Is this ratio evidence that Nature has been

Mathematics in Nature somehow designed?

Individuality Was everything on earth created by a God to

adhere to a certain number
• the trademark of any artist, maker or
architect.
• Among billions of people in the world,
“Mathematics is the language with which God
no two fingerprints are the same
has written the universe”

– Galileo Galilei
Fingerprints in Nature
The Natural Order
• Fibonnacci Sequence
• We live in a universe of patterns
o (0,1,1,2,3,5,…)
• Mathematics is a formal system of
• Golden Rectangle
thought for recognizing, classifying, and
o If the golden rectangle is broken
exploiting patterns.
down into smaller squares
• By using mathematics to organize and
based on the fibonacci
systematize our ideas about patterns,
sequence, and divide each with
we have discovered a great secret:
an arc, the figure formed will
nature's patterns are not just there to be
reveal the fibonacci spiral.
admired, they are vital clues to the rules
that govern natural processes.

“The presence of the Fibbonnacci sequence in Patterns possess utility as well as beauty.
nature appears to be the trademark of a
New kinds of pattern: fractals and chaos.
designer, a proof of a creator”
• Fractals are geometric shapes that
repeat their structure on ever-finer
Golden Ratio scales
◦ Example: clouds
Two numbers are said to be in the golden ration,
• Chaos is a kind of apparent randomness
and is said to be in perfect proportion if they
whose origins are entirely deterministic
satisfy the following equation:
◦ Example: Weather
𝑎+𝑏=𝑎
a b
= 1.618034 Barnsley Fern Fractal

Fractals offer artists a way to create imaginary

landscapes on the computer. Many movie
“We have seen its influence in some of the
backgrounds are created using fractal graphics.
finest works mankind has ever produced.
However, the one thing we're not entirely sure Koch Snow Flakes
about is whether any or all of this was
deliberate”
What Mathematics is for
Mathematical Language
Mathematics is a more or less systematic way of
digging out the rules and structures that lie “Math isn’t hard, it’s a language”
behind some observed pattern or regularity, and -Randy Palisoc
then using those rules and structures to explain
what's going on.
His insights about Mathematics

Mathematics is a useful way to think about Math is a human language, just like English,
nature: Spanish or Chinese.

• understand how patterns happen, why

they happen
"The laws of nature are written in the language
• organize the underlying patterns and
of mathematics. “
regularities in the most satisfying way
• predict how nature will behave -Galileo Galilei
• control nature for our own ends
Philosopher
• make practical use of what we have
learned about our world. Math is a human language, so we all have the
ability to understand it.

“Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not

only truth, but supreme beauty”
“Mathematics is the sense you never knew you
-Bertrand Russel had”

-Eddie Woo

a well-known Mathematics teacher, who

struggled with Mathematics when he was young.
Mathematics is
- immensely practical and even beautiful
- it's not just about finding answers but also
about learning to ask the right questions
- it isn't about mindlessly crunching numbers but
rather about forming new ways to see problems
so we can solve them by combining insight with
imagination.
- Mathematics is a sense just like sight and touch;
it's a sense that allows us to perceive realities
which would be otherwise intangible to us.
- Mathematics is our sense for patterns,
relationships, and logical connections.
- It's a whole new way to see the world.
- Like the other senses, our mathematical sense
can be refined with practice.
- He believes that all human beings are wired to
see patterns.
“Just as everybody must strive to learn language
and writing before he can use them freely for
expression of his thoughts, here too there is only
one way to escape the weight of formulas
[Mathematics] .It is to acquire such power over
the tool [Mathematics] that, unhampered by
formal technique, one can turn to the true
problems.”
- Hermann Weyl
Difference between Mathematical language
from ordinary speech
Mathematical Language is
1. Nontemporal . There is no past, present,
or future in mathematics.
2. Devoid of emotional content.
3. Precise because it can be stated clearly
4. Concise because it can be stated briefly
5. Powerful because it is capable of
expressing complex ideas into simpler
forms.
Components of a language:
1. There must be a vocabulary of words or
symbols.
2. Meaning must be attached to the words
or symbols.
3. A language employs grammar, which is a
set of rules that outline how vocabulary
is used.
4. A syntax organizes symbols into linear
structures or propositions.
5. A narrative or discourse consists of
strings of syntactic propositions
6. There must be (or have been) a group of
people who use and understand the
symbols.
*Mathematics meets all of these requirements.
Structure
1. Numbers – symbols that represent
quantity. [NOUN]
2. Operation symbols – connectives in a
mathematical sentences
3. Relation symbols- used for comparison
and act as verbs
4. Grouping symbols – used to associate
groups of numbers and operators
5. Variables – letters that represent
quantities and act as pronoun
Vocabulary in Math
Nouns in math include:
◦Arabic numerals (0, 5, 123.7)
◦Fractions (¹⁄, ⁵⁄, 2 ¹⁄)
◦Variables (a, b, c, x, y, z)
◦Expressions (3x, x2, 4 + x)
◦Diagrams or visual elements (circle, angle,
triangle, tensor, matrix)
◦Infinity (∞) Pi (π) Imaginary numbers (i, -i) The
speed of light (c)
Verbs include symbols including:
◦Equalities or inequalities (=, <, >)
◦Actions such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division (+, -, x or *, ÷ or /)
◦Other operations (sin, cos, tan, sec)
Structure of the Mathematical Language
• Formulas are read from left to right.
• The Latin alphabet is used for
parameters and variables.
• Unknowns are x, y, z. Names of functions
are usually f, g, h.
• The Greek alphabet is used to represent
specific concepts. (For example, λ is used
to indicate wavelength and ρ means
density.
• Parentheses and brackets indicate the
order in which the symbols interact.
• The way functions, integrals, and
derivatives are phrased is uniform.
“Mathematics cannot be learned without being
understood
-It is not a matter of formulae being committed
to memory but of acquiring a capacity for
systematic thought.”
-Peter Hilton
-END OF PART 1-
Mathematical Language (part 2): Universal Existential Statements

Mathematical Statements First part is a universal statement and the second

part is existential.
Kinds of Mathematical Statements
Every real number has an additive inverse. Can
❖ Universal Statement: true for all be rewritten as:
elements in a set All positive numbers
1. All real numbers have additive inverse.
are greater than zero.
2. For all real number r, there is an additive
❖ Conditional Statement: if one thing is
inverse for r.
true then some other thing has to be
3. For all real number r, there is a real
true If 378 is divisible by 18, then 378 is
number s such that s is the additive
divisible by 6.
inverse of r.
❖ Existential statement: there is at least
one thing for which the property is true
There is a prime number that is even.
Existential Universal Statement

First part is existential and the second part is

Universal Conditional statement universal.

A statement that is both universal and There is a positive integer that is less than or
conditional. equal to every positive integer. Can be rewritten
as:
For all real numbers x, if x is nonzero, then x2 is
positive. Can be rewritten as: 1. Some positive integer is less than or
equal to every positive integer.
1. If a real number is nonzero, then its
2. There is a positive integer m that is less
square is positive
than or equal to every positive integer.
2. For all nonzero real number x, x2 is
3. There is a positive integer m such that
positive.
every positive integer is greater than or
3. The square of any nonzero real number
equal to m.
is positive.
4. There is a positive integer m with the
4. All nonzero real numbers have positive
property that for all positive integer n,
squares.
m≤ n.
 Methods of Representing Sets
Mathematical Language P3
Roster Method:
The Language of Sets
All elements are listed with commas separating
1. A set is a collection of well-defined each element and enclosed within braces
objects that share a common
characteristic 𝐴 = 2,4,6,8,10,12,…,100
2. The objects that belong in a set are the 𝐵 = 1,2,3,4,…,100
elements, or members, of the set. 𝐶 = …,−3,−2,−1,0,1,2,3 …,100
3. Sets are usually denoted by capital 𝐷 = 𝑎,𝑏,𝑐,𝑑,𝑒,𝑓,…,𝑧}
letters Rule Method:
Examples State in words the common characteristics of
1. Let A represent the set of whole numbers the elements of the set.
from 1 to 5 Set Builder Notation:
A: { 1,2,3,4,5}

2. Let B represent the set of letters in the word

Example:
google
The set of even numbers between 5 and 25
B:{ g,o,l,e}

Basic Number Set

Use the Roster Method to Represent a Set of
Natural Numbers or Counting Numbers Numbers
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...} Use the roster method to write each of the
given sets.
Whole Numbers
a. The set of natural numbers from 4 to 10
W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}
b. The set of negative integers greater than -7
Integers c. The set of integers greater than -7

Z = { ... , -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...} Solution:

Rational Numbers a. {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
b. {-6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1}
Q = the set of all terminating or repeating
c. {-6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, …}
decimals

Irrational Numbers

= the set of all nonterminating,

nonrepeating decimals

Real Numbers

= the set of all rational or irrational numbers

Use the Set Builder Notation to Represent a Set
of Numbers

Use the Set Builder Notation to write each of

the given sets.

a. The set of natural numbers from 4 to 10

b. The set of negative integers greater than -7
c. The set of integers greater than -7
Types of Sets Equal sets

Equal sets, 𝐴 = 𝐵, are sets with exactly the same
elements.
Example: 𝑍+ = 𝑁
Equivalent sets, 𝐴 ↔ 𝐵 𝑜𝑟 𝐴~𝐵, are sets with
the same number of elements
The two sets A and B are said to be equal if they
have exactly the same elements, the order of
elements does not matter.
Example: A = {1,2,3,4} and B = {4,3,2,1}
A=B

Example: If 𝑂 = −2,−4,8 Equivalent set

and 𝑃 = 𝑎,𝑏,𝑐 If the number of elements is the same for two

then 𝑂 ↔ 𝑃 or 𝑂~𝑃
Finite set is a set whose number of elements is
a whole number.
Joint sets are sets with common elements.
Disjoint sets are sets with no common
elements.
1. The number of subsets of a set A with n
elements has subsets 2𝑛
2. Cardinality of a finite set is the number of
elements in the set. It is denoted by 𝑛 𝐴 .
different sets, then they are called equivalent
sets. The order of sets does not matter here. It
is represented as:
n(A) = n(B)
where A and B are two different sets with the
same number of elements.
Example: If A = {1,2,3,4} and B = {Red, Blue,
Green, Black}
In set A, there are four elements and in set B
also there are four elements. Therefore, set A
and set B are equivalent.

Example: If 𝑂 = −2,−4,8 Finite set

and 𝑃 = 𝑎,𝑏,𝑐 , A set which consists of a definite number of

elements is called a finite set.
then 𝑛 𝑂 = 3,𝑛 𝑃 = 3
Example: A set of natural numbers up to 10.

A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}

Disjoint Sets

The two sets A and B are said to be disjoint if

the set does not contain any common element.

Example: Set A = {1,2,3,4} and set B = {5,6,7,8}

are disjoint sets, because there is no common
element between them.
Operations on sets: II. Intersection of sets

I. Union , 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 , is the joining of two or
more sets
II. Intersection, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 , gives the common
elements of two or more sets.
III. Difference, 𝐴 − 𝐵 , gives the elements
of A not in B
IV. Complement of a set, 𝐴′ is the
collection of all elements, which are not
members of that set. It is also
considered as a set excluding itself but
other elements in the universal set.
𝐴′ = 𝑈 – 𝐴
Cartesian Product
• Given sets A & B, the Cartesian product
of A & B, AxB, is the set of all ordered
pairs (a,b), where a is in A and b is in B.
• AxB = { (a,b)|a ∈ A and b ∈ B}
Example
A = { 1,2,3,} B = { u,v }
A x B = { (1,u), (1,v), (2,u), (2,v), (3,u), (3,v)}
If set A and set B are two sets, then A
intersection B is the set that contains only the
common elements between set A and set B. It
is denoted as A ∩ B.
Example: Set A = {1,2,3} and B = {4,5,6}, then
A intersection B is:
A ∩ B = { } or Ø
Since A and B do not have any elements in
common, so their intersection will give null set.
III. A complement of a set
The complement of any set, say P, is the set of
all elements in the universal set that are not in
set P. It is denoted by P’.
Properties of Complement sets
P ∪ P′ = U
P ∩ P′ = Φ
Law of double complement : (P′ )′ = P
Laws of empty/null set(Φ) and universal set(U),
Φ′ = U and U′ = Φ.

Operations on Sets IV. Set difference

In set theory, the operations of the sets are
carried when two or more sets combine to form
a single set under some of the given conditions.
The basic operations on sets are:
I. Union of sets
If set A and set B are two sets, then set A
difference set B is a set which has elements of
A but no elements of B. It is denoted as A – B.
Example: A = {1,2,3} and B = {2,3,4}
A – B = {1}

If set A and set B are two sets, then A union B

is the set that contains all the elements of set
A and set B. It is denoted as A ∪ B.
Example: Set A = {1,2,3} and B = {4,5,6}, then
A union B is:
A ∪ B = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Example of Sets
Here are a few examples, given to represent the Example 2:
elements of a set. Find A U B and A ⋂ B and A – B.
Example 1: If A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {c, d}.
Write the given statement in three methods of Solution:
representation of a set:
A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {c, d}
The set of all integers that lies between -1 and 5
A U B = {a, b, c, d}
Solution:
A ⋂ B = {c, d} and
The methods of representations of sets are:
A – B = {a, b}
Statement Form: { I is the set of integers that
lies between -1 and 5}

Roster Form: I = { 0,1, 2, 3,4 }

Set-builder Form: I = { x: x ∈ I, -1 < x < 5 }

The Language of Relations and
Functions

RELATION

Let A and B be sets. The relation R from A to B is

a subset of AxB. Given an ordered pair (x,y) in
AxB, x is related to y by R, written xRy, if and only
if, (x,y) is in R. The set A is called the domain of R
and the set B is called its co-domain.

Example

Let A={1,2} and B = {1,2,3} and define a relation

R from A to B as follows:

(x,y) ∈ R means that ½ (x-y) is an integer.

R = {(1,1), (1,3), (2,2)}

Domain of R is {1,2}

Range of R is {1,2,3}