BioChemistry
First Semester, A.Y 2022-2023
Ivann John B. Roxas
BSN 1B
RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT ON STEROIDS AND FAT SUBSTITUTES
Sex Hormones
Name and Structure Description
Estrogen - A set of hormones that are
crucial for women's healthy
sexual and reproductive growth.
-Found in the ovaries of women
where the most estrogen
production happens
- Estrogen affects sex drive,
erection quality, and sperm
production in men.
TYPES
1. Estrone (E1) – form of
estrogen that is produced
after menopause.
2. Estradiol (E2) – the most
potent form of estrogen
that is active during reproductive
years.
3. Estriol (E3) – form of estrogen
during pregnancy
Progestin - It is a female hormone.
- Progesterone, a hormone that
occurs naturally in the body, in
synthetic form.
Function
It affects:
• Blood sugar levels
• Cholesterol levels
• Blood flow or circulation
• Moisture of the skin
• Collagen production
• Ability to focus
• Bone and muscle mass
• Reproductive
Functions:
- Regulates the menstrual cycle
- Decline on menopause
- Influences neuroendocrine,
skeletal, adipose, and
cardiovascular systems.
- Pregnancy
- Plays a crucial role in puberty
such as development of pubic
hair, breasts, hips, etc.
• Causes changes in the uterus.
• Effectively control the
menstrual cycle and treat
atypical menstrual cycle halting
(amenorrhea).
• Help other hormones start and
stop the menstrual cycle.
• Assist in becoming pregnant
while using an egg donor or
infertility treatments on ladies
who don't make enough
progesterone.
• Stop estrogen from making the
uterine lining thicker
(endometrial hyperplasia) in
menopausal women who are
receiving ovarian hormone
treatment.
 Testosterone - Produced primarily in the
testicles.
- Sex hormones in males.
- During adolescence and the
early years of adulthood,
testosterone levels often surge.
- After the age of 30 or 40, the
testosterone level continuously
decreases, usually by about 1%
every year.
Androsterone - It is an endogenous steroid
hormone, neurosteroid, and
putative pheromone. It is a weak
androgen with a potency that is
approximately 1/7 that of
testosterone.
- Androsterone is a metabolite of
testosterone and
dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
- Androsterone is also known to
be an inhibitory androstane
neurosteroid, acting as a positive
allosteric modulator of the
GABAA receptor, and possesses
anticonvulsant effects.
Anabolic Steroids
Name and Structure Description
Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) - It is a very strong androgen and
progesterone receptor agonist,
almost ten times stronger than
nandrolone or trenbolone, the
two medicines used in
comparison, although it has no
estrogenic effect.
It maintains:
• Fat distribution
• Muscle strength
• Muscle strength
• Facial and body hair
• RBC production
• Sex drive
• Sperm production
• Physical and Emotional
Development.
• Androsterone has generally
been considered to be an
inactive metabolite of
testosterone, which when
conjugated by glucuronidation
and sulfation allows testosterone
to be removed from the body, but
it is a weak neurosteroid that can
cross into the brain and could
have effects on brain function.
• It significantly affects
masculinization in mammalian
fetuses.
• Androsterone is found in the
human axilla and skin as well as
in the urine. It may also be
secreted by human sebaceous
glands. It is described as having
a musky odor similar to that of
androstenol. Androsterone has
been found to affect human
behavior when smelled.
Function
• Like dihydrotestosterone, it has
been discovered to attach to the
androgen receptor and cause the
development of muscle tissue.
• THG has never been fully
tested for safety and has never
entered legitimate medical use,
prolonged use can cause:
- Infertility in both men and
women
- Acne

Stanozolol - A synthetic steroid with
androgenic and anabolic
characteristics that is generated
from testosterone.
Nandrolone - It has high anabolic effects but
just moderate androgenic
actions.
- The greatest anabolic to
androgenic impact ratio of any
AAS is found in nandrolone
esters.
- It has an extremely low affinity
for the sex hormone SHBG
(human serum sex hormone
binding globulin), only
approximately 5% that of
testosterone and 1% that of
dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
- Hirsutism
- Immunosuppression
- Additionally,
THG binds to the glucocorticoid
receptor with high affinity,
which may result in further
weight loss.
• Stanozolol is used in the
treatment of hereditary
angioedema, which causes
episodes of swelling of the face,
extremities, genitals, bowel wall,
and throat. Stanozolol may
decrease the frequency and
severity of these attacks.
• Stanozolol reduces bradykinin
production and could potentially
reduce the impact of a
bradykinin storm. Bradykinin
storms may be responsible for
some of the complications
experienced by COVID-19
patients.
• Indicated for the treatment of
senile and postmenopausal
osteoporosis, as well as for the
control of anemia caused by
renal insufficiency.
• Usage can cause toxicity and its
side effects:
- Suppression of testosterone
- Spermatogene sis
- Decreased libido
- Suppressed estrogen,
progesterone, and ovulation,
amenorrhea and clitoromegaly in
women.
- May potentially have negative
impacts on hepatic,
cardiovascular and mental
health.
 Oxandrolone - It is an androgenic hormone
used to treat osteoporosis-related
bone pain as well as muscle
atrophy brought on by protracted
corticosteroid therapy.
Oxymetholone - Oxymetholone is a synthetic
anabolic steroid sold by
Hoffmann La Roche Limited
under the trade name Anapolon.
It is used to treat anemia,
osteoporosis, and to increase
muscular growth in individuals
who are malnourished or
undeveloped.
Adrenal Cortical Steroids
Name and Structure Description
Aldosterone - The adrenal glands secrete a
hormone called aldosterone
(ALD), which works by
controlling the amounts of
sodium and potassium in your
blood to help control blood
pressure.
- To increase the quantity of salt
(sodium) reabsorbed into the
bloodstream and the amount of
potassium expelled in the urine,
it acts on organs like the kidney
and colon. This plays a key role
in the control of blood pressure.
- Aldosterone also causes salt
and water to be reabsorbed; this
• Use to stimulate weight gain
following significant surgery-
related weight loss,
• Chronic infections, severe
injuries, and in certain
individuals who are unable to
acquire or maintain normal
weight for unknown
pathophysiologic causes, to
counteract the protein
catabolism brought on by
continuous corticosteroid
treatment.
• The alleviation of the bone
discomfort that osteoporosis
commonly causes.
• It is an anabolic steroid used to
treat anemia of several kinds,
including hypoplastic anemias,
myelofibrosis, congenital
aplastic anemia, and acquired
aplastic anemia.
• Usage can cause the following
side effects: cancer, acne,
baldness, breast tenderness/
swelling and etc.
Function
• Certain organs, such as your
kidneys and colon, are signaled
by aldosterone to increase the
quantity of sodium or potassium
produced in the urine.
• The body retains water in the
blood because of aldosterone's
action on sodium elevation,
increasing blood volume.
• Aldosterone supports the
electrolyte and pH (acid base
balance) in the blood
 raises blood volume and, in turn,
blood pressure.
Cortisone - Cortisone is a pregnene steroid
hormone. It is a naturally-
occurring corticosteroid
metabolite that is also used as a
pharmaceutical prodrug; it is not
synthesized in the adrenal glands
- It is a medication that is
occasionally injected into the
body to relieve arthritis, injury,
or illness related pain and
swelling.
Cortisol - The adrenal glands, which are
endocrine glands located on top
of your kidneys, create and
release the steroid hormone
called cortisol.
-It is also known as stress
hormone. It works with certain
parts of your brain to control
your mood, motivation, and fear.
Eicosanoids
Name and Structure Definition
Prostaglandins -In the body, fat-based
substances called prostaglandins
have hormonal-like actions.
They are intriguing because,
depending on the receptors to
which they bind, they may have
various effects.
- They are bodily natural
substances that resemble
hormones.
-In addition to having an impact
on reproductive processes,
Prostaglandins are known to be a
key factor in both causing and
• When cortisol enters the
bloodstream, it has a variety of
effects on the body, including
enhancing glucose metabolism
and assisting the body in
responding to stress or danger.
• It is used as a Treatment for:
- Back pain
- Bursitis
- Gout
- Osteoarthritis
- Psoriatic arthritis
- Reactive arthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Tendinitis
It aids in:
• Controlling the stress reaction
in your body.
• Assisting in regulating your
body's metabolism, which is how
it uses fats, proteins, and carbs.
• Minimizing Inflammation
• Blood pressure control.
• Control of blood sugar.
• Assisting in regulating your
sleep-wake cycle.
Function
It is responsible for:
• Blood vessel dilation or
constriction
• Clumping platelets together or
dispersing them
• Either widening or narrowing
airways
• Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
smooth muscle contraction or
relaxation
• Bringing on uterine
contractions both during and
outside of pregnancy.
 treating inflammatory conditions
in the body.
Leukotrienes - A class of drugs known as
leukotriene modifiers,
sometimes known as leukotriene
receptor antagonists, exists.
They can aid in preventing
respiratory issues brought on by
asthma, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, and
allergies.
Artificial Fat Substitutes
Name and Structure Description
Simplesse - It is a whey protein made from
eggs and dairy that is used as a
fat substitute in low-calorie
dishes.
- Micro articulation is the
process by which heat partly
coagulates the protein, resulting
in a tiny dispersion.
- Protein dispersion as a fluid
with a similar creaminess and
richness of fat because of the
protein's tiny particle size.
Olestra Olestra is a fat substitute that has
the properties of a fat in flavor
and texture, but is indigestible -
hence a fake fat. It does not add
any calories as a normal fat
would.
- It is a fat replacement that may
be used in the creation of almost
any dish that contains fat. It is
manufactured from fatty acids
esterified to sucrose.
- Olestra has more sucrose than
glycerol in triglycerides and a
portion of fatty acids from
cottonseed or soybean oils.
• This drug either inhibit
leukotrienes' effects or prevent
your body from making them.
• It is used to treat Allergies
(allergic rhinitis), Allergy
asthma, and Asthma caused by
exercise.
Function
• In a variety of full-fat and low-
fat applications, it offers
emulsion and foam stabilization,
heat and pH stability, texture,
creaminess, and smoothness.
• Usage may develop the
following risks: hypertension
and heart disease.
• Olestra does not contain any
energy, yet it may be helpful for
weight reduction and weight
maintenance. Studies on the
short-term effects of replacing
fat in meals show that doing so
results in a net decrease in the
amount of fat consumed.
• Olestra can cause diarrhea and
loose stools, abdominal cramps,
flatulence, and other adverse
effects. Those symptoms are
sometimes severe.
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