General Physics 1

Cl ssic l Mech nics

P rt 8: First l w of thermodyn mics

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 What we should "master" from today's lecture

1. First law of thermodynamics

2. Work done on the system
3. Processes in thermodynamics

 The First Law of Thermodynamics

• When a system undergoes a change from one state to another, the change in its
internal energy is ΔU = Q + W
• where Q is the energy transferred into the system by heat and W is the work done
on the system.
• Although Q and W both depend on the path taken from the initial state to the nal
state, the quantity ΔU does not depend on the path.

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 Convention

• Q: heat transferred to the system.

• Q’=-Q: heat transferred from the system
✓Q>0 : the system really receives energy
✓Q<0, Q’>0: the system releases energy as heat
• W: work done on the system.
• W’=-W: work done by the system.
✓W>0: work is really done on the system
✓W<0,W’>0: work is really done by the system.
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 Work done on the system

! !
dW = F.d s = P.S.dy = − PdV
V2
W = − ∫ PdV
V1

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 Isothermal process of an ideal gas

T = const => PV = const

1st law of TD : ΔU = Q + W
i
ΔU = nRΔT = 0; Q = − W
2
( 2) V2
nRT V2
W = − ∫ PdV = − ∫ dV = −nRT ln
(1) V1
V V1

V2
Q = − W = nRT ln
V1
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 Isobaric process

V
• We have P = const;
T
= const

• First law of thermodynamics: ΔU = Q + W

• ∫
Work done on the system: W = − PdV = − PΔV = − nRΔT
i i+2
• Heat transferred to the system: Q = ΔU − W = 2 nRΔT + nRΔT = n 2 RΔT
i+2
• 2 R = Cpm is the molar speci c heat at constant pressure.
⇒ Q = nCpmΔT
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 Iso-volumetric process

P
• We have V = const ⇒
T
= const

• First law of thermodynamics: ΔU = Q + W

• ∫
Work done on the system: W = − PdV = − PΔV = 0
i
• Heat transferred to the system: Q = ΔU − W = nRΔT = nCvmΔT
2
i
• Cvm = R is the molar speci c heat at constant volume
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 Adiabatic process Q=0

• First law of thermodynamics: ΔU = Q + W = 0 + W

i P2V2 − P1V1
• Work done on the system W = ΔU =
2
nRΔT =
γ−1
Cpm i + 2
• The ratio of speci c heats γ =
Cvm
=
i
i 1 i+2 γ
⇒ = ⇒ Cpm = R= R
2 γ−1 2 γ−1
i 1
⇒ Cvm = R = R
2 γ−1
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 Speci ic heat in thermodynamic process

Summ ry

i
• The molar speci c heat at constant volume: CV = R
2
i+2
• The molar speci c heat at constant pressure: CP =
2
R
CP i + 2
• The ratio of speci c heats: γ =
CV
=
i
R γR
• CV =
γ−1
; CP =
γ−1
; CP = CV + R

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 Adiabatic process

• We have dT = dQ − PdV

• In adiabatic process dQ = 0
i
• Then dU = − PdV ⇒ dU = nRdT
2
γ
• PV = nRT ⇒ PdV + VdP = nRdT PV = const γ−1
TV = const
•
i i
dU = nRdT = (PdV + VdP)
PV
= const ⇒ γ 1−γ
T P = const
i
2 2
i+2 i
T
• 2
(PdV + VdP) = − PdV ⇒
2
PdV + VdP = 0
2
i + 2 dV dP
• Divide both sides by PV:
i V
+
P
=0

• γ
γlnV + lnP = lnC ⇒ PV = const
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