under them. During these times we have been able to observe that
one should have great skills to be a leader. Among them: -
Good speaking ability.

To have the ability to listen to others.
To be decisive.
Good management skills.
To know the subject one is working on thoroughly.
And etc.
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Generally, we can say we have gained the potential benefits by taking the Engineering Internship
Program from this perspective; we have gained a valuable lesson that transparency and
carefulness are two very important work ethics one needs to abide and live by.
3.3.7. In terms of entrepreneurship skills
This entrepreneurship has tended to start ventures hat on a specific skill have already developed
and knowledge that already acquired in certain occupation industry. Entrepreneurial skills helps
to success in today’s competitive market’s must possess basic skills necessary to enable to start
develop finance and market our own business enterprise. There are number of qualities and skills
need to have, including personal attributes business skills and management capability, self-
motivations skills, time management skills and administrative skills.
A. Self-motivation skills: to succeed in work, one must be self-start with cleared desired
goals in a mind’s must have confidence in myself and in our idea
B. Time management skill: ability to plan our day and manage time is particularly important
for our job.
C. Administration skills: these includes, self-worth, ability to control one’s life, self-
awareness, self-management/personality responsibility, transfer of learning, motivation,
team work, interpersonal communication, problem solving and creativity are some for
the important aspects.
3.4. Relevant research projects identified in the organization
Understanding site work from structural drawings and know what measures taken.
Effect of cart away material on future development.
Effect of using limited sample test for large site on the project.
Safety consideration in Ethiopia context in general.
Effect of unskilled labor and less quality material on the project.
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CHAPTER FOUR
4. EVALUATION AND CRITIQUE
4.1 Goal of Internship
Internship program is practical skill that is scheduled by the ministry of education for the students
in different sector such as in engineering, health, teaching…etc. These helps for the students to
develop practical knowledge rather than theoretical knowledge. We were able to introduce ourself
with a very dynamic working environment. And in order to cope up with such environment, it was
expected that we improve our practical skills of solving engineering problems. Since the field of
engineering mostly comprises of field activities, it is obvious that we encounter problems that
needed to be solved on the spot and for that one requires the ability to analyze, assess and come
up with a solution that may solve the problem and greatly reduce the difficulties faced. We had the
chance to associate our self with some professionals and by doing so, we were able to ask practical
questions and demand explanation on the topic. During our routine site visits, we had the chance
to spend time with the construction workers.
These internship practice has its own value in our future work life as an experience to help us
after graduation to develop some confidence ,b/c for the future site works isn’t new for us and help
us to develop entrepreneurship skills, so we believe internship helps for all sector to countries
development and to be produce productive generation
4.2. Conclusion
The field practice has played a tremendous role in equipping, students with the practical
knowledge of understanding and implementing field exercises in civil engineering. It helped us
develop self-confidence and introduced us to the world of construction. It helps the student to
practically understand the theory they learned in the class. It also acquainted us with the
knowledge required to monitor construction sites.
On the site we worked we have tried to see the excavation, setting out, slab construction, beam
construction and other construction stages stated above. Foundation is the structure that
MURAD AND BEKA 33

transfers load from the building to the soil underneath. And this is the part of the construction
work where high precision and control is necessary
The whole process beginning from the sub-surface investigation to the finalizing steps in the
construction of the foundation is basic and needs a little more care than do others. This is because
the minimum of mistakes made in the construction of the foundation may lead to a disastrous
collapse/ failure of the whole building. Therefore the processes and activities mentioned on the
report should be strictly followed and controlled.
4.3. Recommendation
The university should arrange some practical visit in some courses. Because it helps
the students to easy understand what they are learnt in laboratory and lecture class.
The university should determine, before the internship program the Department must
be given to the students the course of quantity surveying, Because it helps the students
to easy understand what they are learnt in lecture class and in the site.
Organizations and companies hosting the students don’t pay much attention to
students as well as the follow ups of the academic supervisors. This negligence affects
the motivation and work habit of the students I highly recommended the universities
and concerned bodies to make strict follow up on students by working in close
relationship with hosting organizations.
4.4. Our strength and area for improvement

One of our greatest strength we have achieved and have upgraded our theoretical
knowledge ever practically via internship program.
In our internship program we have gained much skills related to personal and
professional ethics. Ethics is an issue that has to be in consideration in working area.
The workers are with different behaviors as per their background .the personality of
every worker has its own significant on work.
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REFERENCE
1. Company profile
2. Construction material text book
3. Other lecture materials
4. EBCS 2 (Ethiopian building code and standards), 1995
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/
MURAD AND BEKA 35

APPENDIX
HHDPO ……………… Harari Housing Development Project Office
PPC…………………….Pozzolna Portland Cement
OPC……. .…………….Ordinary Portland Cement
HCB…………………….hallow concrete block
MWU…………………..madda walabu university
MURAD AND BEKA 36

Internship Report on Housing Development Project

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INTERNSHIP FINAL REPORT

1. Background Housing Development Project

1.1 Overview of the company

Promoting good practice in housing management, and

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Play a significant role in the construction sector.

1.1.3 Overall Objective of the Organization

1.2 Main products and service of the company

In achieving an attractive appearance and comfortable floor plan, combines

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The master suite has a study/bath, dressing and outer balcony.

1.3 Main customers/the end user of the company’s products

Government employers, rich farmer’s tenants of kebele houses

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2. MANAGEMENT, TRAINING AND EMPLOYS

2.2 Section of the company we have been working in

2.2.1 Main parties in construction project

Availability and cost of land

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The consultant team shall,

Ascertain, interpret and formulate the client’s requirement in to understandable project

Assess client’s cost limit to decide on materials & the like

Carry out full site investigation prior to submission of tender

Public sector agencies

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2.3 The work piece we have been executing

2.3.1Daily work diary

Volume of concrete casted in m3

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2.4.1 How good we have been in performing our task

2.4.2 Challenges we have been faced and the measures taken

During the Internship we have faced these challenges:

Not having an experience on the construction sites.

Shortage of information in the drawings.

Difference in site and class technical terms.

2.4.3 Some of measures we have taken to overcome those challenges are:

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3. OVERALL INTERNSHIP TRAININGS

3.1. Daily Technical duties that arise at the site

3.1.0. Site works

3.1.1.1. Site clearance

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3.1.1.2. Bulk excavation

3.1.1.3. Setting out

Fig 2 setting out for school building

3.1.1.4. Pit excavation

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Fig 3 pit excavation by man power

3.1.1.5. Trench excavation

3.1.2. Structural work

The degree of exposure

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Fig 4 Casting footing

Methodology (procedure of construction)

3.1.2.3 Masonry work

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Methodology (procedure of construction)

3.1.2.4. Grade beam

3.1.2.5 Back fill, compaction and hard core

Vital part of the construction.

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