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MATH 022A – LINEAR

ALGEBRA WITH MATLAB
Module 4: Determinants
System of Linear Equation (SLE) Add Slide

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO):

▪ Evaluate the determinant of an n x n matrix using minors and cofactors
▪ Use the properties of determinants to solve the determinant of a sum, product, transpose, and inverse
▪ Determine the inverse of a matrix using adjoint matrix
▪ Apply determinants to calculate the area of a triangle, and volume of a tetrahedron
▪ Solve a linear system using Cramer’s rule
▪ Describe how performing row operations affect the determinant
▪ Perform MATLAB syntax/commands to solve the determinant of a given matrix
Determinants Add Slide

Definition:

An n x n matrix (or a square matrix) can be associated with a real number

called a determinant.

For a square matrix 𝐴, the determinant is given by:

det(𝐴) = |𝐴|

𝑎11 𝑎12
Or if 𝐴 = 𝑎 𝑎22
21
Determinants Add Slide

Example:
Find for the determinant of 𝐶:

0 3
𝐶=
2 4
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Example:
Find for the determinant of 𝐵:

0 2 1
𝐵 = 3 −1 2
4 0 1
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Example:
Find for the determinant of 𝐴:

1 −2 3 0
−1 1 0 2
A=
0 2 0 3
3 4 0 −2
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Cofactors and Minors:

The determinant can be defined by using cofactor and minors.

Minor:
A square matrix with an element of 𝑎 𝑖𝑗 has a minor of 𝑀𝑖𝑗 which is the determinant of the
matrix obtained by deleting the 𝑖th row and the 𝑗th column.
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Determinants using Co-factors and Minors Add Slide

Example:
Find the 𝑀11, 𝑀13, 𝑀23 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀42 of the Matrix 𝐴
1 −2 3 0
−1 1 0 2
𝐴=
0 2 0 3
3 4 0 −2
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Determinants using Co-factors and Minors Add Slide

Cofactor:
The cofactor 𝐶𝑖𝑗 is given by:
𝐶𝑖𝑗 = −1 𝑖+𝑗 𝑀
𝑖𝑗
Determinants using Co-factors and Minors Add Slide

Cofactor:
The cofactor 𝐶𝑖𝑗 is given by:
𝐶𝑖𝑗 = −1 𝑖+𝑗 𝑀
𝑖𝑗
Determinants using Co-factors and Minors Add Slide

Example:
Find the 𝐶11 , 𝐶13 , 𝐶23 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶42 of the Matrix 𝐴
𝐴= 1 −2 3 0
−1 1 0 2
0 2 0 3
3 4 0 −2
Determinants using Co-factors and Minors Add Slide

(Again) We could find for the determinant of a matrix using the cofactor and
minor matrix by summing the cofactors multiplied by their element of any row or column.

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

Say 𝐴 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

Then the determinant of the matrix can be:

det 𝐴 = 𝐴 = σ𝑛𝑗=1 𝑎𝑚𝑗 𝐶𝑚𝑗 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑟𝑜𝑤

Or:
det 𝐴 = 𝐴 = σ𝑛𝑗=1 𝑎𝑚𝑗 𝐶𝑚𝑗 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
Determinants using Co-factors and Minors Add Slide

Example:
Find for the determinant of 𝐵 using cofactors on the first row:
0 2 1
𝐵 = 3 −1 2
4 0 1
Determinants using Co-factors and Minors Add Slide

Example:
Find for the determinant of 𝐵 using cofactors on the second column:
0 2 1
𝐵=
3 −1 2
4 0 1
Determinants using Co-factors and Minors Add Slide

Knowing that we could find the determinant by using any row or column, we could take
advantage of this by also using elementary operations to reduce the matrix in its much
simpler form.

Say, we have two matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵:

1 −2 3 1 1 −2 3 1
4 −6 3 2 𝐵 = 0 2 −9 −2
𝐴 =
−2 4 −9 −3 0 0 −3 −1
3 −6 9 2 0 0 0 −1

Which of these two are much easier to evaluate?

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Determinants with Elementary Operations Add Slide

Example:
Find the determinant of
2 −3 10
𝐴 = 1 2 −2
0 1 −3
Properties of Determinants Add Slide

Determinant Properties:
1. |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐴| |𝐵|
2. |𝑐𝐴| = 𝑐 𝑛 |A| ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 = 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟, 𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟
3. If |𝐴| ≠ 0 ; it is non-singular, therefore, an inverse exists
4. If the 𝐴−1 exists, therefore 𝐴−1 = 1
A
5. 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑇
Properties of Determinants Add Slide

Example:
1. Show that |𝐴𝐵|=|𝐴||𝐵|
3 −1 1 5
Given 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 =
0 2 2 −1
Properties of Determinants Add Slide

Example:
2. Show that 𝑐𝐴 = 𝑐 𝑛 𝐴
3 −1
Given 𝐴 = ; 𝑐=2
0 2
Properties of Determinants Add Slide

Example:
3. Check if A has an inverse:
1 2
𝐴=
2 4
Properties of Determinants Add Slide

Example:
1
4. If 𝐴−1 exists, show that 𝐴−1 = :
A
1 −2
𝐴=
0 4
Determinants and ItsApplications Add Slide

Application of Determinants

▪ Finding the inverse of a Matrix using Matrix Adjoint

▪ Solving SLE using Cramer’s Rule

▪ Finding the area of a triangle and volume of a tetrahedron

▪ Finding the equation of a line or a plane passing through points

Determinants and ItsApplications Add Slide

Matrix Adjoint Definition:

The matrix Adjoint a square matrix 𝐴 , is a collection of the cofactors of a

matrix.
𝑇
𝐶11 𝐶12 … 𝐶1𝑛
𝐶21 𝐶22 … 𝐶2𝑛
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 =
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝐶𝑛1 𝐶𝑛2 … 𝐶𝑛𝑛
Determinants and ItsApplications Add Slide

Example:
Find for the adjoint of the matrix 𝐴

−1 3 2
𝐴 = 0 −2 1
1 0 −2
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Determinants and ItsApplications Add Slide

We could find the inverse of a matrix using Matrix Adjoint:

1
𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)
det 𝐴
Determinants and ItsApplications Add Slide

Example:
Find for the inverse of A using Matrix Adjoint:
1 2
𝐴=
−2 4
Determinants and ItsApplications Add Slide

Example:
Find for the inverse of A using Matrix Adjoint:
0 1 1
𝐴= 1 2 3
−1 −1 −2
Determinants and ItsApplications Add Slide

Example:
Find for the inverse of A using Matrix Adjoint:
0 1 1
𝐴= 1 2 3
−1 −1 −1
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Determinants and ItsApplications Add Slide

Solving SLE using Cramer’s Rule

Say we have a system of linear equation:

𝑎11𝑥1 + 𝑎12𝑥2 = 𝑏1
𝑎21𝑥1 + 𝑎22𝑥2 = 𝑏2
Determinants and ItsApplications Add Slide

Solving SLE using Cramer’s Rule

Say we have a system of linear equation:

𝑎11𝑥1 + 𝑎12𝑥2 = 𝑏1
𝑎21𝑥1 + 𝑎22𝑥2 = 𝑏2

We could solve for 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 using the formula

𝑏1 𝑎12 𝑎11 𝑏1
𝑏2 𝑎22 𝑎21 𝑏2
𝑥1 = , 𝑥2 =
𝐴 𝐴
Note:
The numerator is the determinant of matrix A, but the column of the unknown is
replaced with the constant column vector
Determinants and ItsApplications Add Slide

Example:
Solve for the SLE using Cramer’s Rule:
−𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 1
2𝑥 + 𝑧 = 0
3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 2
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Determinants and ItsApplications Add Slide

Finding the Area and Volume using determinants:

Finding the Area of a Triangle:

1 𝑥1 𝑦1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ± 𝑥2 𝑦2 1
2
𝑥3 𝑦3 1

Finding the Volume of a Tetrahedron:

𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑧1 1
1 𝑥 𝑦2 𝑧2 1
2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = ±
6 𝑥3 𝑦3 𝑧3 1
𝑥4 𝑦4 𝑧4 1
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Example:
1. Find the area of the triangle using determinants:
Given points: 1,0 , 2,2 , (4,3)
Determinants and ItsApplications Add Slide

Example:
2. Find the volume of the tetrahedron using determinants:
Given points: 0,4,1 , 4,0,0 , 3,5,2 , (2,2,5)
Determinants and ItsApplications Add Slide

Finding the equation passing through points using determinants:

Finding the equation of a line passing through 2 points:

𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥1 𝑦1 1 =0
𝑥2 𝑦2 1

Finding the equation of a plane passing through 3 points:

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 1
𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑧1 1
=0
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2 1
𝑥3 𝑦3 𝑧3 1
Determinants and ItsApplications Add Slide

Example:
1. Find the equation of a line passing through the points below using determinants:
Given points: 2,4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−1,3)
Determinants and ItsApplications Add Slide

Example:
2. Find the equation of a plane passing through the points below using determinants:
Given points: 0,1,0 , −1,3,2 , (−2,0,1)