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 DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

Title of Term-Paper on Socio-Economic Effects of Eucalyptus Forest Tree in

North Wollo Gidan Woreda Eyela Michael Kebele

MSc. Term-Paper Assignment

Anteneh Asfaw

College: Agriculture and natural resources

School/Department: Natural resources

Program: Integrated watershed management

April 30, 2019 E.C

Debre Markos University, Ethiopia

 TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents page
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................................... i

LIST OF TABLE ............................................................................................................................ ii

LIST OF FIGURE.......................................................................................................................... iii

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1

2. HISTORY OF EUCALYPTUS EXPANSION IN ETHIOPIA .............................................. 3

3. SOCIO-ECONOMICA AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF COMMUNAL

EUCALYPTUS TREES IN EYELA MICHAEL KEBELE .......................................................... 4

3.1. Social Benefit of Eucalyptus Tree in Eyela Michael Kebele ........................................... 4

3.2. Economic Benefit of Eucalyptus Tree in Eyela michael kebele ...................................... 4

3.2.1. The Need for Construction........................................................................................ 5

3.3. Environmental Problems Related to Eucalyptus Forest Tree........................................... 6

4. INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY EFFECTS ON EUCALYPTUS TREE IN EYELA

MICHAEL KEBELE ...................................................................................................................... 7

4.1. Institutional Effects of Eucalyptus Tree ........................................................................... 7

4.2. Ethiopian Forest Policy Issues in Particular Eucalyptus Tree.......................................... 7

4.2.1. The Forest Law Constitution Article 44 and 92........................................................ 8

5. STAKEHOLDER EFFECTS ON EUCALYPTUS TREE IN EYELA MICHAEL KEBELE 8

6. RESOURCES USE CONFLICT RESOLVING MECHANISMS IN EYALA MIKAYEL

KEBELE ....................................................................................................................................... 10

SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 11

RECOMMANDATION ................................................................................................................ 12

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 13

i
 LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: Social benefit of Eucalyptus tree in Eyela Michael kebele ............................................................. 4
Table 2: Some of the known economical benefits of communal Eucalyptus forest in North wollo gidan
woerda Eyela Michael kebele ...................................................................................................................... 5
Table 3: According to (Jagger and Pender, 2000), there are both negative and positive arguments in
literature about Eucalyptus ........................................................................................................................... 6
Table 4: The major stakeholders contributing in Eucalyptus trees management in Eyela Michael kebele .. 9

ii
 LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1: History of eucalyptus expansion in Ethiopia ................................................................................. 3

iii
 1. INTRODUCTION

Eucalyptus is the species most widely introduced overseas and is a long and ever green tree from
Myrtaceae family (Rassaeifar et al., 2013). Eucalyptus, a genus of more than 500 species, has
become the most planted genus of tree in the world (Teketay, 2000). The major Eucalyptus
growing countries are: China (170 million ha); India (2.5 million ha); and Brazil (3.7 million ha)
(Davidson, 1995; Stape et al., 2001; Stape, 2002; Liu and Li, 2010; ICFRE, 2010). In Africa,
South Africa has the largest area under Eucalyptus plantations of about half a million hectares
(Teketay, 2003).

In about 1894 Emporer Menelik ordered the construction of a new capital for Ethiopia in Addis
Ababa. There was a great need for timber for constructing this new city and Menelik endorsed
the introduction of eucalyptus to Ethiopia from Australia at that time. Menelik encouraged its
planting around Addis because of the massive deforestation that had taken place around the city
for firewood and timber. Many plantations sprung up around the city and this spread to other
areas throughout the country. It is a tree that adapts to a variety of environments (Von
Breitenbach, 1961).

In recent decades Eucalyptus has also increasingly been planted on lands around and within
“church forests,” sacred groves of old-aged trees surrounding Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido
churches. These revered holy sites have long been recognized for their cultural values and also
for their ecosystem services including their potential to support species conservation and
restoration, as church forests are some of the only remaining sanctuaries for many of Ethiopia’s
indigenous and endemic plant and animal populations (Liang et al., 2016). Currently, it is
estimated that, over 500,000ha of the land is covered by Eucalyptus plantation in Ethiopia
(Abebe and Tadesse, 2014). Nowadays in Ethiopia, the Eucalyptus continue to be planted and
used by many farmers in various ways: mainly grown in small woodlots for building materials
and fuel wood and charcoal making, locally- they are also found in shelterbelts, shady groves in
and around the villages, churches and other dwellings; they also constitute a major source of
honey and their leaves are traditionally used as a medicine to fight influenza and fever (E.
globulus) just to mention few products and services of the Eucalyptus to be considered as a
major multipurpose tree in Ethiopia (Louppe and Denis, 2010). Eucalyptus seedlings are
vulnerable to severe water stress unlike the seedlings of indigenous deciduous tree species in

1
Ethiopia (Gindaba et al., 2004). This shows that Eucalyptus trees need more water and compete
with neighboring plants for the available water in the soil. Despite its greater importance and the
potential for Eucalyptus to improve rural livelihoods and national development initiatives,
E.globulus is undermined by several scientists and communities related to the belief that “there
are significant negative environmental externalities associated with Eucalyptus trees” (Zhang and
Fu, 2009; Rassaei far et al., 2013). Most criticisms are based on a range of technical, ecological
and socio-economic arguments (FAO, 1988).

According to Chin Ong (2006), fears that Eucalyptus will deplete water supply, affect wildlife
habitats and soil fertility in undesirable ways, and cause soil erosion seem to be valid in arid and
semiarid lands. And one may add that effects of climate change along with an increased scarcity
of water resources, locally, do not militate in favor of the Eucalyptus. The same author indicates
that fears that it will affect wet zone biodiversity adversely appear unfounded. The major factors
driving farmers to plant Eucalyptus are: increasing demand for wood products in the market, the
unavailability of wood on farm, high rate of biomass production, ease to cultivate and wider
adaptability, non-palatability to livestock (Mekonnen et al., 2007). Other recent evidence from
the literature suggests that Eucalyptus may not always have negative effects on topsoil retention
and soil nutrient availability. If planted properly, for example, Eucalyptus can act as shelterbelts
for crops (Zegeye, 2010; Jagger and Pender, 2003).

In north Wollo Gidan Werdia Eyla Michael kebele there was a communal mountain greases land
20 years ago it has been converted to communal eucalyptus trees by the local resident farmers
during 1992E.C after planted the half communal land by farmers the woreda agricultural bureau
support year after that senve e non-governmental organization and rehabilitation development in
Amhara (ORDA) has supported the community collaboratively. The main reason farmers tends
to planted eucalyptus tree was there where a high peak runoff from the mountain area that was
affected their downstream farm land and be a risk for house. People were covered the communal
land by eucalyptus forest tree has obtained lot of social, economical and environmental benefits
including employment, security and financial benefit. Currently Eucalyptus tree plantation has
played significant role in improving the livelihoods of the local communities and having a tree
has one of a wealth symptoms for farmers. Despite the fact the resources has been gradually be a
sources of conflict among the users; once tray to use excessively than the other by force or thief

2
due to these reasons; elder (Shimglina) are always set for negotiation. Ever after the community
would have established common rules and regulations on the use of the communal Eucalyptus
forest tree; the other thing is excessively deforest eucalyptus tree leaf for weeding purpose. The
main objective of this term paper is to review the current socio-economic effects of eucalypts
forest in north Wollo Gidan Woreda Eyela Michael kebele.

2. HISTORY OF EUCALYPTUS EXPANSION IN ETHIOPIA

At the moment Ethiopia holds the largest eucalyptus plantation in East Africa and is one of the
pioneer countries that introduced the species. Today the most important commercial eucalyptus
species in this country are Eucalyptus globulus known locally as “Nech-Baharzaf” or “White
Eucalypt” and Eucalyptus camaldulensis known locally as “Key-Baharzaf” or “Red Eucalypt”.
However, the most wide spread species include E. camaldulensis, E. citriodora, E. regnans, E.
saligna and E. tereticornis. The cultivation of eucalyptus gradually spread throughout Ethiopia.
Currently more than 100 eucalyptus species are grown in Africa, 70 of them grown in Kenya
(Oballa, 2005) and about 55 of them are cultivated in Ethiopia (Friis, 1995). The history of
Eucakypts in Eyelamikayle bible has been introduced at the begging year of Emperor Hayleselas
regim as the elder local peope says that, in spite of that the spreading of Eucalyptus seed through
in the community was too late after a time it becomes adapted and spread by human being and
naturally. Currently the whole communal mountain grass land has been converted to Eucalyptus
globulus known locally as “Nech-Baharzaf”.

Figure 1: History of eucalyptus expansion in Ethiopia

3
 3. SOCIO-ECONOMICA AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF
COMMUNAL EUCALYPTUS TREES IN EYELA MICHAEL KEBELE

3.1. Social Benefit of Eucalyptus Tree in Eyela Michael Kebele

Eucalyptus has numerous social benefits in Eyela Michael kebele such as employment, land
tenure security, poverty reduction and Local medicinal value benefits. One of the social
significance in Eyela Michael kebele owns Eucalyptus stand is considered as a sign of
affluence/wealth, in addition to these eucalyptus has great role for Meskel, wedding, and other
religious celebration.

Table 1: Social benefit of Eucalyptus tree in Eyela Michael kebele

Land tenure Farmers plant eucalypts to ensure land tenure security on
communal land
Sources of employment Generate cash income by sailing the tree of main part and their
branch
Traditional medicinal value fight flu and fever
cultural bed, chair The local people can prepare cultural bed from Eucalyptus tree
Use for construction and The farmers in the kebele has been preparing these materials
preparation Agricultural tools from Eucalyptus

3.2. Economic Benefit of Eucalyptus Tree in Eyela michael kebele

Eucalyptus sale assist smallholder farmers to bridge the food shortage gab at household level. As
a result, growing Eucalyptus at communal land and farm level in a form of woodlot has become
very common practice in the Eyela Michael kebekle farmers. According to Hailu et al. (2003),
Eucalypts are highly preferred and appreciated by local people than other indigenous or exotic
species, which rarely present in the landscape, because Eucalyptus perform a high biomass
production and a rapid growth.

Eucalyptus in Eyela Michael kebele has been contributed as a source of fuel-wood, house
building and available in the local market, thus providing cash income for local village
communities. Because of the fuel wood was shortage in the earlier years, (leaves, twigs, bark
etc.) is ranked by women and children and locally used for fuel or marketed. Usually In the area

4
farmers have been collected all parts of the Eucalyptus trees (stem, bark, branches, leaves, and
roots) for daily livelihood activities, this leads to time saving to collect fuel wood is great. In the
kebele before 25 and 30 years ago, they were traveling 5 to 6 hours to collect fuel wood from
forests while at present it is not more than half hour in average. The reason to this is attributable
for the availability of eucalyptus tree plantation in the communal land and purchasing from the
nearby villages.

Table 2: Some of the known economical benefits of communal Eucalyptus forest in North wollo
gidan woerda Eyela Michael kebele
Livelihood Contribute positively to income/food security
Reduce time waste by Use their time for other alternative income generating works
collecting wood
charcoal making It gives high cash income for farmers
Financial income Generate cash income by sailing the tree , charcoal form
Fuel wood Eucalyptus plantations on communal land has play great role in
household fuel energy supply is very immense.

3.2.1. The Need for Construction

Before 20 years using eucalyptus as source of construction raw materials was less common in the
whole Gidan woreda kebele the main sources of house construction materials were obtained
from own indigenous woodlots and natural forests. However, now days because of the restriction
of cutting of the existing natural forests by the woreda and the local community administrative at
large the communal land and individual households in particular, farmers shifted their attention
to using fast growing trees such as eucalyptus. Previously junipers procera was the most
preferred and defrosted plant for construction. However, as a result of its slow growth nature,
lack of availability and the very costly nature of the tree, its use for construction purpose became
less important; therefore farmers prefer using eucalyptus camaldulensis (red eucalyptus) to
eucalyptus globules (white eucalyptus) for construction purposes as a result of its beauty and
resistance to termites within the ground. The straight nature of red eucalyptus is more conducive
than the white one. The need of eucalyptus by the whole rural and urban Town people for house
construction purpose is totally accelerated. In addition to house construction, eucalyptus tree has
great role for fencing institutions, making farm tools and local bridges.
5
 3.3. Environmental Problems Related to Eucalyptus Forest Tree
Eucalyptus causes a number of environmental hazards like depletion of groundwater, dominance
over other species by allopathic effects, loss of soil fertility and negative impacts on local food
security issues (Joshi and Palanisami, 2011). Planting of Eucalyptus trees adjacent crop has
effects on depletion of the water table and hydrological cycle. According to the report by FAO,
(2009), among the criticisms against eucalypts plantations is that they promote a change in the
local climate. This is because of their very high evapotranspiration rate, which drains water from
the soil leading to a lower water table. This high evapotranspiration rate is claimed to adversely
affect local rainfall levels, resulting in possible desertification of the area. The hydrological
impacts of Eucalyptus are often displayed in terms of its runoff regulation, water uptake, canopy
interception, and soil moisture depletion.

Table 3: According to (Jagger and Pender, 2000), there are both negative and positive arguments
in literature about Eucalyptus
Effect Positive
Biomass production Planting fast growing Eucalyptus
may be one of the best short-term
options for the provision of
critically required biomass
Effects on soils, On degraded hillsides and
nutrient depletion wastelands the net soil nutrient
and topsoil retention contribution of Eucalyptus
through leaf litter is likely to be
positive
Allelopathic effects Rainfall may decrease or negate
the allelopathic effects of trees on
crop
Hydrological In regions with erratic and severe
impacts rainfall the ability to take up large
quantities of water may reduce
runoff, flooding and water
logging
Resistance to pests, Some species of Eucalyptus have
pathogens and avoided attack from some
random disturbances commonly observed insect pests
and are unpalatable to livestock
Source: Jagger and Pender, 2000
Negative
Land scarcity may be a constraint to
wide-scale tree planting, however
wasteland and degraded land in good
supply
Eucalyptus trees deplete soil nutrients
needed by agricultural crops, however
the spatial magnitude of depletion is
not known
Allelochemicals negatively influence
agricultural production and are a more
significant factor in dry regions
Eucalyptus may complete water away
from agricultural crops decreasing
agricultural output as far as 10 meters
away from where trees are planted
Pests and pathogens may migrate to
unaffected regions causing medium-
term losses

6
 4. INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY EFFECTS ON EUCALYPTUS TREE
IN EYELA MICHAEL KEBELE

4.1. Institutional Effects of Eucalyptus Tree

Effective institutions are very important for planting, improving, management and development
of Eucalyptus tree in the kebele. The local institutions are Idier, Iquab, police office, Orthodox’s
churches, kebele agriculture bureau, woreda land administration and environmental protection
bureau, woreda natural resources bureau, forest development agency such as ORDA and kebele
social court all of these have played crucial role on solving of resources use conflict, and
mobilization to plant especially Orthodox’s church has played crucial role by creating awareness
for long time about planting trees, keeping, and experts can deliver some information’s when
people coming to church. In fact the farmers where live in the kebele has developed their
capacity on forest management thorough time by the helping of these institutions and now
adopted as a cultural way.

4.2. Ethiopian Forest Policy Issues in Particular Eucalyptus Tree

Forestry development in Ethiopia has remained highly dependent on the following major factors
(Melaku, 2008) such as Land tenure (land ownership): All tenure (entitlements) on land and
natural resources emanate from the legal necessity of state ownership, Government priority:
Priority has been for food production, but agricultural productivity remains still low- Forestry
needs land “not needed” for agriculture, - Improvement in agricultural productivity reduces
deforestation and well managed forests better support agriculture Institutional and policy
volatility: Major changes in political orientation and frequent institutional changes did not allow
the evolution of mature forest policy, contrasting systems in the last fifty years alone! Difficult to
digest/quickly harmonize local level institutions and create sense of continuity for farmers)
Policy failure and institutional instability have since long undermined tree planting decisions of
Ethiopian farmers. The following are the most critical Ethiopian forest resources legislation and
policies

The policy of restricting its use by some government officials have not succeeded in turning
farmers away from planting Eucalyptus. The challenge is how to promote Eucalyptus plantations
for the benefit of society without endangering the environment. The selection of appropriate

7
species and provenances for specific sites is important for maximizing the benefit of Eucalyptus
for poor households. The extension system must demonstrate appropriate management practices
in order to minimize the negative effects of Eucalyptus resulting from mismanagement by
people. The opportunities for processing and adding value to Eucalyptus need to be explored so
that its contribution to poverty alleviation can be enhanced. In the absence of viable alternatives,
attempts to discourage Eucalyptus will simply worsen wood scarcity in the Ethiopian highlands.

4.2.1. The Forest Law Constitution Article 44 and 92

All citizens have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment. The government and
citizens have the duty to protect the environment key aspects of the forest proclamation (No.
542/2007) Replaced the previous forest proclamation part:

1. Defined key terms – tree, forest, forest land, state forest, private forest, local community
determined types of forest ownership – as private and state PART

2. Promotion of forest development Promoting forest technology promoting markets for

forest products obligations of private forest developers

5. STAKEHOLDER EFFECTS ON EUCALYPTUS TREE IN EYELA

MICHAEL KEBELE
Stakeholder is basically a person with an interest or concern in something; any group or
individual who can affect, or is affected by, the achievement of a project’s purpose. More
specifically, stakeholders are any relevant person, group or organization with an interest in the
issue, either because they are going to be affected by the subject or because they have influence,
knowledge and experience with the subject. The origin of the stakeholder concept lies in the
business science literature (Freeman, 1984), and may be traced back even as far as Adam Smith
and his The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Its modern utilization in management literature was
brought about by the Stanford Research Institute, which introduced the term in 1963 to
generalize and expand the notion of the shareholders as the only group that management needed
to be sensitive to wards (Jongbloed et al., 2008). Within this perspective, Freeman (1984) argued
that business organizations should be concerned about the interests of other stakeholders when
taking strategic decisions (Mainardes et al., 2011, p. 227).

8
 Table 4: The major stakeholders contributing in Eucalyptus trees management in Eyela Michael
kebele
Name of Description Their roles on communal Eucalyptus trees
stakeholders management
Orthodox’s Supporting the forest management and advices the
churches community to plant the trees
Local dwellers Residences The local resident has planted trees by mobilization
during summer season and they are keeping the
forests.
ORDA Organization Support the tree planting during the summer season by
rehabilitation transporting from the nursery site to the planting area
development in Amhara in Eyela Michael kebele
Idier members The local institutions Idier has contributed on Euclaypts trees planting
during the summer season and management.
Kebele police Particularly the local polices helps to punish the
office people who break the communal resources use rule
and regulation and stimulate the community to
manage the planted forests
Kebele Local administrative The local leaders making inactive the community to
administration planting and keep the forests as well and mobilize the
people for natural resources management in the kebele
in particular for watershed management and forest
planting
Bureau of Woreda and kebele agricultural experts has providing
agriculture their technical knowledge and skill for the community
like how to planting and why to planting as well as for
what purpose to cover the area by Eucalayptus trees
Land Kebele as well as woreda The woreda and kebele land officer has supporting
administration level land administration forest management and planting in the area by
and Env’t and environmental showing the appropriate communal land for planting
protection protection experts and telling planting eucalyptus tree in cultivated land
is not advantages to Eyela Michael kebele
Iquab members The local institution The Iquab member support the community forest
voluntary forming resources keeping and tree planting and they try to
plant trees collaboratively in the area
Yewuha abbat Irrigation leader Local legitimacy for farmers to their communal
eucalyptus trees

9
 6. RESOURCES USE CONFLICT RESOLVING MECHANISMS IN
EYALA MIKAYEL KEBELE

According to Sanson and Di (2007) conflict resolution is a set of strategies which can be used to
satisfy human needs of security, identity, self-determination and quality of life for all people who
are engaged in a conflict. In similar context Dereje (2010) explains conflict resolution as the
suppression of conflict that has already broken out in the form of searching for solution that
would reduce the levels of violence and prevent its intensification either through formally or
using indigenous conflict resolution mechanism. There are different indigenous natural resources
utilization conflict resolutions methods applying in Eyala Mikael kebele; this includes
Shimglina, Giligil, Yezemed Dangninet, and Irq which all are viable to minimize the cost of the
justice system and consolidates social relationship for many people. The most communal
resources such as Eucalyptus trees, pasture, and irrigation are the major sources of conflict in the
kebele. Most of the time in that area internal conflict is dominated rather external as a result
communities attempt to solve them using indigenous informal institutions and tend to be solved
by elders, with the threat of sanction; farmers where in the area dispute with their communal
resources particularly Eucalyptus trees also they are going to solve the issues by the following
local indigenous conflict resolution methods:

1. Shimaglina this means elder people has provided judges correctly with punishing the
criminal ones and the farmers are believe them and whatever shimaglina decide they will
accept and respects them.
2. GIligil means the one has voluntary provide his properties to his dispute for the sake of
shimaglia. Not only these but also there are a lot of methods solving resources conflict in
Eyela Michal kebele to overcome sustainable resources use systems through the community.

10
 SUMMARY
Ethiopia holds the largest eucalyptus plantation in East Africa and is one of the pioneer countries
that introduced the species. Eucalyptus has also increasingly been planted on lands around and
within “church forests,” sacred groves of old-aged trees surrounding Ethiopian Orthodox
Tewahido churches. These revered holy sites have long been recognized for their cultural values
and also for their ecosystem services including their potential to support species conservation
and restoration, as church forests are some of the only remaining sanctuaries for many of
Ethiopia’s however in Eyala Michael kebele farmers tends to planted eucalyptus trees on their
communal land was there where a high peak runoff from the mountain area that was affected
their downstream farm land and be a risk for their house. Eucalyptus in Eyala Mikael kebele has
been contributed as a source of fuel-wood, house building and available in the local market, thus
providing cash income for local village communities. Because of the fuel wood was shortage in
the earlier years, (leaves, twigs, bark etc.) is ranked by women and children and locally used for
fuel or marketed.

Institutions are very important for planting, improving, management and development of
Eucalyptus tree in the kebele. The local institutions are Idier, Iquab, police office, Orthodox’s
churches, kebele agriculture bureau, woreda land administration and environmental protection
bureau, woreda natural resources; The policy of restricting its use by some government officials
have not succeeded in turning farmers away from planting particularly around cultivated land is
strictly forbidden by Ethiopian forest legislation

11
 RECOMMANDATION
Based on the term-paper review the following points are the correct recommendation:

 Ethiopian forest policy particularly Eucalyptus tree planting should be updated.

 In Eyela Michael kebele their where a critical land tenure problem due to that farmers
planted eucalypts trees to be secure their land therefore the local administrate and experts
should create awareness and be secure the farmers.
 Reducing use of Eucalyptus tree leaf for mate during weeding ceremony because reduces
the tree biomass as a result reduces economical values.
 The woreda bureau of agriculture and woreda administrative leaders should be work on
local Eucalyptus tree utilization, site selection for planting, and making market chain with
small industries like furniture.
 The community should be planting Eucalyptus on degraded areas, around homesteads, on
roadsides, and along borders and riverbanks because planting Eucalyptus on these sites
cannot harm the ecosystem.
 Not planting Eucalyptus near springs and inside crop fields should be aware the farmers.

12
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