Department of Civil Engineering

Assignment Submission Date: 28th Sep, 2022

Assignment Number: 01
Total Number of Pages in Assignment: 9
Assignment Title:
ASSIGMENT # 1
Course Name: Architecture and Urban Planning

Course Code: ARC-311 Semester: 6th Semester

Student’s Details

Individual Assignment (Tick)

Batch: Student’s Roll Student’s Name:
Number:

Group Assignment (Tick)

Students Roll
S. No. Batch Students Name:
Number:
1 3rd Batch 4-13/2019/014 M. Ahmed Javed

2 3rd Batch 4-13/2019/015 Saqlain Mustafa

3 3rd Batch 4-13/2019/027 Abdul Rehman Fazal

4 3rd Batch 4-13/2019/033 Yousaf M. Iqbal

Instructor’s Name: Dr. Samia Tariq

Designation:
For Instructor Use Only

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Tot
al
Marks

Checked By: Signature & Date

 Ziauddin University Faculty of Engineering, Science, Technology & Management
Department of Civil Engineering (BE Civil Engineering)
Assignment (Spring-2022) Batch (III, 6th Semester)

Course Code: ARC-311 Course Title: Architecture and Urban Planning

Date: September 1, 2022 Due Date: September 28, 2022
Max Marks: 10
Instructor: Dr. Samia Tariq

S. No. Questions Marks PLO CLO C

Create a group of 3 – 4 students and work on the following

topics:
Q.1. 10 9 3 5
1. Construction of walls
2. Development of roofs
3. Positioning of columns
 ASSIGMENT # 1
Construction of walls:

Walls are constructed in different forms and of various materials to serve several functions. Exterior
walls protect the building interior from external environmental effects such as heat and cold, sunlight,
ultraviolet radiation, rain and snow, and sound, while containing desirable interior environmental
conditions.

Walls are also designed to provide resistance to passage of fire for some defined period of time, such
as a one-hour wall. Walls often contain doors and windows, which provide for controlled passage of
environmental factors and people through the wall line.

Walls are designed to be strong enough to safely resist the horizontal and vertical forces imposed upon
them, as defined by building codes. Such loads include wind forces, self-weight, possibly the weights
of walls and floors from above, the effects of expansion and contraction as generated by temperature
and humidity variations as well as by certain impacts, and the wear and tear of interior occupancy. See
Loads, dynamic, Loads, transverse.

Types of Walls:

1. Load Bearing Wall:

It carries loads imposed on it from beams and slabs above including its own weight and transfers it
to the foundation. These walls support structural members such as beams, slabs and walls on above
floors above. It can be exterior wall or interior wall. It braces from the roof to the floor.

• Precast Concrete Wall

• Retaining Wall
• Masonry Wall
• Pre Panelized Load Bearing Metal Stud Walls
• Engineering Brick Wall (115mm, 225mm)
• Stone Wall

As the height of the building increased, the required thickness of wall and resulting stress on
foundation will also increase and cause it to be uneconomical.
2. Non Load Bearing Wall:
Non-load bearing walls only carry their own weight and do not support any structural members
such as beams and slabs. These walls are just used as partition walls or to separate rooms from
outside. It is known as interior wall (doesn’t carry other load than its own load.

• Hollow Concrete Block

• Façade Bricks
• Hollow Bricks
• Brick Wall (115mm, 225mm)

3. Cavity Walls:
It is a wall constructed in 2 leaves / skins with a space / cavity between them. A type of building
wall construction consisting of an outer wall fastened to inner wall separated by an air space.
Cavity walls help to prevent the penetration of rain to the internal surface of the wall.
4. Shear Wall:
Shear walls are a framed wall designed to resist lateral forces. It is a vertical element of the
horizontal force resisting system. It is used to resist wind and earthquake loading on a building. It
is typically a wood frame stud walls covered with a structural sheathing material like plywood.

5. Partition Wall:
Partition wall is an interior non-load bearing wall to divide the larger space into smaller spaces.
The heights of a partition wall depend on the use which may be one story or part of one story.
These walls are made up of glass, fiber boards or brick masonry.

6. Panel Wall:
Panel wall is generally made of wood and is an exterior non-load bearing wall in framed
construction. It is used for aesthetics of the buildings both inside and outside. It remains totally
supported at each storey but subjected to lateral loads.

7. Veneered Walls:
Masonry veneer walls is a single non-structural external masonry wall made of brick, stone or
manufactured stone. It has an air space behind and is called as anchored veneer.

8. Faced Wall:
Faced walls has the facing and backing of two different materials are bonded together to ensure
common action under load.
Purpose of Wall:

• Wall is a structure that defines the area.

• It defines the boundaries of an area.
• It carries the load of the roof slab.
• It provides security and privacy.
• It is used as a soundproof material.
• It’s one of the most important superstructures in buildings.

Benefits of Walls:

Walls provide insulation for the heat that is generated by appliances and electronics in your home, as
well as provide soundproofing to keep you from being disturbed by outside noises. They also create an
aesthetic appeal to any space with their design features.

1. Walls Provide Security:

Safety is incredibly important. The main reason why people invest in walls is that they can provide
a sense of safety and privacy to anyone within their area.

2. Walls Offer Privacy: Walls offer many benefits that are crucial to everyone’s overall
health. Privacy is one of them. They create a space that belongs to only you, which gives
you the freedom to do whatever you want whenever you please.

3. Walls Bring Comfort:

Walls are an important aspect of your home’s comfort. They not only provide a barrier against the
elements but also make sure that your house remains at a stable temperature while allowing
enough air to circulate in and out freely.

4. Walls Act As The Foundation Of Your Home:

Every wall around your house provides an additional layer of support to keep it standing
throughout all seasons and weather conditions.

Development of roofs:

A roof is the top covering of a building, including all materials and constructions necessary to support
it on the walls of the building or on uprights, providing protection against rain, snow, sunlight,
extremes of temperature, and wind. A roof is part of the building envelope.

The characteristics of a roof are dependent upon the purpose of the building that it covers, the
available roofing materials and the local traditions of construction and wider concepts of architectural
design and practice and may also be governed by local or national legislation. In most countries a roof
protects primarily against rain.

A verandah may be roofed with material that protects against sunlight but admits the other elements.
The roof of a garden conservatory protects plants from cold, wind, and rain, but admits light.

A roof may also provide additional living space, for example, a roof garden.
Different roofs throughout different cultures:

Humans living during the Paleolithic and prehistoric eras used various materials to build shelters.
There is archaeological evidence of dwellings built from wood, reeds, clay, and animal hides
throughout the world. Once culture and civilization took hold, communities in different regions began
to adapt their techniques to suit their regions’ climates. These construction trends gradually became
ingrained in their cultures, and many of these traditions persist today.

In the earliest eras of human civilization, the environment was one of the most dangerous elements of
the early human world. All types of inclement weather, from severe storms to frost and snow, could
wreak havoc on a primitive human community. It became urgent for early people to develop structures
that could withstand the weather.

Developing new building techniques to accommodate new ways of life:

As human civilization refined agriculture, hunting, gathering, and community-based lifestyles, the
need for more permanent dwelling spaces became apparent. Early civilizations developed building
methods that created sturdier and more permanent walls, which allowed them to craft more robust
roofing methods that offered more substantial protection.

It is vital to remember that early roofing development was not simply a technological advancement.
New building techniques also became a way to preserve culture and history. Roofs and architectural
design became a method of reflecting a culture’s values and history.

Ancient traditions informed modern architecture in amazing ways:

Today, it is easy to notice the influence of these ancient building techniques in modern roofing in the
United States and worldwide. These roofing techniques developed out of necessity and gradually
became symbols of the respective cultures in which they bloomed. Able Roof understands the value of
adhering to established functional traditions while also helping homeowners celebrate their living
spaces in uniquely aesthetic yet functional ways.

Tiled and Thatched Roofs:

China has a long history of advanced architectural techniques, and reportedly they had been using clay
tiles as far back as 3,000 BC. It wasn’t until the Ancient Greeks and Roman civilizations that tiles
became common in Europe.
Northern Europeans preferred locally available slate or wooden tiles, with wood being particularly
popular for the roofs of Nordic churches. Slate is still dominant in Northern Europe and nearby
countries like France.

Thatching remained popular in the 18th and 19th centuries among the American pioneers as the
materials were easy to find and install. They used thatching with a layer of sod underneath to insulate
their rudimentary prairie houses, but these roofs risked frequent leaking and even collapse during a
heavy rain.

Southern Europeans typically used baked clay for their roofs, resulting in the signature Terra-cotta
look of Spanish and Mediterranean architecture.

Metal Roofs Zinc, Aluminum, and Copper:

Metal roofing has been used throughout history for a good reason: it is extremely durable and can be
bent to fit the shape that’s needed. Until recently, however, metal roofs were prohibitively expensive.
Because of this, they were reserved only for the wealthy or used in important buildings like temples
and museums.

Copper has always been a popular choice of metal for roofing because of its ease of handling and the
beautiful way it ages. By the 1400s flat copper sheeting began to be used in Europe, particularly on
churches. The castle Kronborg used copper roofing in 1587, and it didn’t require significant
renovation until over 400 years later in 2009!
The famous Temple Rock in Israel is rumored to have once had a roof made of gold, or at least
goldplated tiles. Around 300 BC the Loha Maha Paya Temple in Sri Lanka had a roof made of copper
shingles, one of the first known instances of this material being used in this way. Copper was also a
popular choice for public buildings in ancient Rome. The Ancient Egyptians used aluminum and alum
compounds to strengthen their roofing. Zinc started to be used in roofs in the 1700s and remains
popular today as an alternative to copper.

The Purpose of a Roof:

• Protecting people and their belongings from the elements should be the primary goal of any
roof.

• Roofs have the ability to insulate a building, allowing it to trap warm air indoors in the winter
and cool air in the summer.

• Certain roofing materials, particularly those derived from fibrous sources, have excellent
insulating properties.

• Roofs that do not have enough insulation or ventilation are more likely to face weather-related
issues, such as the formation of ice under overhanging eaves. When the ice melts, the water
may be absorbed by the roofing material, which can lead to a variety of problems.

• Ice dams are pockets of ice that may develop when heat escapes through the top of the roof,
melting snow at the highest point.

• Flat roofs may be seen on a significant number of major commercial facilities. Due to their
size, they need roofing material that is very water resistant in order to function properly.

• If you live in a location that gets a lot of snow, you may want to consider using metal roofing
since its flat surface makes it easier for snow to slide off as it becomes heavier. Metal can also
successfully withstand the force of severe winds.

• A sloped roof can be converted into an extra living or storage space inside. You can create an
extra living space beneath the roof without the need for expensive and elaborate attachments or
annexes.
Positioning of Columns:

A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits,
through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other
words, a column is a compression member.

The term column applies especially to a large round support (the shaft of the column) with a capital
and a base or pedestal, which is made of stone, or appearing to be so. A small wooden or metal
support is typically called a post. Supports with a rectangular or other non-round section are usually
called piers.

For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to resist lateral forces.
Other compression members are often termed "columns" because of the similar stress conditions.
Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings
rest.

Standard Size of Column:

Column has not fixed size. The column’s size depends on different aspects such as loads on column,
material used in column etc. According to these aspects the size of column should be assumed or
accepted as well as after that verification for safety is needed.

The size of column should not be less than 9” x 9” inches; and for one storey building concrete mix
will be M15 [1:2:4].

The size of column 9” x 9” inches are to be use in 1 or 2 storey structure. For high strength in 1 or 2
storey building the M20 (1:1.5:3) concrete mix will use. While normally M15 concrete mix (1:2:4)
ratio is better to use. the size of column should not be not less than or more than 12” x 9” inches.

Distance between Columns:

The center distance between two columns must be same. In all situations, prepare a layout for column
on a grid. the center to center distance between two columns with size 9”x 9” inches must not be
greater than 4 meter. While in high rise building the center to center distance between two columns
should not be more than 7 meter. It should be less than 7 meter.

• If the distance between two columns is increase the dimension of columns will also be
increase.
• The height of structure also affects the dimension of column if height is increases the
dimension will be more while low in rise building the dimension of columns will be low.
• The distance between two columns and height of column is directly proportional to the
dimension of height.
Principles in determining the positions of columns:

There are some of the basic principles in determining the positions of columns. Some of them are:

• Columns should be preferred to be positioned at the corners of the building and at the
intersection of beams.

• They should be placed in such a way that the bending moments will be reduced in the beams.

• Avoid larger spans of beams.

• Avoid larger centre to centre distance between columns.

• Columns on property line.

• Avoid projection of columns outside the building as they will damage the outside look of the
building and even minimize the use of floor space.

• Orient the column in such a way that the depth of column is contained in major plane of
building or perpendicular to major axis of the building.

Orientation of Column:

There can be many reasons to it but what I feel that majorly there can be two reasons:

1. Architectural requirement:
 As you can observe from the picture (a typical house floor plan) the columns are being oriented such
that they are not visible to the person sitting in the room, which means for aesthetics.

But this is not always possible due to structural issues in tall buildings or any abnormality in
structure as changing the orientation of columns can bring changes in maximum deflection of whole
building. Although this is not of much concern in small residential buildings.

2. Structural requirement:
Column orientation is big structures is something that need to be considered and analysed
thoroughly.

If we take example of this column layout plan of a 6 storey building, in this columns are aligned in
y-axis. If you align them along x-axis you can see considerable change in the deflection (deflection
will increase along y axis) of the topmost point of building (this can be done through analysis in
STAAD Pro, you can try with a simple rectangular frame structure).

So, because of the structural issues sometimes the alignment of the columns has to be reconsidered
and aligned accordingly.
 Therefore this is the requirement of structure that such changes like orientation of column need to
be changed.

Column placement appears to be very easy but it can be extremely difficult.

All you need to do is define a grid: taking into consideration the junctions, the corners and the distance
between them.

The columns can be placed close to each other, as well as far away from each other.

If you place the columns close by (for eg. 6m apart), you have the liberty to reduce the dimensions or
use the minimum standard size of a column (450mm x 300mm).

Therefore, as your span increases, the dimensions of the columns increase- as the load of the entire
span have to be divided equally between the two columns.

Once the grid is formed, make sure you measure the distance and place columns accordingly.