Flow of Fluids

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Metric Edition

Technical Paper No. 410 M CRANE

 FLÐWGFFLU핍S
THROUGH
VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE

METRIC EDITION - SI UNITS

CRANE @

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‘
printed , e ther wholly or in part , without specìal per-
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or impliεd ， as to the accuracy of the data and other
information 5et forth in thiB publicatìon and does not
assume lìability for any losBes or damage resulting
from the usε ofthε materials or applìcation ofthe data
díscussεd io this publication

CRANEC。
300 Park Avenue
New York. N. Y. 10022

@ 1982~CRANE CO

Yechnícal Paper No 410M

‘
‘
Pr ce $8 .00
p.e rS‘ ngleCopy Price Outsìde U.S.A ‘ 510.00

PRINTED ‘ NUSA
Fcι t:)
Pnm• 9-• 1982\
 CRANE

Bibliography

‘ R. A. Dodge & M. J. Thompson , ‘ Fluid Mechanîcs" “ .y. R. Mayhew & G. F. C. Rogers , “ Therrnodynamk ;, nd
McGraw-Hill Book Company , lnc. , 1937; pages 193 , 288 , Transport Properties of Fl uids"; Basil Bl ackwcll. Ox/otθ
and 407 UK , 1972
l. H. Rouse, “ Elementary Mechanics of FJuids’‘; Joho Wiley 15 J. B. MaxweU , “ Data Book on Hydroεarbonκ ; 1). Vun
& Sons , Inc. , New York , 1946. Nostrand Company , Inc. , N.;:w York , 1950
3 B. F.Grα z1e ， “ Simpl“1cation of Gas Flow Ca lculations by
Means of a New Spec때 SUde Rule끼 Petroleum Engineer , “ C‘ L Corp and R. O. Ruble , “ Loss of Head in Valν ‘:.\ ;l l1 d
September , 1945 Pipes of One-Half to Tw e! ve Inches Di잉neter"; UniH'nú!}
of Wìsconsin Experimental StatÊon B띠letin ， Yolumc 9 , ['.;0
‘ H. Kîrchbach. “ LOS5 of Energy in Miter Dends"; Tnms- 1, 1922
actions o[ the M u. ních Hydraulic lmtitute , Bulletin No. 3 ,
A~erican Society of Mechani<: al Engîneers, New York , 17G , L. Tuve and R. E. Spren k1 e , “ Oriηçe Disεh l.lfgc ('o <;, fli
1935 cients for ViSCOllS Liquids’‘ ;Jnstroments , Novcmbn , 19 .1]
page 201
s “ Dowthenn Handbook"; Dow Ch emîca1 Co. , Midland ,
Michigan , 1954; page 10 H L. F. Moody , “ Fri야l0n Factors for Pipe Fl ow"; ,!""''i
actions of the Amerlcaη 50 α'e ty of }Jechanico. l I:' np!/ fC rtJ
6 R J. S. Pìgott , “ PreS5ure Losses in Tubing , Pi pe, and Fit~ Volume 66 , November , 1944; páges 671 to 6 7H
tings' ’ ; Transactions of the American Society ofMechanical
Engineers , Volume 72 , 1950; pages 679 to 688 ‘ H A. H. Shapiro , “Th e Dynamics and Thermodyna H)‘ ι ι
, Nation외 En밍neering Laboratory , “ Stearn Tables 1964"; Compressîble Fluid Flow"; The Ronald Prcs‘ ( “”’ p Jl이
1953 , Chapter 6
HMSQ Edinburgh , UK까
21l ASME $t.;:am Tableι 1967
8 R. F. Stearns , R. M. Jackson , R. R. Johnson , and C. A
Larson , “ Flaw Measurement with Orifice Meters’η D. Van
Nostrand Cornpany , Inc. , New York , 1951 n K. H, Beij , “Pr essure Losses for Fluid Flow ìn 90 μeι( f'ζ
“
Pipe Bends"; Jourπal 01 Research 01 the Nation I f! ljh '$j
01 Standaγ'ds ， Volume 21 , J띠y ， 1938
“
’ “ Flu‘d Mete.rs"; American Society of Meçhanica1 Engineers:,
Part 1-6tl1 Ed ition , New York , 1971
" “ Marks’ Standard H2ndbook for Mechanical
Sel' enth Editîon 1966 , McGraw~HilI
‘ ft'’“
Î', flg 1
DoQk ('0. , Nl'“ 、 ”샤
]Il R. G. Cunningham , "Orifice Meters wìth Supercritica1
Compressîble Flow"; ASME Paper No. 50~A-4 5
Z3 Bi ngham , E. C. and lackson , R. F. , Bureau 이 .)1“”시ι fd
” “ Air Conditioning Refr셔gerating Data Book Dcsign ,"• Bulletin 14; pages S8 to 86 (S.P. 298 , AUpJ ‘1. I'n ι
~rnerican Sùciety of Refrîgerating Engineers, 9th Edit :i on , (1 919)
New York , 1955
2"T. R. Weymouth , Traη;rQctions o[ the Amcrican ι “‘
Il W. L Ne1son , “ PetIQleum Refînery Engineerîng"; McGraw~ }lfechonicol Engi.'l eers , Volume 34 , 1912; p“ ιç l'}f
HiU Bo.ok Co. , Ncw York , 1949
R. J. S. Pigott , ‘ νllte flow of F1 uids in Clm\'강
n Lî onel S.
McGraw~Hill
Marks. ‘ 'Mechanical Engìneers Handbook";
Book Co. , New York , 1951.
'H

page 497
Engineering , VQlur끼 e 55. No
},.! ec !ìanÌcal “ 、‘1!!""; “
26 Emory Kemler “ A Study of Data on the F1 0w of Fl uîds
in Pipes ," Tran~actionsof rhe American So cie(v o[ Mechan.
ical Engîneers , Vo l. 55 ‘ 1933. HYD 진 5-2
21 “ Handbook of Chemìstry anò Physics ," 44th Edjtîon ,
1962.1963 Ül emical Rubbεr PUblishìng Co .• C!eveland
28V. L $treeter , ‘Fl uid Mecharncs" , 1st Edüion , 1951
"‘ Standards of Hydraulic lnstìtute" , Eighth Edition , 1947
30 [nternatiQna! Gas UniO Il, Appendix 1 of .report “ Prob!ems
arising fIOm jntercha꺼geability of sccond family ga5ε‘”
May , 1976
 FOREWORD
The more complex ìndustry becomes , the more
‘iital becomes the roìe played by f1 uìds in the
industrlal machine. One hundred years ago
water was lhe only important fluid wh ic-h was
conveyed from one point to another in pìpe
Today , almost every conζeivable f1 uid is handled
in pipe during its production , processing ‘ trans
portation , or utilitation. Th e agε of atomic
energy and rock-e t power has added f1 uids such
as liquîd metals . i.e. , sodíum , potassìum ,
and bismuth , as well as 1ì quid oxygen. nìtrogen ,
etc. . to the líst of more çommon fluids such
as oil , water , gases , acîds , and lîquors that are
beìng transpúrted ln pîpe today. Nor is the
transportation of fìuids the only phase of
hydraulics whiιh warrants attention now
Hydraulic and pneumatic mechanism s. are used
extensively for the controls of modern aircraft ,
sea-going vessels , automotîve e-q uipment ,
machine too l8, earth~movíng and rûad-buildîng
machines , and even in sciεntìfìc laboratory
equÌpmen t where preιise control of f1 uid flow
is required
So extensive are the applications of hydraulìcs
and f1 uid mechanics that almost every engineer
has found it necessary to famìliarìze hìms eJ f
wHh at least the elementary laws of f1 uid f1 0w
To satisfy a demand for a sirnple and practical
treatment of the subject of flow in pipe , Crane
Co. publishεd in 1935 , a booklet entitJed Flow
o( F1 uids and Heat Transmíssion. A revised
editiûn on the subject of Flow of Fluid s.
Through Valves , Fittings , and Pîpe was pub-
lished in ]942. Technîcal Paper No. 410 , a COffi-
pletely new edition with an all.new fonnat was
íntroduced in 1957. In T.P. 410 , Crane has
endeavoured to present the latest available
‘
înformation on f1 0w of f1 uids , n summarìzed
form wîth all auxiliarv daLa necessa f'r' to the
solution of al1 but the most unusual f1 uid flow
problems
From 1957 untìl the present ‘ there have beεn
numerous prìntings {)fTechnical Paper No. 410
Each successive printing ís updated , as neces
sary , to refiεct the late ‘ t flow information äva î!-
‘
able. This continual upda mg , Wε belîeve , serves
the best ínterests of 야le users ofthis pubJicatìon
CRANE
The flfteenth printing (1 976 edition) presented
a conceptual change regardîng the values of
Equivalent Length “ L/D" and Resistance C。
effìcient “κ" for valves and fittings relative to
the frictîon factor in pipes , Th î5 change had
relativεly minor effect on most problemsdealing
wíth flow condítions that result in Reynolds
numbers fa l1 ing in the turbulent zone. However ,
for f1 0w in the laminar zone , the change avoìded
a sîgnificant overstatement of pressure drop
Consistent with the conceptual revîsion , the
resistance to flow through valves and fittîngs
was expressed in terms of resistance coefficient
“ K ’‘ instead of equiv a1 ent length “'LID ’‘, and
the coverage of valve and fittîng types was
expanded
Further ìmportant rcvìsions included the up
dating o[ steam viscosîty data ‘ orifice coeffi
ιients ， and.nozzle coefficients
T.P_ 41m이 was ìntroduζed in early 1977 as a
‘
metr Îc version of he fifteenth prin tÎ ng of T , P
4 lO. Te야1ß ÎcaÎ data , with ccrtain exceptions , are
presζnted in terms of SI metrìε unìts. E ;J; ception s.
occur in instances where present units outsìde
‘
rhe SI system (e.g , nomìnal pi-pε s zes În inchcs)
are expected to continue in use for an indefinitε
perìod ‘ or whεrε agreement has not yet been
reached 00 the specific metrìc units to be u5ed
(as for Oow coefficients)
Successive printing5 of TιP. 410ι1:， !ike T.P
410 , arε updated as necessary to reflect latest
flow ìnformation avaHable. Arrangernent of
‘
mater al is alike in both editions. Thε。 ry 15
presentεd ìn Chaptεrs J and 2. , prac tÎ cal ap
p!icat ‘ on to flow problems in Chapte rs. 3 and 4
physical properties of fluìds and flow charac~
terÎstic s. ofvalves , fittings , and pipe in ιAppendix
A ‘
. and convc_rsion mits and other usefu!
‘
engmεεring data n Appendix B
M05t of the data on f1 0w through valves anà
fìttings were obtaîned by ζarefully conducted
‘
experiments n the Crane Engineeríng La b 。
‘
ratúr es. Li beral use has been made , however ,
이 other reliable sources of da ta on this su이 eιt
and due credit has been given these sources in
the tex t. The bibiîography of refcrences w i1l
provîdε a $O urce for further srudy of the sub-
ject presented
C。
용용§ ~ 중종흉용용짧g쫓짧:정짧흉옳짧짧짧흉짧종쩔쩔용쩔흥쩔훌훌훨를쩔쓸‘

Table of Contents
••-------- CHAPTER 1 CHAPγER 2

Theory of Flow in Pipe pagc Flow oi Fluids

IntroJuction 1-1 Through Valves and Fittings 1 、i1~ι

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Crane Flow Tests
Description of apparatus used “ ‘ - ‘ , 3 •
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‘ Water 110 씨1 tests .......... 2 4

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Stearn 00、N tests ‘ 2 5 •

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Gener3 Energy Equatiün
Bernou11i’ s Theorem........... • 1-5
Relationshψ of Pressure Drop
(0 Velocity of Flow ‘ ’ “ ? ’ ‘ 2-7

Measurernent 0 f Pressure ‘ . . . . . . . . . . << ....... " , ...... 1-5 Resistance Coefficient K ‘ Eq uivalent Le ngth
L/D , and Fìow Coefficien t ‘ “ 2 S •

Darcy's Formula

Frktion factor .... ,. • ‘

•

General Equation for FJow of Fluids ____________• 6

1-6
l.a minar Floα Conditions ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ 2-] ‘
Effect of age and use ün pipe frìction ‘ 1 7 Contractîon and Enlargement “ 2--1 ]

Principles of Compressible Flow in Pipe ................ 1 7 • Valves 、，vìth Reduced Seats ........ " ........................ 2--1 '2
Complete iSüthermJl equution ......... 1-8
Simphfied compressîbJe tlow Resistance of Bcnds “ ‘ 2-12
gas pìpe Hne formula ‘ 1-8
Other cümmonly used formulas for Resistance of Mitre Bends ......................... ‘ ") --13
compressîble Oow ìn long pipe lìnes ............. 1-8
ComparÌson of formulas for Flo\v Through Nozzles and Qriîiιes
compressibìe flow in pipe lines 1--8 • General data .................... ................ ".-14
Li mìtîng f1 0w of gases and vapors ... ι ‘ 1-9 Li guid Flow ___________ .- ____________ . .-.- __ .-_.- _____________ 2-14
Gas and vapor flow ............................. _........... 2 14 •

Steam - General Díscussion ‘ 1 10 Maximum f1 0w of comoressible

fluîds ln a nozzle ...... ..................... ! ~~ ì 5
Fìow through short tubes .............. , .... ] - - ì 5

Di sιharge of Fluids Through

Valves , Fittings , and Pipe
CHAPTER 3 L껴 uid f1 0w _______ __________________ _ ____ . _______ .-. _____ 2-15
Compressible f1 0w ............................. , .<........... 2 --15
Formulas and Nomographs for Flow
CHAPTER 4
P<<f C
•••--- •••••-•
Through V 싫 ves ， Fittings , and Pipe
lntrod uc tÌ on..... .. .. 3-1 Examples of Flow Pro 버 ems D8>':'':

Summary of Foεmulas ‘ 3-2 to 3-5 Introductîon ‘ ~ ‘ 4 i

Revnolds Number .a nd Fríction Factor for
Formulas and Nomographs Pi pe Other than Steel • 4 ~-1
for Uquid Flow
、.1el~)city . . ., 3 6 •
Determination ofVJlve Resìstance in L
Reynolds numberγ frictìon fa c- tor for ι /D. K , and F1 0\v Coefficient Cv . 4 η
clean steel pipe ' . . .. 3--8 Check 、Îalves --- Detcrmînation of Sízc ι
Pressure drop for turbulent f1{)、.v _______ 3-10
Pressure drop for laminar flmv 3 -12 Red uced Port 、 alves γelocüv 3nd I-Z ιte
。 f Disc Ì1 age .... .4
Flo、ν through nozzles and orifices . 3 14 ••

La minar Flow in Valves. and Pψe.. .. 4-- ，~

Formu18s 2nd Nomogr3phs
for Compre -s siblε Flo、、
PrCSSUTe Drop and VelociIν iJl. Pìping Systen s . , ι

Velüclt 、 ι 3 iι Plpe 1 ‘ne Fî。、、 Probierns ι

Reynolds number; friction fac lO f for Discharge of Fluids from Sγst E' rηs ι r
ιlean steel pipe .. .., 3 18 •

Pr essuredrop , ,) _
Flov; τ τ。 uε’ Orifice îviεtε;S .
‘
Simol fìeò f1。、ν formu]ι γ 3 .... ", Applic2tîc 낀 。 fH、 。 εuli~~ Raci:d~
•

Fl。、ν IhroU lZ h nozzles and or tìces . - 2é tμ !-'i。“r rro。 arcs 4

 APPEND!X A APPENDIX B

Physical Properties of Fluids Engíneering Data page

and Flow Character stics of ‘ Introductìon ....... “ ’“ ” ‘ ’ B i •

Valves , Fittìngs , and Pìpe

……
Eq uìvalent Volume and Mass
Fl ow Rates of Cornpressíble Fluids " “ ,,,,,," ... 8--2

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Viscosity of water __ ,,".. A-2 , A 3 La m

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Viscosity of 1i quid petroleum products ι A 3 •

Viscosity of vårious liquids ‘ “ A--4

Viscosity of gases and hydrocarbon vapors ...... A~5 Saybo1t Universal 、'ìscosity ChaTt …“ .""" .. " .. " B-6
Viscosìty of refrigerant vapors ’ A--5
Physical properties of water ." A-6 n ...............
Eq uivalents of Degrees API J

Specific gravìty -~ temperature Degrees Baumé) Specific Gravîty , and Density >> ‘ B--7
relationship for petroleum o i1 s ........ ‘ A--7
Density and spεcifïc lnternational System of Units (SI) ‘ ‘ 8--8
gravity of varíous ìiquids ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . , .... ' __ ...... A--7
Physìcal properties of gases 、 ι A--8 Conversion Equivalents
Steam values of "f • ι A--9 Length ,,, __ .,,,,,. __ ,, .. , ’ ‘ B -10
‘ --. “ •

Density and specific Area ’ ‘,............... ’ ‘‘ 8--10 ......... ‘ ’

volnme of gases and vapors ι A 10 • Volume ‘ “ J ‘ , .. __ .. """.8--10
Volumetric compos tîon and ‘ Li quid !vleasure “ “ ‘ B--l0
specific gravity of gaseous fuels .. "." ........ '"' A"" 12 Ve1。αty “ ” ‘ ι “ --. “ “ ‘ B-11
Properties; saturated steam ."." .... " ....... " .. " .. " A-,, 13 Mass ’ ‘ ” “ 8-11
Properties; superheated steam 、 A 15 • Mass Flow Rate “ ‘ “‘ B--11
Volumetríc Rate of Flow ’“ ’ ‘ B--11
Flow Characteristics of Force ... ‘ “ “ - “ ‘ ‘ B 11 •

Nozzles and Orifices Pressure and Uq uld He <l d ...... ‘ ’ “ B- 12

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Flow coeffìcien C for nozzles. ." ..... " ....... " A--20 Energy , Work , Heat __ " ... " " " " . " " , __ ,,,,,,,. __ ,,.,,,,. B 12 •

Fl。、ιr coefficienl C for Power “ “ “ B 12 •

square edged orifìces ",................................. A-20

Net expansion factor Y Flow Through Schedule 40 Steel Fipe
fOT compressible flow ‘ A 21••
Water ‘ “ B 13.8--15
•

Critical pressure ratio , rc Aìr ~ • ‘ ” ’ ".B14 , B--15

for compressible f1 0、N •• ____ • A--21
Commer 다a1 Steel Fipe Data
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Representative Resistance Coefficíents (K) Fahrenheít -- CelsμIS TempeT3ture Conversion ‘ B 22

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Pipe friction factors
Formulas: contraction and
‘ ‘ A-26 MISCELLANEOUS --•--•--
page
enlanrement .. A-~26 Hl ustrations ofTypic 꾀 Valves
Formulas; reducecl port 、 alves and fîtüngs ....... A-~26 Globeη angle , and stop-check 、 ‘ ‘ A 18 •

Gate , globe and angl -e valvcs . A 27 • Lí ft 2nd swïng check . 2 .. 7 and A 18 •

~~~_A ←27 Tílting disc check and foot . . .......... A 19 •

Stop-check and foot vaJves .. }\-28 Gatc. ball , and butte rJ1v 까 ‘ A 19 •

Ba l1 and butterflv νalves ..... ,. A-28 Cocks ‘ A--19

Plug valves and cocks ... . ...... ';-\._.29
Bends and ....... )이 19 Bibliogr3phy .. , .. " ............. see second page {)f book
Pipe entrance and exit A-29
Foreword ‘ $ee third page ofbook
Lengths ι aDd
δno Resistancε ε。 efficient κ Nomograph ...... A-30 Nomencμlture . .. .... see next page
 •- APPEN Dl XA APPENDIX B

Physical Properties of Fluids Engineerîng Data page

and Flow Characteristics of lntroduction “ ” ’ ” …….. ,................ ’ “ B-l
V려ves ， Fíttíngs , and Pipe
Eq uivalent Volume and Mass
Flow Rates of Compressible F1uids … ‘’ ” ‘ ..... B 2 •

page ,
Equivalent of Viscosity
lntroduction ....... ‘ " . . . .. “ “ ‘ A-l Absolute (Dynamicl ’ “ ‘ “ - ‘ ” … … ·‘ B 3 •

Kinematic .... ‘ ......... “ ‘ ...... ‘ ” “ ‘ ’ “ ’ ‘ B-3

Physîcal Properties of Fluîds Kinematíc and Saybolt Universal “ - ‘ … .... , B-4
Viscosíty of steam ‘ ~ “ ......... “ “ " . A-2 ?
Kinematic and Saybolt Furol .. “ “ “ ’ ‘ … … ... B-4
Viscosüy of water “ “ “ ‘ ...... “ ...... A-2 , A 3 •
Kinematic , Saybolt UniversaJ ,
Viscosity of 1i quid petr마 eum products .. A 3 ‘ •
Saybolt Furol , and Absolute ..... ‘ ‘ . ‘ i B-5
Vìscosity of vårious liquids ‘ A-4
“

Viscosity of gases and hydrocarbon vapors

“

A-5 “ Saybolt Universal Vi eosity Chart .. _‘ , “ ’ ‘ ’ “ “ B-6

Viscosity of refrigerant vapors ‘ “ ‘ A-5
Phy'ιal prD perties of water ‘ “ ... “‘’ ‘ A 6 •
Eq uiv매 ents of Degrees APl ,
Specífic gravity temperature •
Degrees Baumé , Specific Gravity , and Dens.ìty ..... B 7 •

relationship for petroleum oils ’ ‘ “ “ ‘ A 7 •

Density and specific International System of Units (SI) .. , ‘ ............... ‘ B-8

gravìty of various Hquids “ “ . . . . . . . . . . ,. •• /\-7

Physicaí properties of gases ‘ ’ ‘ “ A 8 •

Conversion Equivalents
Steam va1 ues of ')' “ ‘ - ‘ …‘ -
• … …‘ A-9 Le ngth … - … ~ “ ‘ ” “ “ ‘ ’ “ “‘”’ ..
i B-I0
Density and specific Area “ “ ‘ “‘ ’ ‘’ “ ’ “ ‘ … … … ? .. _.. B-I0
volume of gases and vapors ‘ “ - “ A 10 • Volume ’ ” ’ ‘ ’ ’ ‘ “ “ ’ ‘ • … ““ B-JO
Volumetric composition and Li quìd Measure “ ‘ - “ - “ "....... “ , B 10 •

specific gravîty of gaseous tùels ................... A-"^ 12 Velocity ................ ’ “ ......... “ “ ‘ - B-l1
Properties; saturated steam A--13 ‘ Mass ‘ “ ........... “ ‘-‘ ~’ ‘ B-l1
Propertìes; superheated s.team ‘ “ ” ‘ .... A-15 Mass Flow Rate ' .. _‘ ." ........ “ “ ” “ “ ‘ ’ ‘_ B 11 •
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Volumetric Rate of Flow .. ‘ · ‘ ...... “ ‘“‘’ B 11

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i

U Flow Through Schedulε 40 Steel Pipe

[

n
‘
ι

Ub k A
사앤

r T tj
‘ ‘ Water “ “ ‘ : ’ “ “ -.. ‘ B- !3‘ B- 15
G
샤이

; tJ er m Air ‘ ...... ,..... B 14 , B-15

a ’ ‘ ". ‘
떼

“ •

r r sUb L@ W A
‘ “ ”
Commercial Steel Pipe Data
Flow Characteristìcs ,
Schedule 10 to 160 … “
Standard , extra strong ,
“ “ “ “ B 16
•

of Pipe , Valves, and Fittings

Net expansion factor Y for compressible and double extra strong ‘ “ “ “ ‘ - ‘“ B 17
•

‘
flow through p pe to a larger flow area ....... A~ 22
Staînless SteeJ Pipe Data ...... ‘ B-18
‘
Relative roughness of pipe materîals and
frkt On factor for complete turbulence ... A 23
Fridîon factors for
‘ •

Commerciai Steel Pipe Data

........ ’ ‘

any type of commercial pîpe . ’ ‘ A-24 ISO 336 and BS 3600 “ ’ ‘ ““““ B 19
•

‘
Fric ion faιtors for clean
Power requîred for p1니 mping - “ ‘ B• 21
comrnercial steel pipe ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ ι A-25 ‘“ “...... ‘

Representative Res stance Coefficients (Kì ‘ Fahrenheît Ce1sius Temperature Conversion ...... 8----22
for V aJ ves and Fittings “ 'K" Faetor Table •

Pipe friction factors ‘ ’ ‘ - “ ‘ A 26

• M!SCELLANEOUS
Fonnuìas; contraction and page
enlargement ‘ ’ ‘ ”‘ ’ A 26 • !ll ustrations ofTypical Valves
Formulas; reduced port valves and fìttìngs. . A--26 Globe , angle ‘ and stop-check ........ ,., ................ A 18
•

Gate ‘ globe <l nd angle valves ,.. ‘ ? • A~~27 líft and swing check ..... “ ~“ 2-7 and A 18
•

Cheek 、.'alves .................... ‘ ‘ e A 27

• Tilting disc check and foot ‘ “‘ A-.19
Stop~check and foot vaìves “ ‘ ‘ A 28
• Gate , ball , and butterfly ‘ ’ ‘ i A 19
•

Ball and butterfly valves “ ‘ ? A-28 Cocks “ “ ‘ - ι “ ‘ r A.19

Pl ug valves and cocks ι • A-29
Bends and îìttìngs ,>> ...... , ...... " ‘ A-29 Biblíography ‘ see second page of book
Pipe entrance and e xit . , ., ...... ., ‘ ......... A-29
Foreword ... “ “ - ‘ see third page of book
Eq ‘JÌvalent Le ngths L and L/D
and Resistance Coeffiζìent K Nomograph .. <0.... A-30 Nomenclature . ‘ - “ “ . 、 ‘ see next page
Nomenclature, - - - - - -
Unîes'S otherwise 5tatOO , all symbo!s used
in this book are defined as foHows:

A :::: cross sectional area of pipe or orifice , in square

a ::::
metres
cross sectional area of pipe ar orifice , or flow
S. :
“
specific gravity of a gas relatìve to air ';::: the
‘
ra o of the molecular We ght of the gas to
‘ ‘
that of air (relat ve dens ty)
area in valve , in square millimetres T absolute temperature , ín kelvíns (273 + t)
B : rate offlow in barrels (42 US ga!l ons) per hour r ‘
emperature , in degrees Celsius
= specifiε volume of f1 uid , in cubκ metres per
C ;; f1 0w coefficîent for orifices and nozzles ;; dis 4
V
charge coefficieflt corrected for velocity of kilogram
approach: C" / v'ï다; V mean velocity of flow> in metres per minute
Cd ;; discharge coefficient for orifices and nozzles Va volume , in cubic metres
Cv ;; flow coefficient for valves ν = mean vel。이ty of f1 ow) in metres per second
D ;; ìnternal diameter of pipe , in metres Vs sonic (or critical) velocity of flow of a gas , ín
d ;; internal díameter of pipe , in mi1limetres metres per second
e : base of naturallogarithm ; 2.718 w : rate of f1 ow} ìn k.ilograms per hour
f : friction factor in formula h L : f L ν '!D 2g n W : rate of flow. in kilograms per second
fr = friction factor in zone of complete turbulence Wa mass , in ki1 0grams
= acceler따ion of gravity ;; 9.81 metres per second Y = net expansion factor for compressi바e flow
gn
per second ‘
hrough orifices , nozzles , or pìpe
H : total head , in metres of fluid Z : potential head or 려evatîon above reference
h :: static pressure head existing at a pαnt ，1O metres level. in metres
of fluid
hL :
loss of static pressure head due to f1 uid f1 ow , in Greek letter ‘
metres of fluîd
Beta
hw = static pressure head~ ìn millimetres of water
K resistance coefficient or velocity head loss in ß ;:: ratio of sm a11 to large dîameter in orifices and
the formula , h L ; K:ν'!2g n nozzles , and contractions or enlargements ìn
L :
length of pipe , in metres p'pes
Gamma
L!D : equivalent length of a re잉stance to flow , in pipe
diameters 'Y = ratio of specífic heat at constant pressure t。
specific heat at constant volume = cplcν
Lm = length of pipe , in kilometres
Oalta
M = molecular weight (molecular mass)
t. : differentíal between two poínts
P : pressure , in newtons per square metre (pascals)
gauge Epsïlon
P' :;: pressure. in newtons per square metre (pascals) E = absolute roughness or effective height of pipe
absolute waU îrregularîties , in millimetres
βee page ]45 fordiagrlJ m showing re[Qtion- Mu
shìp between gauge and absoiute pressure) μ : dynamic (abs이ute) viscosîty. in centipoise
p pressure , in bars gauge μ ;:: dynamic viscosity. in newton seconds per square
P' : pressure , ìn bars absolute metre (p ascal seconds)
Q : rate of flow , in litres per minute Nu
q = rate of f1 ow, in cubìc metres per second at flow- v :;: kinematic viscosîty. in centîstokes
íng conditìons ν;; kinematìc viscosHy , metres squared per second
q' : rate of flow , in cubic metres per second at Rho
metric standard conditíons (MSC)- I. OI3 25 p ;:: we‘야t density of fl띠d ， kilograms per cubic
bar absolute and 15 C 0

metre
q 'cJ := rate öf flow , ìn millions of cubic metres per day
at MSC p' “ ‘
;;::: dens y of fluid , grarns per cub c centimetre

q ‘: rate of flow , in cubic metres per hour at MSC

qm ;:: rate of f1 ow , in cubic metres per minute at
Sigmø
1: ::: summation

R
----
f1 0wing conditions
q m rate of f1 ow , in cubìc metres per minute at MSC
Theta
8 ;:: angle of convergence or divergence in erùarge~
o universal gas constant: 8314 Jjkg-mol K ι ments or contractîons in pipes
R
indivídual gas constant = Rα1M Jjkg K (where
R
M : molecular weight of the gas) Subscripts 10r Diame er ‘
e Reynolds number (1) ... defines sma Jl er diameter
Rg =
rTS =
hydrau1ic radius , in metres ‘
(2) ... defines arger díameter
critîc a1 pressure ratio for compressible flow
= specìfic gravìty of liquids at spedfied temper 4 Su bscr
(l)
‘ptsdefines
for uid
F1 Pr。뼈rty
Înlet (upstream) condìtion
ature relative to water at standard temper- ‘

ature (l 5。이 (relative density) (2) ... defines outlet (downstream) condition
Theory of Flow
In Pipe

CHAPTER 1

The most commonly em마oyed method of transporting

fluíd from one poìnt to another is to force the fluid to flow
throu 망1 a piping system , Pîpe of circular section is most
frequen t1 y used because that shape offers not only greaier
structural strength , but a1so greater cross sectional area per
unit of wall surface than any other shape. Unless otherwise
stated , the word “ pipe" in this bODk will always refer to a
cìosed conduît of circular section and constant internal
dìamete r.

Only a few special problems ìn fluid mechanics ‘ laminar

!1 ow in pipe , for example .... can be enìírely solved by
rational mathematical means; a11 other problems require
methoàs of solution which rest , at least ìn part , on experì.
menta11y determined coefficîents. Many empirical forrnulas
have been proposed for the problem of flow in pipe , but
these are often extremely limited and can be appHed only
when the condiiions of the problem closely approach the
conditions of the experìments frorn whìch the formulas
were derived

Because of the great variety of fluids being handled in

rnodern industrîal processes , a single equation which ζan
be used for the f1 0w of any fluid in pìpe offers obvious
advantages‘ Such an equation is the Darcy* formula. The
Darcy f이mula can be derìved rational1y by means of dîmen.
sional analysìs; however) one varìable in the formula
the frìction factor πlust be determined experimentally
This formula has a wide application in the field of fluid
mechanics and is used extensively throughout this paper

*Th eDarνy formula ‘s alsQ knOWn as the Weisbach formula 01 the Darcy-
We‘sbach fürmul 씨 띠sι as the Fa nning formula , some !Ì.:11es modified 80 that
the friction facto! is one.fourth the Darcy îriction factor
1-2 CHAPTER í γHEORY
Phvsical
The solution of any ílow prob!em requires a knowledge of
thephysic앙 propen.ìes of the fluid being handled. Accurate
values for the propertíes .ffecting the flow of fluids
namely , viscosity and mass density ... have been estab~
lished oy many authorities for 혀1 commonly used fluids
and many of these data are presented ìn the various !ao1es
and charts in Appendìx A.
、'iscosity: Viscosì. ty expresses thε readiness wìth wlúch a
fluid flows when it is ac!ed upon by an extema! force.
The coeffiαent of abso!ule viscosity or , simply , thε abso-
!u!ε vîscosity of a fluid~ 1S. a measure of its resistance t。
internal deformation or shear. Molasses is a lú영11y viscous
‘
f1 uid ~ water s comparatively much iess viscous; and the
viscosìty of gases 15 quite small compared to that of wate r.
Althou방 most fluids are predictab!e In their 씨scoSity. m
S이ne ， the visc。잉‘ y depends upon the previous workíng of
the t1 uid. Printer ’ s ink , wood pulp slurries , and catsup are
exam이es of fluids possessing such thixotropic properties
。f viscosì. ty
Considerable confu s:i on exists concerning ‘.he units used t。
ξxpress. 찌scosity; therefore ‘ proper u flÍ !s must be εmployed
whenever substituting vaiues of visrosity into fOIIDulas
Dynamic or Absolule Visco엄ty π1ε coheren t SI unít of
dynamic viscosity ls the pascal second (Pa s) which may
also be expressed as the newton second per square metre
(N slm') , 01 as the kilogram per metre second kgí(m $).
Thís uni! has also been c aUed the poiseuille (.댐) in France
‘ ,
but I should be noted that il is 001 the ame .s the pG ise
(P) described below ‘
The poise is the corresponding unit in Ihe CGS system of
units and has the dimensìons of dyne seconds per square
centimetre 0' of gr하ns per centimetre second ‘ The sub.
multíple centipoise (cP) , 10-' po!se, is the u flÍ l mDst ζ。m.
mO flÍy used at present 10 express dynamic viscosity and
thl. situation .ppears likely 10 continue for sαne time ‘
For tlús r""8on , and since most h.ndb∞ ks and tables
follow the same procedure , 혀1 víscosity 경ata in this paper
are expr""sed in centipoire. The relationslúp between
용 asc잉 second and centipoise ís;
1 pa s = 1 N s/m' = 1 kE씨(m s) = 10' cP
1 cP = 10• Pa s
ln thls paper the symbo! μ is used for ηscosity’ measured
in centipoise and μ ， for viscosity measured in pasεal second
units. Th e viscosity of water at temperature of 20<!!C 18
‘rery nearly 1 centip。‘se *' or 0.00 1 pasca1 seconds
'"ActuaUy the viscosity of water at 2Q o C îs 1.002 centipoise
Ch emis t1-Yand Pl'wslcs" 54th Edltion 1973.4 CRC Press}
OF FLOW iN PlεE CRA 써 5
。f F!uÎds
Kinematic Viscosity: This ls the ratio of the δynam!-ι
viscosity 1.0 the densìty. ln the SI system the unit oi
‘
kinema ic viscosity is the mεtre squarεd per second (mηs ).
π1e corresponding CGS unit is the slokes (SI) ‘ dîrnensions ,
centimetres squared per second and the centistoke (cS η‘
10-' stokeε is the submu1 tìple commonly used
J m'/s =10' cs
lcSt =10 • m'!s
‘
(Centi:s tokes):= -앙얀잎핏잉프l
ρι ,
(g ams per cubic εm)
Factors for converslon between thξ SI and CGS units
described above and also for Imperial units of dynamic
and kinematic víscoSlty are 잊.ven on page 8.3 of Appen.
dix B.
The measurement of the absolute \1.scosity of fluids
(espedal!y gases and vapoUIs) rεquπes elaborate equipmen t
and considerabl-e expξrìmenta1 ski셨 。n the other hand , a
rather simpìe înstrument in the form of a tube v1:scometer
or viscosìmeter can be used for measuring the kinematîc
1IÍscosity of oils and other viscous liquids Wíth tlús type
‘
。 f instrument the time required for a s.maU volume of
Ii quid to t1 0w Ihrough .n orifìce is determined al1d the
measurement of kinematic viscosîty expressed in terms oí
second s.
Various forms of lubε viscosimeters 3re used resulting in
empirical scales such as S.ybolt Univers려， Sayb。섰 Fur씨
(for verγ viscous lìquids) , Redwood No I and No 2 all이
Engler. Informatíoll on thε r당ationsrups between 야lese
empirkal 1ti scos:ities and 쉽nematic and dynamic viscosities
ìn abso섰Jte units lS induded in Appendìx B
The ASTM standa.rd viscosity temper a.ture chart for liquid
petroleum products , reproduced on page B-6 is used l\‘
determìne the Saybo!t Unìversal viscosíty of a petroleum
‘
produc at any temperature when the vlscosities at two
dífferellt temperatures arε known. The v:i scosities of sα11C
。f the most common fluíds 없-e given on pages A~2 to A~5.
‘
lt will be noted thal ‘ with a rise in ternperature , he vis.
‘
cosily of liquìd decrease5 , whereas thε visco &i ty of gase s.
increase.s‘ The effect of pressure on the viscosity of líquids
and perfect gases is so smaU thal it is of DO practκaì
interε51 in most t10w problems ‘ Conversely. the viscosìty
of saturated, or only s!i링，tly superheateà,vapours :\
appreciably altered by pressure changes ‘ as ind‘cate깅 0 1"‘
page A.2 showing the 쩌scosity of 5tεam. Unforlun !e y.
the data on v.apours are mcomple1e and , in some casεs、
“ ‘
contradictory. Therefore , it is expedient when dea!ing
with vapours other than sl. "", 10 neglect the elfeC! oi
앙ressurε because of the !ack of adequate data
(“ H:a ndbook of
CRA !II ξ C션 APTER i ~ THEORY 0;:: FL 。 φJ ‘
N PlPE 경 -3

- contim ed ‘
Densíty ,
。f ‘
‘
specu!C vo!ume an강 specif!C grmi y: The densíty
a subs. ance i5 íts mass per unit volume. The coheren t SI
‘
Specît1c gravity ‘。 rre써 tive densìty) ls a re atìve measure
。f density. Sìnce prε S5ure has an insignifica n. t effec upon ‘
unít of den잉ty ís the kiíograrn pεr cubíc metre (kg/m') the density of liquid.‘ temperature ís the only c-ondition
‘
and the symbol des gnatíon used io Ims p'per ís p (Rho). that must be consideξed in designating the basis for
specific gmvity , The spξc‘ fiζ gravity ûf a liquid is the rati。
。 ther ζ。mrnonly used metric units are of its density at a spedfied temperature to that of water
3t some standard tcmperature. UsuaHy the temperatures
gram per εubíc centimetre (g!cm')! 1 g/cm J are the .ame and 60 P í 6D "P μ5 ，6"CI!5 ，6"C) is com.
0

。r 。r 1 gÎml monly used. Rounding off 10 15 "CI15"C does no create ‘

g때 per mìllílitre (힐ml) = 1000 kg/m' any significant error

Thε coherent 81 unit of specifk volume V. which 15 the any Hquid at

reciprocal of density , 15 the εubk metre per kilogram p specífied temperature
(m'/kg) S = c
i
p water at 60"P (l 5.6 C)

v=
1 n : --v
i
「

p A hydrometer <an be used ;0 measure thε $δcìfic gravity

。thεrcomm야ùy used metric units for specific voiume are of a liqu 닝 이 rectly. Two hydromelεr scales. in common
use- are:
Htre per kilogram (lì섣elkg) ‘litre/kg
。r ‘
cubic decimetre per kilograrn (dm' jkg)1
。r I dm'/kg
=0.001 m'!kg
A1'1 scale , used for oils.
Baum경 scales. Thξre are two ldnds în u똥 one for
,
liq펴ds hε.vier than wale and on. for liquids lighter
The variatìons ín densìty and other propertíes of w.ter than wa!e r.
with changes in temperature are 양lown 011 page Aι6. Th e
densities of otbεr common lìquìds are shown on page A.7 , 까te relatlonshíps between these hydrometer ocalεs and
Unless very hì링1. pressures are being considered the e짜ct specific gravity are:
。f pressure 00 the density of lìquids is of 00 pr.cticai
importance in fl。“’ problems ‘ For oü s.,
The densities of gases and vapours. however ~ are greatly 14 1.5
a1tered by pressure changes. For thε so.<:alled “ perfecC' S(60"Fj6ifF) = '0_ ,'.
13 L5 +dεg. APl
gase. , the den.ity can be compu않d from the formuÌa ‘

ρor
p' !O 'p' For líquîd$ li링lter tnan ‘.,‘er,
RT RT 140
8 (6O" F!6 0" F) = 130
，，~ , ,"
+ deg. Baumé
The inmvi깅ual g•• const.nt R ìs equal 10 thε universal gas
constant Ro (8314 Jlkg-mol K) divided by the molecu!ar
、vεight M of the gas ,
For liquids heavier than water ,
R~ 8314 145
R =..:.:.:: = - - JikgK 8(6앙 F!6O" F) = 145
o-，.~r--
M M - deg. Baumé

Values of R , '" weì! as othεr usεfu‘ gas constan ts ~re
잊ven On page A-8. 깐1ε dεnsìtf of a r κr various ‘
conditions of tempernture and pressure can b. found on
page Ä-l 。’
Spedfic volume ls common1y 업e성 in stefuîl flow cûm~
putatìons and values ar. listε d În thε steam labl"" 었lown
", Por coilverting hydrometεr readings to rnore useful units
refer tû table on page 8- 7
까10 영ecl섭c gravity oî gases ís defm려 as the ratio of the
molecular weighl of the g.. to thal of air , and as the ra!lo
,
。f the índlvídual ga consl.nt of aír t。 센 at of gas.

。n pages A-13 10 A-17. A chart for determinìng the π R(aír) M않as)

density and sp.citìc v。‘tlme of g.ases 1S gi\'-e n on page A-l1 ‘
0>8 정끊끓) - M(air)
CRANE CHAPTER 1 - THEORY OF FLOW IN PIPE 1-3

Physic허 Properties of Fl uids - continued

Density , specìfic vú}ume and specific gravity: The density ‘

Spec fic gravity (or relative densîty) 1S a relative measure
of a substance is its ma.ss per unit volume ‘ The coheren t SI ‘
of dens ty. Since pressure has an insignificant effect upon
unít of density is the kiJogram per cubic metre (kg(m') the density of liquids , temperature is the oIÙy condition
and the symboJ desiguation used in this paper is p (Rh o) that must be consîdered in designating the basis for
specific gravîty ‘ The specific gra꺼ty of a liquid is the ratio
Other commonly used metric units are of its density at a specified temperature to that of water
at some standard temperature. Usually the temperatures
gram per cubic centimetre (gjcm 개 1 g(cm' are the same and 6O "F/60"F (15.6 0C/l 5N C) is com-
or ‘ or 1 g(ml monly used , Rounding off to 15"C /l 5 0C does not create
gram per millilìtre (g(대 J) = 1000 kg(m' any significant error ‘

The coherent SI unît oÍ specific volume V , which is the

(m'/kg)
“
recìprocal of dens y , is the cubic metre per kilogram
s =
any μquid at
p specified temperature
0 0
p water at 60 F (1 5 , 6 C)
v • p =，슨
p v A hydrometer can be used to measure the specífic gravity
Other commonly used metric units for specific volume are of a liquîd directly. Two hydrometer scales in common
use are
litre per k iJ ogram (litre(kg) 1 lítre!kg
。 or 1 미n'/kg API scale , used for oils‘
cubic decimetre per kilogram (dm'/kg)1 =0.001 m'/kg Baumé scales. There are two kînds in use: one for
Hquids heavîer than water and one for 1iquids li앙1ter
The variations in density and other properties of water than water ‘
wìth changes în temperature are shown on page A-6. The
densities of other corrunon liquids are shown on page A-7 The relatìonshîps between these hydrometer sca1 es and
Unless very hi앙1 pressures afe being considered the effect specific gravÎt y are
of pressure on 야le density of 1îquids is of no practical
importance in flow problems ‘ For oils ,
The densities of gases and vapours , however , are greatly 14 1.5
altered by pressure changes. For the so-called “ perfect" S (60 F/WF) = ;-;;c•---
0

1315 + deg. API

gases , the densîty can be computed from the fonnula
ρ p' lO 'p' For liquids lighter than water ,
ür ---
RT RT 140
o
S (60 F/600F) = '"~ . ,._
‘
The indívidu a1 gas constant R s equal to the unîversal gas 130 4- deg. Baumé
constant Ro (8314 Jikg-mol K) divided by the molecular
we뺑 tM ofthe gas ,
For liquids heavier than ‘;vater ,
Rn 8314 0 145
R = ζ = -,,- J/kg K S (60 F!600F) = ~，，;-;:-_-;:--
M M-' 145 - deg , Baumé

Values of R , as wel1 as other useful gas constants , are For convertìng hydrometer readîngs to more useful unìts
멍ven on page Ay8. The density of air for varioDs refer to table on page B-7 ‘
conditìons of temperature and pressure can be found on
pageA~10 The specìfic gravìty of gases is defmed as the ratío of the
molecu1a r weight of the gas to that of aîr , and as the rat10
Specîfic volume 15 commonly used in steam f1 0w com. of the indîvidual gas constant of air to that of gas
putations and va1ues are listed in the steam tables shown
011 pages A~13 to A~17. A chart for determining the p _ R(없r) M(gas)
density and specific yolurne of gases is gîven on page A.l1 ,)g - R (끓)제좌y
r~ CHI\l'TEHT=THEUF!YUFH:OWTN PTPE eftM냉E"

→
Nature of Flow in Pipe - Laminar and Turbulent

←상
ιι
잦
• •

‘
~ι
--• -- ---,.•---
-~.""

-'-- ~
.. -
--'---'
"~← -

4
J

L 4
“ ]?

‘τ
ι
~←‘~---~
、~'-- ι •- ‘ ) ?
•-
.-
-;"",
'.←---'"ι~←

Fi양.tr81.1 Figure 1.2 Figurø 1-3

Laminar Flow
Actual photograph of coloured fílaments
being carried along undisturbed by a
stream of water
Flow in Crítical Zone, Batween
Laminar and Transition zon ∞
At the critica! velocitv , the fîlaments
begin to break up , indîcating tlow ls
becoming turbulent
Turbulent Flow
This mustration shows the turbu!ence in
the stream completety disper.., ing the
co!aured fiiaments a short distance down
stream from the poínt of injection

A simple experiment (illustrated above) will readily show Reynolds number: The work of Osborne Reynolds has
there are two entirely different types of flow in pipe ‘ The shown that the nature of flow in pipe “ that is‘ whether
experìment consÎsts of injectîng small streams of a coloured it îs laminar or turbulent “ depends on the pipe
fluid into a Ii quid flowing in a glass pipe and observing the diarneter , the density and viscosîty of the flowing fluid ,
behaviour of these coloured streams at different sections and the velocity of flow. The numericai value of a dimen.
downstream from their poínts of ínjection. sio n1 ess combination of these four varìables , known as the
Reynolds number , may be consìdered to be the ratìo of
If the discharge or aver.ge velocity is small , the stre.ks of the dynamic forces of mass flow to the shear stress due to
coloured fluid flow in straight Ii nes , as shown in Figure 1-1 ‘ viscosity. Reynolds number 1S
As the flow rate is gradually increased , these streaks will
contínue to flow in strai앙1t lines until a velocity is reached R Dzp dνp
e or - - EquatÎon 1.2
when the streaks wilI waver and suddenly break into μ- μ

diffused patterns , as shown in Figure 1-2 , The velocity at

which this occurs is called the “ critical velocity" ‘ At
velocíties higher than “ critìcal" , the fùaments are dispersed
at random throughout the main body of the fluid , as
하10wn ín Figure 1 ~3.
ηle type of flow whlch exists at velocìties lower than
“ critical" îs known as larninar flow and , sometimes , as
viscous or streamline flow. Flow of thls nature is character.
ized by the gliding of concentric cylindric‘ U layers past
one another in orderly fashion , Veloci!y of the fluid ìs at
‘
îts maximum at the p pe axìs and decreases sharply to
zero at the walL
(other fonns (l f this equation; page 3~2 ，)
For engineering purposes , flow in p pes ís usually con. ‘
sidered to be 때ninar if the Reynolds number is less than
2000 , and turbulent if the Reynolds number is greater
than 4000. Between these two values lies the “ critical
zone" where the flow “ being 1잉ninar ， turbulent , or ín
the process of change ‘ depending upon many possible
varying conditions . . . . is unpredictable. Careful experi.
mentatìon has shown that the lamînar zone may be made
10 tenninate at a Reynolds number as low as 1200 or
extended as high .s 40 ,000 , but these conditions are not
expected to be realîzed in ordinary practice

At velocities greater than “ criticaf' ) the flow is turbulent ‘
In turbulent flow , there ìs an irregular random motion of
fluid parti이 es 1n directions transverse to the dírection of
the main flow _ The velocity distributíon in turbulent fl ow
is more uniforrn across the pipe diameter than in laminar
flow. Even though a turbulent motion exists throughout
the greater portion of the pipe diameter , there is aJ ways a
thin Jayer of fluid at the pipe wall ‘ . known as the
Hydraulic radius: OccasionaUy a conduÌt of non-circular
cross section is encountered‘ In calculating the Reynolds
number for this condition~ the equîv꾀ent diameter (four
times the hydraulic radius) is substituted for the circular
diamete r. Use friction factors given 00 pages A~24 and
A- 25
R u :: cross sectional flow area
~

“ boundary layer)~ or ‘ 'laminar sub~layer)' . . . . which i5 “ wetted perimeter

movìng in larninar flow
Mean velocity of flow: 끼le tenn “ velocity" , unless other.
‘wlse stated , refers to the rnean , or average , velocity at a
gíven cross sectîon , as detennined by the continuity equrr.
tion for steady state flow
η1섭 app1ies to any ordinary conduit (circular conduit n이
flowing fl비1 ， oval , square or rectangular) but not μ)
extremely narrQW shapes such as annular OI elongated
openings , where width is small relatìve to length. Jn suιh
cases , the hydraulic radius 1S approxîmately equal to ωu
h.Jf the width of the passage

ν q w wV To determine quantity of flow in foHowing formula

~ --~→ Equation 1.1
A Ap A !h D ,
Q = 02087d' 、 숲
{For nornenclature ‘ see page preceding Chap ter 1)
“ Reasonable n velocities for use in design work are gìven the vaI ue of d 2 ìs based upon an equivalent dîamcμ'1 ,샤
on pages 3-6 and 3 , 16 , actu외 flow area and 4R H is substituted for D
 CRÄNE cHAF'TERT=THEOf!YOFnOW1N?rP른 l-&

General Energy Eq lation ‘

Bernoulli ’ s Theorem

The Bernoulli theorem is a means of expressîng the plane , is equ떠 to the Sum of the elevatíon head , the
apphcation of the law of conservation of energy to the pressure head , and the velocity head , as follows
flow of fluids in a conduit. The total energy at any par-
ticular point , above some arbitra I)' horizont a1 datum Z P Ci
+-+-
pgn 양n
•

야 Energy Grade Li ne
If friction losses are neglected and no energy is added to ,
2gn or taken f rom ‘ a piping system (i.e., pumps or turbines) ,
the total head , H ‘ in the above equation will be a constant
for any poínt in the fluid. However , in actual practice~
losses O[ energy Ìn creases or decreases are encountered
P: and must be in c1 uded in the Berno띠li equatìon. Thus , an
pgn energy ba1ance may be written for two poînts ín a fluid ,
as shown in the example in Figure 1-4.

Note the pipe friction 10ss from point 1 to point 2 (hd

may be referred to as the head 1085 în metres of fluid ‘
The equation may be written as follows
Equation 1.3
Z,
」← A,bitrary Horizontal Da1: um ?‘ano Z, + -•
P ‘
+
U :‘
= ι-‘ +
’‘ z
二 + h ,
Plgn 2gn 2gn ι

fiQ tJ re 1 -4
Energy Balance for Two Point‘ În a ’uid
F

Al1 practical formulas for the flow of fluíds are derived

Adapted from F[，μ id Mechanics! it< by R. A. Dodge from BernouUr-s theorem , wìth m。φfications to account
and M. J. Th ompson. Copyright 1937; McGraw.
Hi ll Bo ok Company , Inι for losses due to frictìon.

Measurement of Pressure

Any Press \J re Above Atmo$pheric Figure 1-5 graphically illustrates the relationship between
gauge and absolute pressures. Perfeci vaCUum cannot cxist
@‘;￠@‘

。n the surface of the earth , bu! 1t nevertheless mak앉 a

convenient datum for the measurement of pressure.
ι‘g‘

thε
5그aG

Barometric pressure is the level of atmospheric pressure

above perfect vacuum ‘
cl At A1:mospheric Pressure Level-Va

혈 잉 잉 π P야
“'Standa떠 N atmospheric pressure i5 ‘ 013 25 bar

11 V re Below A j
(1 4.6959Ibf/1n') or 760 millimetres of mercuη
‘
Gauge pressure s measured above atmospheric pressure ,

~I홍 I
while absolute pres5ure always refers to perfect vacuurn
• as a base

VllCUum is the depression of pressure below the almo~

spherîc leveL Reference to vacuum conditions i5 often
made by expressing the absolute pressure in terms of the
height of a column of mercury or of wate r. Millimetre of
mercury , micrometre (micron) of mercury , înιh of 싸rater
figure '-5
Relationshjp 8etween and ìnch of mercury , are some of the commonly used
Gauge and Absolute Pressures convention a1 unìts

Atl superiar f갱-u res used as rζ{erence marks refer to the Bibliography
0(<
1-6 CHAPTER 1 • THEORY OF FLOW
Darcy's Formula
General Equatìon for Flow of Fluids
F10w in pipe is always accomparried by friction of fluid
partîc1 es rubbing against one another. and consequently ,
by 1055 of energy avai1able for work; în other words , there
must be a pressure drop in the dìrection of flow. If
ordinary Bourdon tube pressure gauges were connected
to a pipe containing a flowing fluid , as shown in Fìgure 1.6 ,
gauge P, would indicate p , ffi ffip,
a higher static pressure ’ 、if' L -••••*
than gauge P,. b --• Y compressìble fluids when restrictions previously mentioned
Fîgure 1 용
The general equation for pressure drop , known as
Darcy~s formula and expressed in metres of fluid. Îs
hL = fL V' jD 19n' Thi s equation may be written to express
pressurc drop ìn newtons per square metre (pascals) by
substitution of proper units , as followsι
pfL νa
6P ---;;-;:c (since 6p = "L X ρ x g n) Equatìon 14
2D
‘
For other forms of his equatìon , see page 3~2
The Darcy equatìon is valid for laminar or turbulent flow
of any liquid in a pipe. However , when extreme velocities
。ccurrìng in a pípe cause the downstream pressure to fall
to the vapour pressure of the liquid , cavitation occurs and
ca1 culated flow rates wìll be ínaccurate. With suitable
re s.trictìons , the Darcy equatîon may be used when gases
and vapours (cornpressible fluids) are beinghandled. These
restrictions are dermed on page 1.τ
Equation 14 gîves the lo s.s in pressure due to friction and
applies to pìpe of constant díameter canyîng fluîds of
reasonably constant densíty in straight pîpe , whether
horizontal , vertκal ， or sloping‘ For inclined 'pipe , vertiιal
pipe , or pipe of varying diameter , the change în pressure
due to changes in elevation , velocity , and density of the
fluid must be made in accordance with Bernoulli’ s theorem
(p age 1-5) ‘ For an example u잉 ng this theorem , see page
4-8
‘
Fric ion factor: The Darcy fonnula can be rationally
derîved by dimensîonal analysis , with the exception of the
friζtion factor , J, which must be determined experi~
mentally. The frictîon factor for laminar f1 0w conditions
(Re < 2000) ìs a function of Reynolds number only;
whereas , for turbulent flow (R e > 4000) , ít is also a func-
tîon of the character of tlte pipe wall
A region known as the “ critical zone" occurs between
Reynolds number of approximately 2000 and 4000. ln
삼디s region , the f1 0w may be eíther laminar or turbulenr
depending upon severa1 factors; these in c1 ude changes in
section or direction of t1 0w and obstructions , such as
valves , in the upstream pìping ‘ The friction factor in this
regìon is indetermìnate and has lower limìts based on
lamînar flow and upper hmíts based on turbulent fìow
conditions
At Reynolds numbers above approxímately 4000 , f1 0w
IN P1PE CRANE
conditions agaín become more stable and definite friction
factors can be established. This is important because it
enables the engineer to determine the flow characteristics
of any fluid flowing în a pipe , providìng the vîscosity and
density at flowing conditions are known. For this reason ,
Equation 14 is recommended in preference to some of
the commonly known empirícal equations for the flow of
water , oil , and other 1iquids , as well as for the flow of
are observed
If the flow is laminar (R , < 2000) , the friction factoT may
be determined from the equation
f 64 64μ64μ
:;::: ;::
R, Dvp dvp
If thìs quantity is substìtuted into Equation 1-4, the
pressure drop in newtons per square metre is
μ Lv
6P ; 32000::-•- 셔Z
Equation 1-5
whìch 1S Poîseuille ’ s law for laminar f1 0w
‘까len the flow is turbulent (R , > 4000) , the friction factor
depends not only upon the Reynolds number but a1 so
upon the relative rou양lness ， 깅d .... the roughness of the
pipe walls (0) , 잃 compared to the diameter of the pipe
(d). For very smooth pipes such as drawn brass tubing
and glass , the fric 1Ìon factor decreases more rapidly with
increasing Reynolds number than for pipe wÍth compara~
tively rou 링1 walls
Since the character of the internal surface of commercìal
pipe is practically independent of the diameter , the
roughness of the wal1s has a greater effect on the friction
factor in the small sizes. Consequently , pìpe of smaU
diameter will approach the very rough condition and , in
gener a1, wìll have higher friction factors than large pìpe of
the Same material.
The most useful and widely .accepted data of frìction
facwrs for use wîth the Darcy formula have been pre .
.:i ented by L F. Mood y 18 and are reproduced on pages
A~23 to A-25. Professor Moody improved upon the wen~
estabHshed Pigott and Kemler 1S,:Ui friction factor dìagram ,
incorporating more recent ínvestigations and developrnents
of many outstandíng scîentists
The friction factor , [, is plotted on page A.24 on the basis
of relatîve roughness obtained from the chart on page
A-김 and the Reynolds numbe r. The value of f is deter.
mined by horizontal projection from the intersectìon 01
the E/d curve under consideration with the ca1c ulated
Reynolds number to the left hand vertìc a1 scale of the
chart on page A-24. Since most calculations involve
CRANE CHAPTER Î • THEORY OF FLOW IN

Darcy ’ s Formula
General Equation for Flow of Fluids - continued

commerci a1 steel or wrought îIon pipe , thε chart an page many services , the interìor of pipe becomes encrusted
A-25 is furnished for a rnore direct solution. lt should be with scale , dirt , tubercules or other foreign matter; thus‘ !l
kept in mind that these fìgures apply to clean new pipe i8 often prudent to rn 어<e aJlowance for expected diameter
changes

Effect of agε and use on pipε friction ‘ Frktion loss in
pipe îs sensïtive to changes in diameter and roughness of
pîpe. For a given rate of flow and a fìxed frictìon factor ,
the pressure drop per metre of pipe varìes inversely with the
fifth power of the diarnete r. Therefore , a 2% reduιtion of
diameter causes an 11070 increase in pressure drop; a 5UJo
reduction of díameter increases pressure drop 29070. In
Authorities 2 point out that rou방mess may be expected to
increase with use (due to corrosion or incrustation) at a
rate detennined by the pipe material and nature of the
fluid. lppen “ . in discussing the effect of aging , cítes a
4-inch galvanized steel pipe which had its roughness
doubled and its friction factor increased 20% after three
years of moderate use ‘

‘
Princip es of
Compressible Flow in Pipe

An accurate detennination of the pressure drop of a com~ with changes in pressure; therefore , if the pressure drop
‘
press ble fluid flowing throu방1 a pipe requires a know- between P1 and P~ in Figure 1~6 ís great , the density and
ledge of thc relationship between pressure and specific velocîty will change apprecîably
volumζ this is not easily determined in each partícular
problem. The usual extremes considered are adiabatic Wh en dealing with compressìble fluids , such as air , steam ,
Îl ow (P'VI ~ constant) and ísothermal. flow (P' κ = etc. , the foHowìng restrictions should be observed in
constant). Adiabaiic flow is usually assumed in short , applying the Darcy formula:
‘
perfectly insulated p pe. This would be consistent sìnce no
heat is transferred to or from the pipe , except for the fact
1. If the calculated pressure drop (P , - P ,) is less than
that the minute amount of heat generated by frictìon is
about 10% of the inlet pressure Pj , reasonable accur~
added to the flow
acy will be obtaíned if the specifìc volume used in the
forrnula is based upon either the upstream or down w

Isotherm a1 flow or flow at constant temperature 15 often

stream conditions , whichever are known
assumed , partly for convenience but more often beιause
it is c1 0ser to fact in pîping practiceι The most outstanding
case of isothenn a1 f1 0w occurs in natural gas pìpe 1ines 2. If the calculated pressure drop (P , P2 ) is greater
•

Dodge and Thompson) show that gas flow în insulateà
pipe is closely approximated by isothermal f1 0w for
reasonably high pressures
Sìnce the relationship between pressure and volume may
foUow some other relationship (P/V~ :; : constant) called
polytropic flow , specific information in each ìndi、 idual
case is almost an impossibHîty
The den s.ity of gases and vapours changes consïderably
than about 10% , but less than about 40% of inlet
pressure P j , the Darcy equation may be usε d with
reasonable accuracy by using a specifiι volumε based
upon the average of upstre잉n and downstream ι00-
dîtions; otherwise , the method given on page 1-9 may
be used
3. For greater pressure drops , such as are often encoun
tered in iong pipe lines , the methods given on the next
two pages should be used

‘
(conlim ed on t)‘ e next pag<iJ
1 -41 --GHAPτεRu，t，，-，，:rHEQ-FFY，--0~， Ft，。씨 tNP PE‘ GSANE

Príncíples of Compressíble Flow ín Pìpe - continued

Complele isothermal equation: Th e llow of gases in long Panhandle formula 3 for natural gas pipe lincs () 10
pipe lines closely approximates isothermal conditions 24~inch diarneter , Reynold .s numbers 5 x 10/' “‘
The pressure drop in suçh lines is often large relative to 14x lO', andSg =0 , 6
the inlet pressure ‘ and solution of this problem falls out ,
EquatÎon 1-9
side the limitatíons of the Darcy equation , An accurate
determination of the flow characteristics fal 1ing within
tms category can be made by using the complete iso , 와 ;;: 2.044 X
r(P; l' - (P;)' 1I '"’‘
10- 3 E d 2.ff>l 81 j ~τ-'-'-'

therm aJ equation ’ ιm

The flow efficiency factoI E is defined as an experiencc

v 램fZJ웹댄f뿔]
factor and is usually assumed to be 0.92 Or 92% for average
operating condîtions. Suggested values for E for other
w'
。perating conditîons are gíven on page 3"3

Note: The pressures P; P; în all the foregoing equations

Th e formula is developed on the basis of these assump- are in terms of newtons per square metre. For equatîons
tions ín terms of pressures in bars , p; p; refer to page 3-3

Comparison of formulas for compressible flow in pipe

l ‘ soth~rmal
flow
2. No mechanical work ìs done on or by the system
3. Steady flow OT discharge unchanged with tîme
4‘ The gas obeys the perfect gas 1aW$
5‘ The velocity may be represented by the average
velocìty at a cross section
6. Th e friction factor is CQnstant along the pÎpe
7‘ The pipe líne ‘s straight and horizontal between end
points
Simplified Compressible Flow-Gas 뀐pe Li ne Fonnula:
In the practice of gas pipe 피le engineering , another
assumptîon 1S added to the foregoing ‘
line.: Equations 1, 7 , 1, 8 , and 1, 9 are derived from the
same basîc formula , but differ ìn the selection of data
used for the determínation of the friction factürs
Frictîon factors 1n accordance wíth the Moody 11> dìa-
gram are nonn aJly used with the Simplifìed Compressible
Flow formula (Equation 1, 7). However , ìf the same fric ,
tion factors employed in the Weymouth or Panhandle
fonnulas are used în the Simplified formula , identîcal
answers will be obtained
The Weymouth friction factor~ is defmed as

8. Acceleration can be neglected because the pipe ne “ f

is long - OO94
---
d!/3

Then , the fonnula for discharge in a horizontal pìpe rnay

be written
This is identical to the Moody friction factor in the fuUy
turbulent flow range for 20 , inch I. D. pipe on1y. Wey ,
w1 :;:::

i짧 Equatìon '-7 mouth frictîon factors are greater than Moody factors
for slzes less than 20~inch ， and smaller for sizes larger
뼈빠

때뼈
빼샤

than 20~inch.
뻐ιψ

꽤빼

뼈ι
ιm
와

m @n
애‘””
”시
야

ri t M
ν
M떼
α ‘입
이

S
”‘ ‘
빼

e “ l 3n AM m”“ Th e Panhandle friction factor' s defmed as

π

。
α

m’ t o
j

R ‘m
네

} Au P “ m

Sìnce gas flow problems are usu al1y expressed in terms of f = 0.0454 (돼J 0.''''
cubic metres per hour at standard conditions , H is con~
venient to rewrite Equatîon 1-7 as follows
Equation '-7a ln the flow range to which the Panhandle formula ís

q'h = J. 361x 10-'

(P;)' r
(P;)' I d' •
limited~ this results in frîction factors that are Iower
than those obtained from either the Moody data or thc
{피감휠-! Weymouth friction form비a. As a result ‘ n。、N rat t'~
L obtained bv solution of the Panhandie formula lllC
Other commo n1y used fonnulas for compressible llow in usually greater than those obtained by employing eí 씨 CI
long pipe lines: the Sìmplifìed Compressible Flow fonnula wíth Mood)
Weymouth fonnula 24 frìction factors , or the Weymouth fonnula
Equation 1.8
I 「
@@ An exarnple of the vaμatìon in flow rates which may 1\
/ i (P;)' - (P;)' i
•

q;1 : z61x lO~6dig / 1---←~I -T obtained for a spec퍼 c condition by employing 11)(
.....! ! Sg Lm formulas ìs given on page 4-11
CRÁNË CHAPTER'. -'THEORγ 。 F"Ft:σ"'It ÎN"'Pt PE' 1-9

’
Princ ples of Compressi바e Flow in Pipe - continued

Limiting flow of gases and vapours: The feature not
evident in the preceding fonnulas (Equations 1-4 and 1-6
to 1-9 inclusive) is that the weight rate of flow (e .g. k잉 sec)
。f a com pressible fluîd ìn a pipe , with a given upstream
pressure wil1 approach a certain maximum rate which it
cannot exceed , no matter how much the downstream
pressure 15 further reduced
Since these correctîon factors compensate for the changes
in fluid properties due to expansion of the fluid , they are
identified as Y net expansion factors; see page A-22
The Darcy forrnula , indudíng the Y factor , is ‘
w = l.l ll x 10-' Yd' j꿇 Equation 1.11.

The maximum velocity of a compressible fluid in pipe

is limited by the velodty of propagation of a pressure
wave which travels at the speed of sound ìn the fluid
Sînce pressure falls off and velocity increases as fluid
proceeds downstream ìn pipe of uniforrn cross sectìon ,
the maχimum velocïty 0ιcurs in the downstream end of
the pipe. [f the pressure drop is sufficiently high , the exit
velocity will reach the velocity of sound. Further decrease
in the outlet pressure will not be felt upstre 따n because
the pressure wave can only travel at sonîc velocity ‘ and
the “ signal" wil1 never translate upstream. Th e “surplus~'
pressure drop obtaíned by lowering the out1et pressure
after the maximum dîscharge has a1ready been reached
takes place beyond the end of the pipe. This pressure is
lost in shock waves and turbulence of the jetting fluid
The maximum possible velocity io the pipe Îs sooic
velocity , which is expressed as:
Equation '-10
νs .j-y RT = ..;:;큐F
(Reslstance coeffïcient K is defined on page 2-8)
It should be noted that the value of K in this equation is
the total resistance coefficient of the pipe lîne. includîng
eotrance and ex:i t losses when they exl s.t , and losses due t。
va1ves and fittings
The pressure drop , t;. p , in the ratio t;. P/P; which is used
for the detennination of Y from the charts on page A-22 ,
ís the measured dífference between the iruet pressure and
the pressure in the area of larger cross section. In a system
discharging compressible fluids to atmosphere , this tJ. p
ìs equa[ to the ‘띠et gauge pressure , or the differeoce
between absolute înlet pressure and atmospheric pressure
Thls value of t;. p is 외so used in Equation 1~ 11 , whenever
the Y factor falls withln the limits defined by the resís
iance factor K curves in the charts on page A-22 , Vr'hen
the ratio of t;. P/P; , using t;. p as defined above , falls
beyond the limits of the K curves in the charts , sonic
velocity ocεurs at the point of dis야large or at some
restriction within the pìpe , and the limiting values for Y
and tlP , as detennined from the tabulations to the ri방1t of
the charts on page A~22 ， rnust be used in Equatîon 1-11

The value of -y the ratio of specifι heats at constant Applicatìon of Equation 1-11 and the detennination of
pressure to constant volume , is 1 .4 for most diatomic values for K , Y, and AP ín the fonnula is demonstrated in
gases; see page s. A-8 and A.9 for values of l' for gases and examples on pages 4-13 and 4-14
steam respectively ‘ This velocìty wi1l OCc바 at the outlet
end or în a constricted area , when the pressure drop is Thc charts On page A-22 are based upon the gener aJ gas
sufficiently high. The pressure , temperature , and specific laws for pεrf，εct gases and , at sonic velocity conditioos at
voiume are those occurrîng at the poiot in question. Wh en the outlet end , will }1eld accurate results for all gases
compressìble fluids dîscharge from the end of a reasonably which approximately follow the perfect gas laws ‘ An ex-
short pipe of unifonn cross sectìon into an area of larger amplε of this type of flow problem is presented on page
cross sectîon , the flow 1S usually considered to be 4-13.
adiabatîc. Thîs assumptîon 1s supported by experimental
‘
data on pipe having lengths of 220 and 130 pipe d ameters This condition of flow is comparable to the flow through
dischargìng aìr to atmosphere. Investigation of the C01fl- nozzles and venturi tubes , covered on page 2-15 , and the
plete theoretical analysis of adíaba -t ìc flOW 19 has led to a solutîons of such problems are siml1 ar
basîs for establishing correctîon factors which 미ay be
j

applit~d to the Darcy equation for this condîtion of flmι *For equation in terms of pressure drop in bani(fl. p) see page 3-4.
 Steam
Generai DÎSCU5Sion
Water under nonnal atmospheric condîtions exists in the
form of a liquid. Wh en a body of water is heated by
means of s. ome external medium , the temperature of the
water rises and soon small bubbles , which break and form
continuously , are noted on the surface ‘ This phenomenon
1s described as “ boiling" ‘
There are three dîstinct stages in the process of convcrting
water to superheated steam. The water must be boiling
before steam can be formed and superheated steam cannot
be formed until the steam has been completely dried.
In stage one , heat Ís added to raîse the temperature of the
water to the boilîng point correspondìng to the pressure
‘
conditions under wruch the heat s added. The boiling
point is usually referred to as the generation or saturation
temperature. The amount of heat requîred to raise the
temperature of the water from QCC to the saturation
temperature is known as the enthalpy of the water or
sensible heat
ln the second stage heat is added to the boìling water and
under constant pressure condìtions the water 15 changed
to steam wìthout any increase in temperature. This is the
evaporation or latent heat stage. At this stage , wîth the
ste a...m in contact with liquid water , the steam îs in the
ζondìtîon known as Saturated. 1t may be “ dry ’‘ or “ wet"
dependîng on the generating conditions “ Dry" saturated
steam is steam free from mechanicaIly mixed water par~
ticles “ Wet" saturated steam contains watcr particles in
suspenslon. Saturated steam at any pre s.sure has a defìnite
temperature
If the water 15 heated ìn a closed vessel not completely
filled , the pressure wîl1 rÏ se after steam begins to fO r!l1
accompanied by an lncrease in temperature
Stage three commences when steam at any given pressure
1S heated to a temperature higher than the temperaturc
of saturated steam at that pressure. The steam is thεn s<J id
to be Superheated
Heat is one of the fonns of energy and the SI unit for a !l
forms is the joule (J). This îs a very small unit of energy
and ìt ìs often more convenient to use the kilojoule (kJ)
or even 1a rger mωtíple ， megajoule (MJ)
The SI unit for energy per unit mass is the joule per kHo-
gram (J(kg) or some multiple of this unit and the ste ‘l! n
tab]es provided on pages A.13 to A-17 give detailed infol<
mation 00 the specifk enth a1 py of steam , in terms (1 j
kilojoules per kilogram (kJ /kg) , over a wìde rall t: l.
of pressure and temperature conditìons. Thc
datum is taken as OoC. From the table on page A.13 tli ,
specific enthalpy (sensible heat) of water at 1 bar absoJ l! 1ι
is seen to be 417 .5 kJjkg and the specifìc enthalpy '"
evaporation (l atent heat) 2257.9 kJjkg. Consequently. 11>,
total heat Or energy of the vapour , formed when W iJ t.er
boHs at 1 bar pressure ís the sum of these two quant ‘ t! l'.\
i. e. 2675 .4 kJjkg
The relationship between the joule and the British therlllal
unit (Btu) is defined by the equation
] Btuflb ~ 2 .3 26 Jjg ~ 2 .3 26 kJjkg
 2-1

Flow of Fluids
Through Valves and Fittings

CHAPTER 2

The preceding chapter has been devoted to the theory and

formulas used in the study of fluid flow in pipes ‘ Sînce
industrial installations usu a1ly contain a considerable
number of valves and fittings , a knowledge of theîr resist M

ance to the flow of fluids is necessary to detenníne the flow

characteristics of a complete piping system ‘

Many texts on hydrau 1ics contain no informatíon on

the resistance of valves and fittings to flow , while others
present on1 y a lirnited discussion of the subject ‘ In
realìzation of the need for more complete detailed inform~
ation on the resistance of valves and fittings to flow , Crane
Co. has conducted extensive tests in their Engineering
Laboratories and has also sponsored investigations în other
laboratories‘ These tests have been supplemented by a
thorough study of all published data on this subje 야
Appendix A contains data from these many separate tests
and the findings have been combined to fumish a basis for
calculatìng the pressure drop through valves and fittings.

Representative resistances to flow of various types of

pipmg components are gìven in the “ 'K" Factor Table;
see pages A-26 thru A-29

Th e chart on page A~30 illustrates the relatîonshìp between

equivalent length in pipe diameters and in metres of pipe
for flow in the zone of complete turbulence ‘ resistancc
coeffiαentK‘ and pipe size

A discussion of the equívalent length and resist잉]ζe

coefficient K , as well as the flow coeffident Cy methods
of calculating pressure drop through valves and fìttings is
presented on pages 2-8 to 2-10 ‘
2-2 CHAPTER 2 • FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS
Types of Valves and Fittin맑 used in Pipe Systems
Valves: The great v3riety of valve designs predudes
any thorou뱅 classîfication
If valves were dassified accordíng to the reSÎstance
they offer to flow , those exhlbíting a ，tmi망ü.thru flow
,
path uch as gate , ball , plug‘ and butterfly valves would
fall in the low resistance class , and those having a change
in flow path direction such as globe and angle valves
‘
would fall in the high res stance c1 ass.
For photographìc illustrations of some of the most
commonly used valve designs , refer to pages A.18 and
A.19. For Jine íl1 ustrations oÍ typìcal ñttings and pipe
bends , as we l1 as valves" see pages A.27 to A-29
Pressure Drop Chargeable To Valves and Fîttin맑
Wh en a fluid is flowing steadìly in a long straight pipe
of uniform diameter~ the flow pattern. as indicated by
the velocîty dìstribution acros잉 the pipe diameter , wil1
assurne a certain characteristic form. Any ïmpediment in
the pipe which changes the direction of the whole
stream , or even part of it , wiH a1 ter the characteristic
flow pa ttern 때 d create turbulence , causing 잉1 energy
10ss greater than that norrn a11y accompanying f1 0w in
straight pipe. Because va1ves and fittings in a pipe 1ine
disturb the flow pattern , they produce an addition a1
pressure drop
The loss of pressure produced by a valve (or fitting)
consists of:
1. The pressure drop within the valve ítself
2. The pressure drop ïn the upstrean1 piping ìn
excess of that αhich would normally occur if
there were no va1 ve în the line. This effect Îs
smaJ l
3, The pressure drop in the downstream piping in
exccss of that whlch would norrnal1y occur if
t Ìl ere werε nO valve în the line. Thls effect may
be comparaÌÌvely large
From the experjmentaJ point of view ît is difficult t。
measure the threε Jtεms separately> Theìr combined
effect 1S the -d esired quantity. howcver , and thìs can be
accurately measllred by well known methods
CRANE
Fittings ’ Fittings may be dassîfied as branching ,
reducing , expanding , or de f1 ecting. Such fittìngs as
tees , crosses , side ou t1et elbows , etc.) may be ca1 1ed
bran야ling fittings ‘
Reducing or expanding fittings are those whlch change
the area of the f1 uid passageway. In thls class are
reducers and bushings. Deflecting fittings. ‘ .... bends ,
elbows , return bends , etc ‘ ........ are those whlch change
the dìrection of f1 0w
Some fittîngs , of course , may be combinations of any
of the foregoing genera1 classìfications. In addition ,
there are types such as couplìngs and unions which
。 ffer no appreciable resistance to flow and , therefore ,
need not be considered here.
짜-→ I:!. p‘← w
l← a →늄 d 카← b →{
없 I:!. Pz，-==__쟁
Figure 2.1
Fìgure 2.1 shows two sections of a pipe line of t!l(' 、 i !i lι
di 양neter and length. The upper 50 야 íon conta h:L~ ;! ~'1 이
va1vc. If the pressure dropsj ðPl and !:::'f';
measured between the poìnts indicated , ‘‘
ouhl f
,
found that I:!. P is grealer th없1 1:!. P， ‘
ActuaUy , the .l oss chargeable to a valve of !e ng !Ì
is i:::. P l mînus the 1055 in a section of pipe ,, 1 ↓ ι !)~ ’
“ a + b". The losses , εxprεssed in terrns 01 rC.\J 이 iμ
coefficient “ K'" of varíous va1ves and n“l!lE~. υ 、 νJν
‘
on pages A-26 10 A‘ 29 n c1 ude the los~ (씨
length of the valve or fittíng
CRANE CHAPTER 2 ~ FLOW QF FLU!DS THROυG 꺼 VALVES AND FITT1NGS 2-3

Crane Flow Tests

Crane Engineering Laboratories have facilities for

conduc상ng water , steam , and air flow tests for
rnany sîzes and types of valves and fittings
Although a detailed discussion
of a11 the various tests per-
forrned is beYDnd the scope
of thls paper , a brìef descrip~
tion of some of the apparatus
will be of interest ‘

The test piping shown in Fîgure 2-3 is unique

in that 150 mm (6 inch) gate , globe , and an밍 e
va1ves Or 90 degree el1 s and tees can be tested
‘
wíth either water or steam. The vert cal leg of the
an밍e test sectìon permits testìng of an밍e lift
check and stop check valves
flgure 2~2
Saturated steam a1 10 bar 1s avaiìable at flow rates FJo 'W' teJf pipÎlI g
up to 50000 kilograms/houL 꺼1C steam 1S throttled to ’
fQ f' J :2 .inc: h <<1 ft rlÞ
。 llflle val. ’
the desired pressure and its state is determined at the
meter as well as upstream and downstream [rom the test
specunen

‘
For tests on water , a stealll-turbìne àriven pump suppl es
‘
wa er at rates up to 4.5 cubic metresjrninute through
the test piping sectìon. Meas lJ red pres.s ure drop for the pipe alone

‘
Static pressure dìfferentia 1S measured by mεans of a
manometer connected to píezometer rings ups.t ream and
downstream frQm test positîon 1 in the an밍 c test
section , or test position 2 in the straight test section
The downstream pîezometer for the angle test section
seπes as the upstre 따n piezometer for the strai멍11 test
between piezometer stations is subtracted from the
pressure drop through the valve plus pipe to ascertain
the pressure drop chargeable to the valve alonc.
Results of some of the flow tests conducted in the
Crane Engineering Laboratories are plotted in Fîgures
24 to 2-7 shown on the two pages foHowìng
2 -4 CHAPTER 2 - FLOW OF FLU !D S THROUGH VALVES AND F!TT!NGS CHANε

Crane Water Flow Tests

70 70
60 60 11 「
50 50 ι7
13 _-..".
]
4。 40
14 、
\ F::: /
3。 3C
\\ 7 v
7J 15 、、 j 、、
/ ιj

뼈
20 20
16 、、
、、
|γ〈 VI/
μ ~
\、
\g ï' V
” w
/
AI r、
@4)i
m
[7 ~ v
IÆ γ ι 1

”
1 X
z-

m9
:: 10
18\ \J
a

、J /
‘

종짧;
。‘(g

2 9
8
융 g / / / *、
7 k 3 ‘ 。 / / / Z WI j
]g

7
6 、、 4 @
/ / / 11
헐 6
1 /ν
”
gι

5
s
g
5
/ /
"'" ‘
’111 ] s、
、\
、...J 1' 6 c‘ / / / /
4
r 4

擁tIJ
r、 7
/ / /
ι、 k 8 i / / /
3 3
'(fflJ71m\ 、、、 9
ν77 / f7
Vvtl!l--
"
\\ 、、
10
/
Æ1 V1/ / /Æ
n
2
2

νW 、‘、‘F\ 꺼 14 끼/γ/ [/1

1
g
X짧
r、+，
2 li 1
9
vw
醫발 / 7
g g
7 1I I 7
6
τ
6 7 , 8.9 1
7 .8 , 9 1 깅 3 4 5 6 1
2 3 4 5 6

Water Velodtyι
F igure 2.4
in m /s
1 kPa = 0.01 bar
Water Ve!ocÎty, n m ís;
Figure 2-5
‘
긴번

VaJ ve Typc *-

jlI -•-?,.-
비
띠씨

Cl ass 150 Cast lron Y-Pattcrn Globc Valve Flat Seal •

f--f
4o
5n
Class 150 Brass An 밀e Yalve with Composition Disc
U

Fj g: ure 2-Ll 65
Fì at Seat
이U

80

W3ter
Cl ass 150 Brass CODventional G!obe Valve wìth
j
• Composîtîon Disc - Flat Scat
낚υ

111
뽑 씨

Class 200 Brass S 、vlng C거 gιk Y aJ VG

•L
바메
애
C RAN E c H Ä l'íER2=cFCOWOf 듀 LU얘S---THReυ-G-H--V-Ä-LVεS---AN-D---FlT-TJ-N딩S 2-5 •

Crane Steam Flow Tes15

7 7

6 6

5 5
1/
4 4
ι1 ι
3 3
νij

2 깅
‘」 J l/ 낀
ι나 Ilfl

마짧활
애【}4t- ‘다。

mιiζ- a。‘(g
10 1
9 9
8 8

‘
「 ι

밟꿇
1!tA I i
i(〕

7 7 1
N
싼
6 6
@E

니:;ggι

ν \
‘/ ν 1/1 ~29
““

s
ει

5
24
/
/
/
h ‘ 1
L
4
4
ν v 、、
I I
3
I I I Ì'、
3 o 3 L0
•

N 25 까\j

2 2
I:i f에
!i }l 1 - 2Le j ! j
i ii
」
(1i
1

f
1
g
s 6/1 ffl)j1 09
08
/
/
I

/ 」
7 07
9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 91 2 3 4 5 5 7 B 9

Steam Velocitι in Thousand:; 。‘ Metre:s p-e r Minute Steam VelocÎty , ìn Thou s.a nds of Metres per Minute
Figure 2-6 1 kPa == 0.01 bar Ffgure 2.7

Steam Flow Tests - Curves 19 to 31

Fl uid Va}ve* or Fitting Type

2~6 εHAFγER L"-"FLOV-l OF -F-LlJ↓ÐST 써 RQUGH V A-LN E-S A써。-F+::rτi N-GS C RAl\lE

Fi멍Jre 2-8
Flow test piping
’
for 2% nch (65 mm)
cast steel angle valve

F ‘gure 2-9
Steam capacity test
。 f 0 ι inch (15 mmi
brass relief valve

Figur -e 2.10
Fi 。、δι test plp !l η for
2 inch {50 mr에 f iJ bnca 、 ed
5teet y.pattern 910be v ê! lve
CRANE CHAPTER 2 - FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES AND FITTINGS 2-7

Relatíonshíp of Pressure Drop to Velocíty of Flow

Many experiments have shown that the head 1055 due

to va1 ves and fittings ís proportion a1 to a constant power
of the velocity ‘ \Vhen pressure drop or head 1055 1S
plotted against velocity on logarithmîc co-ord nates. the
resulting curve ìs therefore a straight line. ln the tUT-
bulent f1 0w range) the va1 ue of the exponent of V has
been found \0 vary from about 1.8 to 2.1 fOf different
designs of valves and fittings. However , for all practical
purposes , ît çan be assumed that the pressure drop or
head 10&5 due to the f1 0w of Huids ìn the turbulent
range through valves and fittings varies as the square of
the ve10city
This relationship of pressure drop to velocity of flow is
va1 id for check valves , only if there 1s sufficient flow to
hold the disc in a wide open position. The point of
deviation of the test curves from a straight line , as
îllustrated in Figures 2.5 and 2.6 , defines the f1 0w
conditìons necessary to support a check valve disc in
the wíde open position
Most of the difficulties encountered with check valves ,
both li Îi‘ and swìng types , have been found to be due to
oversîzíng which resu1ts ìn noisy operation and pre.
mature wear of the moving parts
Referring again to Figure 2.6 , it will be noted that the
velodty of 3.5 bar saturated steam , at the poïnt where
the two cuπes deviate from a straight lìnζ is about
4000 to 4500 metres!mînute. Lower velodtìes are not
sufficient to lif( the disc through its full stroke and hold
it in a stable Dosition against the stOD5.
ι ) ‘ and can actuallv
) to sudden or gradual contraction and enlargement
resu 1t in an increase in pressure drop as indicated by the
curvcs. Under these conditîons. the disc f1 uctuates with
each minor flow pulsation , causing noisy operation and
첩￥ι
‘
Figure 2-11
Y'Pattern Uft Check
Swìng Check Valve Valve
rapid wear of the contactìng movíng parts.
The minimum veloιity required to lift the disc to the
full -o pen 잉ld stable position has been determined by
tests for nUmerous types of check and foot valves , and
is gìven ìn the “ K" Factor Table (see pages A.26 thru
A.29). It is expressed in terms of a constant times the
‘
square root 0 f the specifìc volume of the f1 u d being
handled , making it appliable for use with any fluid
Sizìng of check va1ves 1n accordance wíth the specìfied
mînimum velocity for full disc Uft wí1l often result În
valves smallcr in size than the pipe in which they are
instaHed; however) the actual pressure drop will be little
if any> hìgher than that of a full size valve whîch is used
in other than the wide~open position ‘ The advantages are
longer valve Hfe and quieter operation. The losses due
whîch will occur in such installations with bushings"
reducing í1 anges , or tapered reducers can be readily
caJc ulated from the data given in the “ K" F actor Table ‘

tι ，*，

Fi9ute 1.‘ .2
Both wotef and ‘ teo :m tes /s OfC cotlduded Ofl ’his set υp
2-웃!~~e+MP千ER~2u'~-- F-LOW-Ð-F-Fl:.-VfÐ5-二f-H R{}UG-H￥Ø<-LVES"AND-듀tTHNGStflAN~~
Resistance Coefficient K , Equivalent Length L/ D
And Flow Coefficient
Pressure los5 test data for a wîde variety of valves and
fittings are available from the work of numerous investì.
gatQCS ‘ Extensive studies 1n this field have been con-
ducted by Crane LaboratQries. However , due to the
time.consumîng and costly nature of such testing , it
is virtually ímpossible to obtain test data for every size
and type of v때ve and fitting
1t is therefore desirable to provide a means of reliably
extrapolating avaHable test information to envelope
those iterns which have not been or cannot readî1y be
tested. Commonly used concepts for accompHshing
this are the “ eqmv때ent length L/D~'，'‘ resistance co.
efficient K ’‘, and “ flow coefficient Cv or Kv" ‘
Pressure losses in a pîping system result from a number
of system characteristics , which may be categorized as
follows
1. Pipe friction , which is a function of the surface
roughness of the interior pîpe wall , the ínside
‘
diameter of the p pe , and the fluid yεlocity ，
density and VìSCDsity. Frictlon factors are dis.
cussed on pages 1~6 anJ }.7. For frictíon data ,
see pages A-23 thru A-25
2~ Changcs in direction of flow path ‘
3~ Obslructions in f1 0w path
4. Sudden or gradual changes in the crosswsection
and shape of flow path
Velocity ìn a pipe i5 obtained at the expense of static
head , and decrease in static head due to velocity 1S ,
v2
h. = - Equatíon 2-1
L 2gn
which 1s defined as the “ velocity head"~ Flow through
a valve or fitting în a pipe line also εauses a reduction in
static head which may be expressed in terms of velocity
head. The resistance coefficient K in the equatìon
--r
ν
h K
: • -n
L 2- Equiltîon 2.2
therefore , is defined as the number of velocity heads
lost due to a valve or fittìng. H h always associated
wηh the diarneter in which the velocity 0εcurs ‘ In most
valves or fittings , the losses due to frictîon (Category 1
above) resulting from actual length of flow path are
minor compared to those due to one or more of the
other three categorîes Hsted
Th e reslstance coefficîent K is therefore consîdered as
being ìndependent of friction factor or Reynolds num-
bεr ， and rnay be treated as a constant for any given
obstruction (i. e. , valve or fitting) în a pipîng system
under a1 1 conditions of flow , including laminar flow.
••(
The same l05s in strai빼t pipe ís expressed by thc 1)‘”이
equation
ι~0야짧 “
EqU8 on ]<3
lt follows that
시니
/
μν
ι
K
\ Equiltìon 2-4
““
The ratio L/D is the equívalent length , in pipe d netér$
of straight pipe , that wiH cause the same pressure drop a50
the obstruction under the same flow condîtìons. Sinιc
the resistance coefficient K îs constant for al! conJît “H1 S
of flow , the value of L/D for any given valve or fì ng. ‘“
‘
must necessarily vary Ínverse y with the ιhangc
friction factor for djfferent flow condiüons.
…
The resist an cε coefficient K would theoretica l! y bc a
constant for all sizes of a given design or Hne of valvcs
and fittings if all sÌzes were geometrícally sim i! ιr
However , geometric sîmilarity îs seldom ‘ jf t' VCf
achîeved because the desîgn of valves and nttin~n. l;;
dictated by manufacturing economíes , stand “ rd 、
structural strength. and other con5ìderations
300 mm {12 inch} 잉 ZE
116 SCALE OF
50 mm {2 înch) SIZE
Figure 2-13
GeometrÎcal dissimilarity between 50 mm {2 inch} ;)nd
300 mm (12 inch) standard C8st iron flanged elbow$
An example of geometric dissimilarity Ís $ho씨'0 ‘“
Figure 2- ]3 where a 300 mm (1 2 inch) standarù elb ‘’‘
has been drawn to 1/6 scale of a 50 mm (2 inch) s! 써
dard elbow , so that their port dîarneters are 써 en tic:!l
The f1。、v paths through the two fittings drawn \u ihc },c
scales would 띠 so have to be identical to have gc “!l ldι
simílarity; in addition , the relative roughnes .s of 씨(
surfaces wouìd have to be similar
Fîgure 2-14 is based on the analysis of extensivc 1( 서
data from various sources. The K coeffìcìenl~ Í( lJ
number of lines of va1 ves and fittings have been plυ! !(li
again s.t SIze ‘ It wil1 be noted that the K curvn :;1J"‘
a defmîte tendenιy to follow the same sJopc i! è. J’)’
(continued on neλ ( f):lσr
CRAN~ ÖIÃPTËR 깅 - FCOW' OFFttnOS THRGUGH VAt.VESA쩌ÐFHTι야GS 2,.,.9.

Resistanæ Coefficient K , Equivalent Length LID ,

’ ‘
And F ow Coeff cient - continued
10.0 250
9.0~
8.0 f-
7.0 • 1
ι
、

ι‘ :.ç>-
i -'\
T
+ 200

6 6.0 •
뽕거 150 ...
’‘ 1
+! +t-H
6 ‘
용 5.0
“ T
} (1
J
{
j j
l
125 - ψ
」

.t 4 i4o 100 'Ë

[마{
4

I~I~ I R 1 1
-”

t
@Zut-t

1
언

3
릉
a
3.0
Y 75 。

μμμ
a
1

a
~~I t。
I

‘tbhJ
1\\패 ~ 썩영 썩
잉잉

@ ‘’ @
-

.t: 2.0
m-

2 f-
@t;:ι

I R
2 ‘-
l ””
。
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5 f\ •

t~+==t=.ß~rn::t==1=j::':tt:ì::l:3ð==t==t=t::t:'~t::D~
@
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'" §15 E
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1ι g
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o
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;&J I 1\ ~\독풍 I I I /11 1r이

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1 15 2 3 .4 .5.6.7.8.91 。 1.5 2, 0 2.5 3 4 5 678910
K - Resistance Coefficient

Figure 2.14 , Variations 0,f Resistance Coefficient K ( = f L f,V ) with S ze ‘

Symbol Product Tested Authority
。

Schedule 40 Pipe. 30 Diameteu Long (K "'" 30 fτ.)' ‘ Moody A.S.M.E. Trans.., Nov._1944 18
。

16
Class 125 hon Body Wedge Gate Valv e! . . . . . Univ. of Wisc. Exp. Sta. llulL , VoL 9 , No. 1, 1922
9
‘a5
c S 600 Stee Wedge Gate Valves . ‘ Crane Tests
Pigott A.s .M.E. Trans. , 1950 6
9
d
90 Degree Pipe Bends , RÎD:== 2 >

90 Degree Pipe Bendll , R!D ==: 3 . Pîgott A.S.M.E. Trans. , 19506

AVAYAγd

90 Degree Pipe Bends , RjD = 1 Pîgott A.S ,M. E. Trans. , 1950 6

Class 600 Steel Wedge Gate Valves , Sea Reduced . . ‘ Crane Tes “
C13ss 300 Steel Venturi BaU .c age Gate Valves. Crane'Armour Tests
“
~
Cl :w! 125 lron DOdy Y.Pa ern Globe Valves Crane-Armour Tests
n Class 125 Brass Angle VaJ ves , Composition Disc . Cranζ Tests
@
C1 ass 125 Brass Globe Valves , ComposÎtion Di sc Crane Tests

"fT=fri 이 ion factor for flow in the zone of compJete turbulence: sεe page A-26

(continued from the preceding page)

f(L/l기 curve for straight c1 ean commercial steel pipe tends toward a coostant for the varîous sìzes of a given
at flow conditions resultíng in a constant friction factor line of valves Or fittings at the same f1 0w conditions
!t is probably c이 ncìdence that the effeçt of geometdc
dis잉mîlarity between different sîzes of the same lìne of On the basis of thís relatíonship , the resìstance CO~
valves or fittings upon the resistance coefficient K is efficient K for each illustrated type of valve and fitting
sîmilar to that of relative rou 밍mess ， or sìze of pipe is presented on pages A.26 thru A.29. These coefficìents
upon friction factor are given as the product of the fríction factor for the
desired sÎze of clean commercial steel pîpe with f1 0w in
Based on the evîdence prεsented in Fîgure 2~14 ， it can the zone of complete turbulencε , and a ζ 。nstant ， which
be said that the resistance coefftcient K , for a given represents the equiv와ent length LjD for the valve or
Hne of valves Or fittings , tends to vary with size as f1ttîng in pipe àiameters for the same flow conditions ,
does the friciion factor , f , for straí앙1t clean commercial 。n the basis of test data. This equivalent length , or
siεel pìpe at 1Ì ow conditions resultíng in a constanî constant{ is valià for all sizes of thε valve or fitting
frictíon factor , and 대 at the equiv어 ent length L/D type with which it 1S identified
2~1 1} CHAPTERZ'" Ft:OWUFFt:ur디STHR디 UGHVAt:VESANUF1TT1NGs
Resistance Coefficient K , Equiva ent Length
And Flow Coefficient - continued
The frictìon factors for clean commercj a1 steel pipe
with f1 0w in the zone of complete turbulence (J r) , for
nominal sizes from l> to 24-inch (1 5 to 600 mm) , are
tabulated at the beginning of the “ K" Factor Table
(page A.26) for convenience in convertîng the algebraic
expressions of K to arithmetic qu 뻐 tities
There are some resistances to f1 0w in pîping , such as
sudden and gradual contractions and enlargements ,
and pipe entrances and exìts , that have geometríc
similarìty between sizes. The resistance coeffìcients
(K) for these items are therefore independent of size
as indîcated by the absence of a frictîon factor in their
values given in the “ K" Factor Table.
As previously stated , the resistance coefficient K is
aIways associated wîth the diameter în which the velocity
in the term v 2 j2g n occurs. The vaJues in the “ K" Factor
Table are associated wìth the internal dîameter of
the foUowing pipe schedule numbers for the various
ANSI Classes of valves 잉ld fìttings
Cl ass300 and lower. .ScheduJe 40
Cl ass400 and 600. • Schedule 80
Ciass 900. .Schedule 120
Cl.ss 1500 ‘ Schcdule 160
Class 2500 (sìzes 써 10 6") ‘ xxs
Class 2500 (size s. 8" and up). . .. Schcdule 160
When the resÎstance coefficient K is. used in f1 0w
equation 2-2 or any of ìts equivaJent fonns given ìn
• the valve
Chapter 3 as Equations 3-14 , 3-16 , 3-19 and 3-20 , the
velocity and intemal diameter dírnensions used 1n rhe
equation mllst be based on the dimensÌons of these
schedule numbers regardless of the pipe wîth which the
valve may be installed
-인1 aHemate procedure whìch yields ìdentical resu 1ts
for Equation 2.2 is to adjust K ìn proportion to the
fourth power of the diameter ratio , and to base values
of velodty or diarneter on the internal diameter of the
씬써
connecting pípe ‘
4
K r
a “ Equat‘。 n
Subscript “α" defines K and d with reference to the
intemal diameter of the connecting pìpe
εRA찌f
’
L1D ,
Subscript “ b" defines K and d with reference to the
internal diameter of the pîpe for which the values of
K were establîshed , as gÎven in the foregoing lîst of
pìpe schedule numbers
Wh en a piping 5ystem contaìns more than one size of
pipe , valves , or fìttings , Equation 2-5 may be used 10
express a11 resistances in tenns of one size. For this
case ‘ subscrîpt “ a" relates to the size with reference to
which a1l resistances are to be expressed , and subscrîpt
“ b" relates to any other size in the system , For sampJe
prob1em , see Example 4-14.
It is convenient in SOrne branches of the va1 ve industry ,
partícularly in connection with control valves , to express
the valve capacity and t:h e valve f] ow characteristics in
tenns of a f1 0w coeffìcient. In the USA and UK the f1 0w
coefficîent at present În use 15 designated C‘ and is
defìned as
C ,.';:: Rate of f1 0w of water , in either US or UK
gallons per minuie , at 60F , at a pressure drop
of one pound per square inch across the yalve
(Se e Equation 3-16 , page 3-4)
An other coefficient , Kv , îs used in sorne countries ,
particularly in Europe ‘ and thìs is defined as
Kv::::: Rate of flow of water in cllbic metres per
hour (m 3 /h) at a pres잉ure drop of one kilogram
force per square centimetre (kgf/cm 2 ) across
One kgf!cm' is equal to 0.980 665 bar (exactly)
and in some continenlal countrìes the name kilopond
(kp) is used in place of kilogram force ,
i. e. 1 kp/cm' ; 1 kgf/cm'
‘
At the time of prcparatìon of this pa pεr there s no agrεεd
intεrnational definítîon for a f1 0w coefficient 1n terms of
SI unil'i. Li qllid f1 0w capac‘ty in metrìc units can be
ιonverted to Cv as defined above. For exampJe
C, = 0.0694 Q 、 P (i n U.S. gallons)
2-5 ’ ó. p (999)
where
Q = rate of flow , 싸 res/min
ρ = densîty of f1 11id ‘ kg/m 3
il. p = bar
cRMJE C 니;cçpγEH'2 - ....
FCOW"OFFLUtDS" j'션ROtJ GH" 'At::γES""ANß.-FFH' 써GS 2-~1""" ，， __,

LamÎnM Flow Conditions

In the usual piping installation ‘ the flow will change
from laminar to turbulent in the range of Reynolds
numbers from 2000 to 4000 , defined on pages A,24 and
A, 25 as the critical zone. The lower critical Reynolds
number of 2000 is usually recognized as the upper !imit
for the application of Poiseuílle ’s law for laminar f1 0w
in straight pipes ,
factored into ît. Laminar flow at Reynolds numbers
above 2000 ìs unstable , and the critica1 zone and lower
range of the transïtion zone , turbulent mixìng and
laminar motion may alternate unpredictably ‘
Equation 2깅 (h L = K'ν'!2gn ) is valid for computing the
head 105S due to valves and fittîngs for all condìtions of
f1 ow , including laminar f1 ow , usìng resistance coefficient

h낀L = 326꽉
6
K as given in the “'K" Factor Table. When this equation
Equation 2-8 is used to determine the losses in straight pipe , it îs
necessary to compute the Reynolds number in order to
establish the frictîon factor 1 f , to be used to determine
which is identical to Equation 2 , 3 when the value of the va1 ue of the resistance coefficient K for the pipe in
the fractìon fact Of for lamìnar f1 ow , f 6ιI!R， , is aαordance with Equation 2-4 (K ~ fLID). see examples on
pa양s 4-4 and 4, 5.

Contraction and Enlargement

O
The resistance to flow due to sudden enlargements For8 능 45'" C =2 , 6sin- Equa“。n2-12
may be expressed by ,
, 2
c 0
( d ,' \2 For 4s <e 능 180 " Ce = 1 Equatíon 2-12.1
K, μ - τ- EQuation 2-9
、‘ 나2 /
J
‘
The losses due o gradual contractions in pipes wcre
and the resistance due to sudden contractions , by
‘
establis l1 ed by the analys S of Cranc test data , tlsíng
the same basis as that of Gibson for gradual enbrge
ments , 10 provide a contractîon coefficien! , Cc ‘。 be
K , = 0.50 짧 EqlJ ation 2-10 applied tu Equa 1ion 2.10. The approxim3te averages
of these coeffklcnts for different în c! uded angles of
COllvergence , 0 , are defined by the equations
Subscripts 1 and 2 define the internal dìameters of the
sma l1 and large pipes respeζtiveìy
0 8
For 0 ξ 45 ... , , •• C = 1. 6 sin EQuation 2.13
lt îs convenient to identify the ratìo of diameters of the o
small to large pipes by the Greek letter ß (beta). Using
this nütation ‘ these equations may be written ,
。 ξ 80。 Cc= 와F EquatÎon 2.13.1
Sudden Enlargement
", = (1 • ß2)' Equa1 ‘。 n 2-9.1
The resìstance coenìcient K for sudden and gradual
enlargements and contractìons , expressed in enns 0 1' ‘
the large pipe , is established by combîning equations
Sudden Contractìon
2.9 to 2.13 índusive
κ， = O, 5( 1 - ß') Equation 2-10.1
Sudden and Gradual
Equation 2-9 is derived from the momentum equatioll
‘
together wîth the Bernoull equatîon. Equation 2-10
uses the derivatîon of Equation 2-9 wgcther wìth the
Enl2rgements
。，

2.ósin~(I-ßι )ι
,
Equation 2-14

contînuily equatíùn and a c! ose apprnxirnatîon of the

cont rJcl ion ιoeftì이ents de‘ er미üncd bv Julíus
e <: 45 。 K~ : ;:
Weisbach. 2!l ß'
(I • ß2)2 Eq l.l.a tion 2-14 , 1
The v씨 UC 01 the resistanιe ιoctTiι!en t 11l tc ’ ms of t !l C 45~<O <: 180ν ,,' 개「
larger p!pe is determlned by djvìding Equ :H ions 2.9
anJ::-JOby 감 Sudden ιnd Gradual

K,
Con1 ‘ Jctto 1S ’ Equatiof、 2.15
θ
K, Equation 2-11 O.R sill • ( 1 • ß')
ß"
$ <: 45 。 K, =
The )osses du{' ω gradua! enlargc- nwnts in pìpes wcre g4 Equatm 2 15 1
investigaged by A.H. Gibson ,29 and n1ay be expresscd as
’ ‘
a coc! ïcienl , CI'、 applieJ o Equatio lJ 2-9. Approximate
0.5 I sin-
「←5
(1 P‘ )
:l verag es. of Gìbson 's cocffîcients for dif상 fent încluded
•

V 2
angles of divergence , e, are defined by the eqμat lO ns 45 <e ξ lRO
C
K‘ =
""'
Z"-lZ GHÄPTER2 • FLOVV" UF "FL UIVS'THROUGFrVA t:. vES Ä여D'FTrfTNGS CR1\Nt

Valves wìth Redu않dSeats

Valves aTC often desîgned with reduced seats , and the seat globe and angle valves into reasonably c1 0se agree
transition from seat to valve ends may be either abrupt ment wìth test results. 1n the absence of actu 씨 tc:>.!
or gradual. Straight-throu 뱅 types l such as gate and ball data , the resistance ιoefficíents for reduced seat gloh t'
valves , 50 deslgned with gradual transîtion are sometìmes and 어1 밍 e valves may thus be computed as the sumn llJ
referred to as venturi valves. Analysis of tests on such tion of Equation 2-11 and ß times Equations 2-14.1 Jll ‘i
straight-through valves indiζates an excellent correlation 2-15.1 at ß = 180。‘
between test results and calculated v잉 ues of K based on
the summation ofEquations 2-11 ‘ 2-14 and 2-15 The procedure for determining K for reduced 5eat glnb(
and angle valves is also applicable to throttled globe
Valves which exhibît a change în directìon of the flow and an g1e valves. For thìs case the value of ß mus be ‘
path , such as g1 0be and an밍 e valves , are classified as based upon the square root of the ratio of areas ‘
hìgh resistance valves. Equations 2.14 and 2.15 for
gradu외 contractions and enlargements cannot be read i1 y
applied to these configurations because the angles of
convergence and dívergence are variable with respect to
겁 =j갚
different planes of reference. The entrance and exit
losses for reduced seat globe and angle valves are judged where
to f a1 1 short of those due to sudden expansîon and con.
traction (Equations 2-14.1 and 2-15 .1 at e 180") if a , ‘ defines the area at the most restricted p ……
able test data indicates that the factor ß app ed to
Equatìons 2.14 and 2.15 for sudden contractîon and
“
the approaches to the seat are gradual ‘ An alysis of avail.

a2 ‘
in the flow path

defines 1he intern a1 area of the çonnc 이 mg

enìargeηent wiU bring calculated K va1 ues for reduced plpe

Resístance of Bends
Secondary flow: The nature of the llow of liquids h h p + h e + h..L Equation 2.16
in bends has been thorou빙11y investigated and many
interesting facts have been discovered. For example , where
when a fluid passes around a bend in either viscous or
turbulent flow) there 1S established in the bend a con- ht z totallos5 , in metres of fluid
dition known as “ secondary flow". This Ìs roültlng h =: excess los5 in downstream tangent , in metrcs
motion , at righr an밍 es to the pipe axι which îs super- of fluid
Împosed upon the main motìon in the direction of the
axis. The friction a1 resîstance of the pipe walls and the hc ‘oss due to curvature ‘ in metres of f1 uîd
action of centrifugal force combine 10 produce this hL :::: loss in bend due 10 length , ìn metres of n…
d
rotation. Figure 2.15 illustrates this phenomenon
if:

ResÎstance of bends to flow: The resistance or head h. h ，ιh Equation 2.17

o p c
10s5 in a bend is conventionally assumed to consist of
(1) the loss due to curvature; (2) the excess loss in then
the downstream tangent; and (3) the loss due to length ,
thus h ~ h.
.-b h
+ .-L

However ‘ the qu 띠ltity h !J can be expressed as a function

of velocity head in the forumula:

/μ
i r’
h.
’b
K.-
= .-b2g EquatiQn 2.Hl
n

\ where
Kb :::: the bend coefficìent
FÎgure 2.15
Secondary Flow in 8ends ψ ::::: veloαty throu방 pjpe ， metres per scιι

gp = 9 8l rnetres peI Second per second

Cf!A:N'E C1'tA1'T Ël'! .2.~ l't:eworFtBIÐ& 'FHl'!ρυGμ VALVnS-AND,,-rJTHN-GS 2." ,.13

Resistance of Bends - continued

6

4
-i
itg
융u

3
웅잉1t∞@

oo s 웅←←-←
Rf
-R elative
12:
Radì야
-j
'1'
‘ 6 깅2

Figur.e 2~16， Bend Coefficients Faund by Varìou$ Invest‘gatars (Beij21

From "Pressure Losses for Fluid F!aw in 90 0 Pipe Bends" by K , H. Beîj
’
Courtesy 。ιlDurπal of Research of National Bureau of Standards

’
{

In ve.s tiga‘"' Dîameter

ìncbe‘
Symbol Dlameter

&띠
mm
{ • 80
Davis 。
50
Brightmore • 80
Brightrnort: 4 g
100
L7 43
1 H {? n
(rough pipe) ‘ {r ough pípe}
Hofmann L7 α

($I1l oo!hpipe) (smoo ‘h pipe)

I Vo，써 6, 8andl0 ’ .150 , 200 , 250
4
• 100

The relatìon&hip between K h and r/d (relative radius*) continuous 90 degree bends can be detennined by multi~
ìs not well defined , as can oe observed by rεference to plying the number (n) of 90 degree bends less one
Fígurε 2-16 (taken from the work of Beij"). The curves contained in the coil by the value of K due to length ,
ìn this chart indicate that K , has a minimum value when plus one-half of the value of K due to bend resìstance ,
ηd is between 3 and 5 and adding the value of K for one 90 degree bend (page
A-29)
Values of K for 90 degree bends with various bend
Equation 2.20
ratios (ι/이 are Ii sted on page A-29. The va1ues (also K B = (n-J) (0 .2 5 fT π
based 00 the work of Beη) represen t average conditions E
+ 0 5 Kl)+Kl

of flow în 90 degree bends ‘ Subscript 1 defines the value of K (see page A-29)
The 108s due to continuous bends greater than 90 for one 90 degree bend ,
degrees , suι:h as pipe co i1s. or expansion bends , îs less Example
than the summation of losses in the total number of 90 A 2" Schedule 40 pipe coìl contaìns five complete
àegree bends contained io the coil , considered separately turns 、 i. e. , twenty (n) 90 degree bends. The relative
because the 105S h n in Equation 2-16 occurs only On εe , adius (η닝) of the bends 1s 16 , and the resistance co-
in the coil ’ ,
efficient K of one 90 degree bend is 42fT (42 X .019
The 1058 due to length ìn terms of K is equal to the :
‘
80) per page A-29
developed length of the bend ‘ in pipe diameters , multí- Flnd the !otal resistance caefficient (K ) [or the co11
plied by the friction Îactor f T as prevÎously descríbed B
and as tabulated on page A-26
K B = (20-1)(0.25 xO.OJ9π x 16 +O.SxO , 8)+O.8
K. .. = .5 (. π (r:\ Equ <llÌ on 2-19 = 13
le찌 ιη \d)
In the absence of experimentaì data , it 15 assumed that Resistance of rnitre bends: The equivaleni length of
ι = h，、 in Equatîon 2-16. On thîs basìs ‘ the totaì value mitre bends , baseà on the work of H. Kirchbach'"
’
0'[ K for a pipe co î1 or expansìon bend made up of is a1so shown on page A 29 •

*The relative rad US Qf a bend ìs the ratio of the radjus of the bend axü:
to the internal ‘djameter of the pipe. Both dîmensíons must be in the
same umts
2-14 CHAPTER 2 - FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES ANO FITTINGS CRANE

Flow Through Nozzles and Orifices

Orifices and nozzies are used principally to meter ratε of f1 ow. A portion of the
theory ‘s covered herc. For morc complete data , refer to Biblïography sources
8 ‘ 9. and 10. For installation or operation of commercîal meters , refer 0'" ‘
formatÌon supplied by the mεtεr manufacturer
Orifiζes are al50 used to restrict flow or to reduce prεssure. For lîquid flow ,
sεvcral orifices arc sometimes U5εd to reduce pressurε in steps so as to avoid
cavìtation. Overa lJ resistance coefficient K for an orifice ís given on page A~20
For a sample problem , see page 4-7

The rate of flow of any fluid throu야 an 0 rifice 0 r flow of gases and vapors: The flow of compressible
nozzle , neglectíng the velocity of approach , may be l1uìds throu앙1 nozzles and orifìces can be expressed by
expre.sed by ‘ the same equation llsed for lìquìds except the net
expansion factor Y must be índuded.
q ~ CdA ν힘칸 Equa1Ìon 2-21
q ; Yα 짧 Equation 2.24
Velocíty of approach may have con.iderable effect on
the quantity di.charged throu앙1 a nozzle or orifice The expansion factor Y is a function of
The factor correcting for velocity of approach
J. The specifìc heat ratio 1 ‘
1
、끼강r 2. The ratío (이 of orifice or throat diameter to inlet
diameter
may be incorporated Ín Equation 2-21 as follows 3. Ratio of downstream to upstream absolute
pressures
CA
q →←느→}、('j갑「 f: Quation 2-22 Thìs factor 9 ,10 has been experimentaìly determîned on
vττ김X→ “ ι the basis of air) which has a specific heat ratio of 1.4,
and steam havîng specific heat ratios of approximately
The quantity 1.3. The data is plotted on page A-21
Cd
Values of 1 für somε of the common vapors and gases
이객r are given on page. A -8 and A-9. The specifìc heat ratio γ
may vary slightly for dìfferent pressures and temperatures
is defined as the flow coefficient C‘ Values of C Íor but for most practical problems the values given wil1
nozzles and orifices are shown on page A 깅 o. Use of the provide reasonably accurate results
flow coefficient C eliminates the necessity for caku-
lating the velocity oÎ approach. and Equation 2-22 Equation 2-24 may be used for orifìces di.charging
may now be written compressible fluids to atmosphere by using

Eq‘Ja tion 2-23

q ; CA 함τ ~ CA 공판「
Orifices and nozzles are normally used în piping systems
‘
as metering dev ces and are instaUed with flange taps or
pipe taps in accordance with ASME 01 other .tandard
specifications. The values of h L and ~ in Equation 2-23
are the measured difflεrential static hεad or prεSSllre
‘
across plpe aps located 1 diameter upstream and 0 .5
dìameter downstream from the inlet face (}f the orifiεe
p- Iate or nozzle. when values of Care taken from pagc A-
20. The flow coefficient C Îs plotted for Reynoids num-
bers based on the internal diametεr of the upstream pipe
1. flow coeffìcíent C given on page A-20 n the ‘
Reynolds number range where C 1S a constant
for the given diamcter ratio , ß
2‘ Expansìon factor Y per page A-21
3. Differential pressure 6p , equal to the inlet
gauge pressure
This also app1îes to nozzles dischargîng compressible
f1 uids to atmosphere only if the absolute inlet pressure
is less than the absolute atmospheric pressllre àivided by
the critical pressure ratio rc; this i5 discussed on the ncx (
page. Wh en the absolute inlet pressure 18 greater than
this amount , flow through nozzles shouìd be caJcu!atfd
as outlined on the following p~ge

Ftow of liquids: For nozzles and orîfices dîscharging

incompressíble fluids to aimosphere , C values may be
taken from page A깅 o if h L or D.p in Equatíon 2-23 ís
taken as the upstream head or gallge pressllre
CRANE. .....cHAI'TER.2.~.ELQI"I...QE..ELμ
Flow Through Nozzles and Orifiα!S
Maximum f1 0w of compressible f1uids ìn a nozzle: A
smoothly convergent nozz1e has the property of being
able to deliver a compressib1e f1 uid up to the velocity of
sound in its minímum cross section or throat , providing
the available pressure drop is sufficien t1y high. Sonic
ve10eìty is the maximum ve10city that may be attained
in the throat of a nozzle (supersonic velocity is attained
in a gradually divergent section following the convergent
nozzle , when sonic velocity exists in the throat).
The critical pressure ratio ís the largest ratio of down~
stream pressure to upstream pressure capable of
producing sonic velocìty. Values of critical pressure ratio
rc which depend llpon the ratÎo of nozzle diameter to
upstream diameter as well as the speci:fi c heat ratio 'Y are
밍ven on page A.21
Fl ow throu명1
nozzles and venturi meters is limîted by
critic외pressure ratio and minhnum values of Y to be
used in Equation 2.24 for this condition , are ìndicated
on page A.21 by the termination of the curves at P'2!P ’ l
;:. T
C square entrance would have characteristics similar to
Discharge of Fluids Through Valves , Fittin얻， and Pipe
Liquid f1 ow: To determine rhe f1 0w of liquid throu앙l
pipe , the DaTcy formu1a ís used. Equation 14 (p age 1-6)
has been converted to rnore convenìent terms in-Chapter
3 and has been rewritten as Equation 3.14. Expressing
this equation în terrns of flow rate în litres per minute:
22.96KQ2
hL :
cf'
,/
‘
p" lure mea .s urements
mode at ørategic pÐi"ts
in t1 val .,.-e i" 。벼.， t。
:e $tablish opfimum deñgn ,
。 SIH8QVGHVA.LV~l> AN[)EI.E.1 인GS 2-15
- continued
Equation 2.24 may be used for discharge of compressible
f1 uids throu앙1 anozzle to atmosphere , orto a downstream
pressure 10wer than indicated by the critical pressure
ratio Tc ' by llSing values of:
Y. . . . . . .. minimum per page A.21
C.. ‘ page A.20
t:.. P .. ‘P ’1(1. rc);rc per page A.21
p ....•. '. density at upstream condition
F10w through short tubes: Since complete experimental
data for the dìscharge of f1uids to atmosphere through
short tubes μ/D is 1ess than , or equal to , 2 .5 pipe dia.
meters)1 are not available ~ it 1S suggested that reasonably
accurate approximations may b e obtained by using
Equatíons 2.23 and 2.24 , ",ith va\ ues of C somewhere
between those for orifices and nozzles , depending upon
entrance conditions.
If the entrance is wel1 rounded , C va\ues would tend (0
approach those for noz z1es , whereas short tubes wîth
those for squ따e edged orifices
Sol꺼ng for Q, the equation can be rewritten ,
Q = 0.2087 d 2
/ hL Equatíon 2~25
’ K
벼Jation 2.25 can be emp10yed for valves, fitting;, and
pipe where K would be the sum of 잉1 the resistances în
‘
the piping system , ncluding entrance and exit losses
when they exist. Examp1es of prob1ems of this type are
shown on page 4.12.
Compressíble f1 ow: When a compressible fluid flows
from a pipìng system int。 때 area of larger cross section
that that of the pipe , as in the case of discharge to
atmosphere , a modified form of the Darcy formula ,
Equation 1.11 deve10ped on page 1.9 , is used
w = 1.1 11 X 10- 6 Y d 2 / 으E
、 K낀
The determination of va1ues of K , Y, anà 6. P in this
equation is described on page 1.9 and is illustrated in the
examples on pages 4.13 and 4.14. This equation is also
given in Chapter 3 , page 3.5 , Equation 3.22 , in terms of
pressure drop in bars (.6p) ‘
2CHAPTER 깅 二 FLOW 아 갇 LuTö:얀니 R 。니대 VACVËsANtTFIπfNGS crtA /II f

Fi명Jre 2~18
Flow test 00 plaιtic pipe to determine pressure
drop due to 90 degree bends
 3-1

Formulas and Nomographs

For Flow Through
Valves, Fittings, and Pipe
CHAPTER 3

Only basic formulas needed for the presentation of the

the이y of f1uid f1 0w through va1ves , fittings , and pìpe were
presented in the fust two chapters of tms pape r. ln the
summary of fonnulas given în this chapter , the basic fonn-
ulas are rewritten in terms. of the SI metric units which it i5
anticipated wil1 be commonly used following the change*
over to the metric system or , where this is already în beîng ,
the adoption of SI unìts

‘
In each case a choice of equations s given enabling the user
to select the formula most suíted to the available data

Nomographs presented Ìn thi5 chapter are graphical soIutions

of the f1 0w formulas applyíng to pipe. Va1ve and fitting
f1 0w problems may also be solved by means of these nomo-
graphs by detennining their equiva1 ent length in terms of
metres of strai영üpipe

Due to the wîde variety of terms and the vaTÌation in the

physîcal properties of liquids and gases , it was necessary to
dîvide the nomographs into two parts ’ the first part (pages
3.6 to 3-15) pertains to liquíà f1 ow , and the second part
(p ages 3-16 to 3-27), pertains 10 compressible f1 0w

Al l nomographs for the solution of pressure drop problems.

are based upon Darcy’ s fonnula , since it is a general forrn~
ula which is applicabJc 10 a!l f1 uids and can be applied to alJ
types ofpipe through the use of the Moody Friction Factor
Diagram. Darcy’ s fonnula also provîdes a rneans of solving
p roblems of fl O\v through valves anà fittings on the basis of
equivalent length or resístance coeffìcìent , Nomographs
provide simple rapid , practic떠， and reasonably accuratε
‘

solulions to f1 0w forrnulas and the dβιirnal point 1S accur~

ately located

Accuracy of a nomograph 15 limited by the available page

space , length of scales , TIlffilber of units provid~d on each
scale , and the angle at which the connecting line crosses the
scale ‘Vhenever the solution of a problem falls beyond the
range of a nomograph , the solution of the foπnula π1U st be
obtained by calculation
 CHAPTER 3
3-2 FORMULA능A “o NOMOG닙셔 PH성 F벼 'F'L6W'Yí=fFfö'O깅꺼 VACVESηF1TTfNGSANOPfl'E .. eR용Nf

Summary of Formulas

To eliminate needless dup1ïcation , formulas have been • Head 1055 and pressure drop
written in terms of either specific volume V or density ρ ， in straight pÎpe;
but not ìn terms ofboth , sînce one ìs the recìpracal of Pressure 10s5 due to flow is the same in a sloping.
the other vertîcal , or horizont a1 pipε However , the dîffenmcc in
- 1 pressure due to the dìfference in head must be εon.
v=- p: V
p sidered in pressure drop calculations: see page 1.5
These equations may be substituted in any of the form- Darcy’ s formu ’"' Equation 3.5
비as shown in this paper whenever necessary ‘
(/, 7)"
h L =f뉴τ← = 51 수­
D 2gn
,-ar
fLq' jL Q'
hL = 8265 x iO1 = 22 950 τr
• Bernoulli's theorem: Equatïon 3.1
ηi

Z + H fL B'" _
h L = 161200-"깅τ = 6 376 000 =김-，-
r """"r r.r. n JL Jt'2 V:l
2gn
P, U치 νE + hL fL{Jjν r. n r.~ .,r\ fLρ V'
Z, + + -.-' Z, + ...!..L + b. p = α005 ~τ
f"<n. n
= 0.000001 39 ζT
p ‘ gn ιgn P2 g n 2g n

, fLpq' jL pQ
• Ap = 81 055 x 1O? - j r :;:: 2.252::":'낀r
‘
Mean velocity of flow in pÎpe:
Continuity Equatíon) Equation 3-2
jL pB' '" , jLW' V
e :: q
= 12떠00 옮 : 2 1.22 훌 lip = 15.81 '-'d-: = 625 .3 τr
A
mn “ 깐깐싼E효
η

•
η

WV
U = 56 .2 3 흉 = U -j
r 354
d'
b.p = 2. 69
d ‘ p'

η (q~)'Sg'
ν i ‘ 243 과프 433 펌량 ðp:;:: 936.5 J~ \~hJ U~
d'p
p' d 2

V
qm
16670
wV 21220
WV
A a d'

씌J q~Sg
V 74.55 25970
p'd' pd' • Head 105s and pressure drop
with JamÎnar flow in s1raìght pipe:
For Jaminar i1 0w condítions (R , < 2000) ‘ the frictìon
• Reyn여 ds number
’
of f ow in pipe: Equation 3.3
factor ìs a dìrect mathematîζa1 functìon of the Reynülds
number only , and can be expressed by the formula:
D ，새o dνp dεp f = 64;R e . Substitutíng this va1ue of f in the Darcy
Re fonnula , ít can be rewri tten
μ 1000μ/ μ
뻐
낌

-ψ

m
w
1 qp
= 318 .3 ~← Qρ
R, 2 1.22 ""';-- h L = 3263
μ Lv
Equation 3"6
]{H μ dμ !:,•
μι

Q ‘。
W A">" q"h ~，r，..，，， Bp
Sf< 56.23 m
α

Rιf;' =354~=432 1.t~펴= μιq

μ

~~， dμ dμ
-:,-
dμ hl : 41 550 x 10' r::
d ‘p
, @ {
7

Dν dv .~_.d ν
Re=-:-; =~ =1000~ 183 500 μ LB
r-:~
μ LW
v' 10 이jν ν hL 1 154 000 d 4p2
dιP
끼 o ._. ___ WV
R~= 1273 x. 10G~=21220..:;.-=354000 ~
‘ αν Gι Qν b.p := 032 쩔 = 407 잉0 11::암
μ LQ _ μ LB
!lp : 6.79 고 18 r-~­
• Víscosity equìvalents Equation 3-4 시;

v - μ - μ
~← (• lip = 1132 J!.，εEι
D' S d ‘p
 CHAPTER 3
CRANE FÓR'MÙLAS' Af\i디 NÖMOGRAÞHS FOHFI..OWTRRDVG1'1 VAI..VES , !'ITTHffi&ANf>• PW,.E 용-J

Su mmal'γ of Eormulas- ，continv~

• Limitations of Darcy formula • Empirical formulas for the flow

’
Non-compressib e flow; líquids ‘
of water $team~ and gas
I

The Darcy fonnula may be used wαhout restrìction for Alihough the rational method (using Darcy ’s formuJa)
the flowofwater , oil , and other liquidsin pipe , However , for solving flow problems has been recommended in this
when extreme velocities occurring in pipe ιau않 the paper , some engineers prefer to use empîrical forrnulas
downstream pressure to fall to the vapour pressure of
the liquid , cavitation occurs and calculated flow rates
are lnaCCurate Hazen and WiU Îam‘
formuia for flow 01 water: Equation 3+9
ComprøssÎble flow; gases and VapOUπ-
When pressure drop 18 less than 10% of P1, use p or V Q ~ 0.000599 챈 c ~' ~씌 0.54
based on either in1et or outlet conditions.
Wh en pressuπ drop is greater than 10쩡 of p , but less where:
than 40% of p , , use the average of p or V based on inlet c = 140 for new steel pipe
and outlet conditions , or use Equation 3~20 c :.:;: 130 for new cast îron pipe
c ~ 110 forriveted pipe
Wh en pressure drop is greater than 4 0% of p ‘ , use the
rational or empiric a1 formulas gîven on this page for
compressible flow , or use Equation 3 ,20 (for theory ,
see page 1.9) Equation 3‘ 10
(deleted)

• Is othermal flow of gas

in pipe lines Eq lJ at‘。 n 3-7
Spit:: glass formt시a for low pressure ga‘
(pressure less than 7000 N/m l (7 kPa)) Equation 3-11
(μ찌
놔總

! tJ, h‘ d'
q'h = 0 00338
‘ j-→→
! _
τ- ‘

、/ SgL \1\( 9 1.5

0.00118d)}
\
뼈

t • t
-꾀찌깨

{
d

F‘。 wing temperature is 15"C

/

Weymouth formula
for hìgh pressure gas: Equation 3-12
‘
• Simplif ed compressib eflow
for long pipe tines
’ Equation 3.7a
q'h ~ 0 에261 d 2 '6ñ찮했 (뿜

PanhandlB formula 3 for natural 9a$

78상(잖) {띤됐lj} ‘
pipe lines 150 to 600 mm diameter
and Re "" 5 X 10 6 ) to (1 4 x 106 ); Equøtion 3.13

(p;)면 5394
q'h ~
? R1Q(p;)2
0.00506 E d L. O'"L \ "-'.τ;:-=
•

)
/ψ;)' -，따)끼
q'h ~ ODl 3 61 / ( "r'; ~-o" ， I
fLm TSg J
‘
f \

• Maximum {sonic) \l elocity 01 where: gas emperature ::: 15"'C

compressìble flωds în pipe Sg = 0 ‘ 6
E ::: flow effiαency
The maximum possible velocity of a compressible í1 uìd E 1 , 00 (1 00%) for brand new pipe without any
i.n a pipe ìs equivalent to the speed of sound in the f1 uid; bends 、 elbows , valves , and ιhange af pipe
this is expressed as diameter Or elevation
E ;:;: 0.95 for very good operating conditìons
νs 0;:::: ，/굉f Equation 3+8 E ::: 0.92 for average operating condítions
• ι -
E ;:;: 0.85 for unusually un[avourable opera t1 ng
Vs 、 γ P' V ~ 316.2 、/γγv ιonditions
 CHAPTER 3
3-4 FÜRMÜLÁsAN5NOMOGRAPRS'FORFI:이V까’ROtJGR\fAI:Vε8;FITTl써6S"'A.-f샤GPfl'f; εHA찌 ε

Summary 01 Formulas - continued

• Head 1055 and pressure drop

through va)ves and fittings
• Resistance ∞ efficient ， "K , for sudden and gradual
enlargements in pipes
Head loss through valves and fittings is generally given in
terms of resistance coeff1 cient K which indicates static For ß ξ 45。’
head loss through a valve in terms of “ velocìty head" , Or 1
equivalent length in pipe diameters L/D that will cauSe ,
K = 2 ,6 sin 옹(1 냉)' 'Eq ‘Jation 3.17
the sarne head loss as the valve.
From Darcy’ s formula , head loss through a pipe is 0
For 45 < 8 <' 180" ’
hT ~ --
f -
, ~l
ι “ D 2g n
Equat‘。 n 3~5
,
K = (l - ß')' *Equation 3~17.1

and head loss through a valve is

v'
hL - ‘ -
뼈‘
Eqtlat on 3.14 • Resistance coefficients K , for sudden and gradual
빼빼
“
샤 때때떼

L 2gn
뼈 U삐빼

빼 ∞ ntractionsin pipes
η 째””

LU R
-D mn
J빠

?
?‘ ”?
“
獅
R
빼때δm

ιm
앉

Jnm ForO ξ 45 。’
양
e % m1 ’
”
α

K
때띠

w m
• 3s F
1ι

냉)
ηU

Qi n rL % ‘
Kl = 0 8 sina(l ’ Eqoation 3.18
KQ' For 45' < e < 180 0,
hι = 8265 x 10' 뽕 = 22.96 깅， Equation 3~14

KB' Kμη v'

κ= 0.5 꾀힘구) *Equation 3.18 , 1
hL = ’ 6 1.2피r = 6377 개「
*Note: The values of the resistance coefficients (K) in
6. p = 0.000005 Kpv' = 0.000 1389 x 10-‘ KpV' equations 3.17 , 3.17 .1‘ 3.18 , and 3-18.1 are based Ol1
the velocity in the small pipe. To determine K valucs
K띠 i
c,. p = 8105 500 c.:닭 = 0.00225 쁨F ín terms of the greater diameter , divide the equatìons
by ßκ

c,. p
KoB'
= 0.0158 채f
魔헬
總짧~랬「
6. p = 0.6253 며「
KμηV • Oischarge of fluid 1h rough va Ye.s,
fittings , and pipe; Darcy's formula
’
K (q i,) , T Sg Liquìd flow ‘
뼈폈-때 @M
c,. p = 0.002 69---~T.-:~ @
d ‘ p'
Ap = 0 9365 K
퍼깐효i T-p
뼈 뼈

d‘ p
For compressible flow with hL or ß.p greater han approxi ‘
m

mately 10% 01' ìnlet absolute pressure , the denominator should

씨 {-

be mu1 tiplieà by Y: For values of Y. see page A~ 22

, , ,
”
ω

• Flow coefficient
짜k

%V
As explained On page 2-10 there ís not yet an agreed
deîinîtion for a flow ιoefficient ín terms of SI unîts
The equations given b 앙 ow relate to Cv as expressed in Compressibie flow
lmperial units with flow rate in UK or VS gaUons per
mlflute 따= 19 .3 1 Yd꿇聽 Equation 3깅 O
Flow (3t t' Q ’
în UK ga Jmin: Equatìon 3. 1(;
q/h-i.V.)i m: ，ja￡E3
: i n3iZ 흉
c=o ι:E:: =249di :엎으린 K•
、 U(6 2A)- ,I!L!D νr
F!ow !""3te Q ‘ n USga /min ‘ q'm = 03217
~， -ι
Yd'
. 、 KT ,
1#팍= 0.01719 프
Sg Sg /헨
λ 、 λ
I •• 29 , 9 d' 29 , 9 d'
0--
Cv ::::: Q 、j~ I c,.^ Pn 1""" ." :::: !듀누특=~
where
(62A) ,IIL ν
p = densíty of liquid in lb/ft'
yK
q'= 0 , 005 363 Yd'앓찮 = ODOO 2864 턴j
c,. p ~ pressure drop , in lbf/in'
d =: Înternal diameter , 1n inches w= 0.0ω 3512 Yà 1 ι짧 W= ‘
‘ 7 ‘” ) j
‘
λ
ι

LíD = eguivalent length of valve in pipe diameters

f= friction factor 、alues of Y are shown on page A~~22 .FOI λ L ，m이 ι::' 1' ;3 c' ,
K : : : resistance coefficient minatìon , sec examp!es ún pages 4+13 and 4 14 •
 CHAPTER 3
CRANE FORMUtAS 'A NO N。에。t5RAPHS T'0AFt0W HIRGUGÞI V AkνES."F‘UlNGSANn PIPE 3 5...
",

Summary of Form!!.la.& - com:l lI ded

擺
• ’
Flow through nozz es and orifices • Specìfic gravity of liquid ‘
(hL and .ð.p measured across taps Any Hquid Equation 응25
at 1 dìameter and 0.5 diameter)
(any liquid at 60 F (1 5.6 C)\
Li quid:
S
E뇨쁘펀묘핀얻센판맨띤fied/
q=Av=AC 낀궁자 P (water at 60 F (15.6 c))
‘
ι땀
Oils ‘ Eq Jation 3.26
q = 0.000003 48 d', C 갯L = 0뼈 3512d;
14 1.5
S (60 Fj60 F) = ,--;-c;7••
13 1.5 + Deg API
Q = 0.2087 d', C 갯= 2 1.07 d', C j햄 lîquids lîghter than water: Equation 3.27
140
W = 0.000003 48 야 c 칸LP' = 0.000 35 12 이 C펴랴 S (60 Fj60 F) - , OA , ;，~~
130 + Deg Baumé
w
0.01252 d', C 싸문 1.2 65d치 C 얘랴 lîquids heavíer than water: Equ3tÎon 3-28
Values of C are shown on page A~20 ‘ 145
d 1 =- nozzle or Olifice diameî. er S (60 Fj60 F) = ,145
'" •
~ __
Deg Baumé
Comprass‘ble fluids Equation 3-22
懷

q'h = 19 ,31 Y d', C 앨걷-' • Specific gravity of gases Equation 3-29

’ ‘ 、 T , Sg
灣

. ____ Ydz.C r:-- S. = IS.묘뜨L 으용7

q'h = l. Ujjι 견F VPPi g R (g as) R (gas)
안잭as) = ’짝쩔j
쨌

<
~g M(a꺼 29
網

• General gas laws for perfect gases

얘

q 1"Va =waRT Equat‘on 3.30

p E으 1" 핀'.E Equation 3.31

q'
웰

Va RT RT
{

‘ν = 0 ,000 3512 Y d C ιτr

’ y V,
‘ (6p R
M
1"
pT
EquatÎon 3-32

/b. p
w = 1.265 Y d'‘, c 、 등
Valu 야 of Care shown on page A-20 P' Va = rlaMRT= na 8314T r으 8 3' 14T Equatïon 3-33
Values of Yare shown on page A~21 M
d 1 :::; nozzle or orîfice diameter Equation 3.34

Wa P'M P'S. 348 .4 P’ Sg

p=--;;- (}，， ~A 'T" n ,....""'"
-,>
Va 83J4T 287T T
• Equivaleots of head los5
and pressure drop Equatìon 3-23 where
h -102004p hLP na = ‘.y a!lYl : : : nurn ber of mols of a gas
L • ß. p==~
p 10200

• Changes in resistance coefficient κ

• “
Hydrau c radîus ‘ Eqllation 3.35

required to compensate for

‘
different pipe ins de diameter R μ == cros~!ectional flow area ~qu~!:.. r~etres)
da Equatíon 3.24 “ wetted perímeter (metres)
‘
Ka =K b
dδ ‘see page A.301 Equivalent diameter relationshìp
D=4RH
Subscript a refcrs to pipe in which v잉ve will be ínstaUed
Subscript b refers to pipe for whîch the resistance Goefficient d = 4000RH
K wa s. established ‘ See page 14 for limitations
 CHAPTER 3
3-6 FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROUGH VALVESι F 1TTINGS AND PIPE CRAlíIE

Velocity of Li quids in P pe ‘
“Th e mean velocity of any flowing liquid can be calculated frQπ1
1e following forrnula , or , from the nomograph on the opposite
page. Th e nomograph ìs a graphìcal solution of the formula

ν ; 1273.2x 10'-오 ; 2 1.22 요 ; 353.7.진L

d'p

Th e pressure drop per 100 metres and the velocity in Schedule

40 pipe , for water at 15"C , have been calculated for commonly
used f1 0w rates for pipe sizes of 1/8 to 24 inch; these values
are tabulated on page ß-l3.

W d
Qq
c

Example 1 Example 2
0
Given: No 3 Fue! Oil at 15 C flows through a 2 inch Givefι Maximllrn f1 0w rate of a li맹id will be 1400 litres
Schedule 40 pipe at the rate of 20 ,000 kilograms per per minute with maximllm velocity limited to 3 metres
hour per second

Find: The rate of flow in litres per mÎnute and the mean Find: The smallesl suitable size of 5teel pipe 10 IS0
velocity in the pipe ‘ 336.

ιSolutìon Solutíon

l‘ p; 897 ‘ .. ‘ . . . ‘ - “ “쩍ge A-7 Connect Read

뼈
摩

Connect 1. Q; 1400 ν ;3
ι
탬뼈빼
뼈아 앉

… ιμ

F t -P %
… m e 안
m뼈

W; 20,000 p; 897 e f 3
2- 2
앓
인

R tO m s 1D
리

mω
며

’b s 4” m L n
x Q ;375 2" Sched 40
I

‘
Reasonab e Velocities
for the Fl ow of water through Pipe

파닙야 i야퍼‘파티 i • ←→←략050과과굶련

í BoHer Feed 시 “ .2.4 to 4.6 metres per second I

매JIDφ Suιtion and Drain Li nes ‘ 1.2 to 2.1 metres per second !
i Ge neral Service ‘ ‘J • . . . 1. 2 to 3.0 metres per second i
띠 ly .......... 、“ • • • . • • . . , o 2 .1 metres per secondl
 CHAPTER 3
eRA1닝f Fσru야Jt::A'S--Af‘。lIiOMClûRAf'HSFQR FtOWτHRGUGH ￥ALVES， F1T.:nNGS.ANDP1PE .3 1
",, •

V잉 oci 야 of Líquids jn Pípe

‘∞ntínuedl

w
10'
Q
때
N
•… q
3/8 d

5000 3
15
4000 112
2
3000 100
80
2000 20
60 1 3/4
8
40
‘6 25
1000 30
800 .4
20 30
600 ‘3 p
2 lX 35 600
400
10
300 g 40
lX
6 ‘1 650
200 08 ψ

4
50

∞
@ZQE드 -∞
30 2
‘ 06
j
sit-E
3 2。 ~ 700
。

ζ 10。 04
mg ;2'h
60 •
E
gaE

공
2
딛

g-a 3---@ζ-니
80 ‘ig 03 。
6 E uE;Q
응 ag•: 성 g 70 I
750
:.r: 60 4 ‘
。=。uc

공
.02
융 융

」@g”
1 3
3 80
←。a1cm“

8 $ ι
~ 40 2 800

EEg。:i
a
」g

。
90
웅 3 'h
@g@@」i@t

.g 30
6
01 μ
。

‘ 1
§
。@

§ o∞ 응
@N- 4 m
ε

8 850
”-gEEaZ
그。

l-〉
6
흥 20 .= 。
c- ζ 。-ι-。

。06
--

i :at@。
4 R
-」〉---Q。-@〉

3
‘

E ξ I
。
3 i 900
ζ 5
으
004 LL t
깅
g
u. 10 003 。
gm[
。
150 950
• 8
, I 1 6
뼈%

“
에

α
00
6 1 1000
%
""
떠

4 g '0。 1050
‘ 06 。。‘
。008
3
。4 1100
0006 250
03 10
2
‘ 0004
.02 0003 12 300

14
.0002 350
.8 01
16
6 。 08 400

006 0001
,.
4
00008 20
‘ 004 500
3 00006
003
00004
,4
600
‘깅
00깅
00003
14
 Reynolds number tnay be calculated from the formula below , 암
∞
or , from the nomograph on the opposite page. The nomograph
is a graphical solution of the formula.
W
I “ 1273 x 10' 움5 :
2 1.22 앓 354 값

*。m?@cri〉
(For valucs of d scc pages IH6 to 8-2 1.)
The frictîon factor for clean stcel pipe can bc obtained from
the chart in the ccntre of the 110mograph
Fr ‘ction factors for other types of pipe can be dctermined by

xa
using the Rcyno!ds number obtained from the nornograph or

mφXφ?igmpp1→4mO
by calculation and referring to pages A.23 and A.24
q Q μ d
w p

{‘

며@〈그。”-
n-n:

끼띠 끼「。〈여그XP。ζφI〈 Ey
。그 매αn*

。IPR」
f

Ztg크 gm『

νm
。「→。「

「m ω
Exampl.1 Example 2
Given: Water at 90' C flows through a 4.inch Schedule 40 steel Given: Oil of density 897 kgfm' and viscosíty 9 .4 centípoíse

n-m@그
ig
pipe at a ratc 0 1' 1590 litres per minute flows through a 51 mm inside diameter steel pipe at a rate of
ra--a
0 , 006 cubic metres per second ,
H I1Il: 1hc f1 0w rate in kilograms per hour , the Reynolds
Fïnd: The flow rate in kilograms pcr hour , the Reynolds
……”
number ‘11l d 1. he frictîon factol ‘ @m----:

「-
--gξ

ζ-mψ
Solution number and the frìction facto r.
So!utÍon …

꺼피녁 -gQmpε。역애m
l ρ = 965 ‘ ’ ‘ page A.6
2 μ ~ 0 .3 1 ‘ page A.3
o
J. d 102. 3. “ ’ “ ‘ • ‘ page B.16
「---- - - - Connect Read ,.------ Connect Read
4 Q= 1590 p 965 w= 92 000 l q = 0 ‘ 006 p = 897 w= 19000
3 w 92 000 μ ’ Sched 40 lndcx 2‘ w= 19000 d = 51 lndcx
Indexμ Re = 1 000 000 f4=
H。필 9.4
6 0.31 1 3 lndex ]4500
n I horìzont 띠 ]y to 1 r _ n ontally to
7 Rc "" 1 OOOOOO J :i 해 y ro I I 0.017 4 Re = 14500 d ~ 5] f = 0 지3 n
*
L •-- *i
y
Z
m
 CHAPTER 3
CRANE FÖRMÜLASÄNí5 NoMOGRÄl'HSFORFLOWTHROUCH! VALVES, F tTTI NCN I\NO" f'tfi' g‘ιg

ReYßolds !ílumÞer tor Liqui!l H9'삐

Friction Factor for Clean Steel Pipe

(∞ ntinued’

‘
.J aw -:J !qn3 J;:Iod sUJ E'- J6o l!셔 u , ’A씨 suao

§§ § 융 g 융 g g g g
←~ ~ ∞ ∞ e、

", 1 ‘ lJJltdlJ"IJJ ‘ , 1 , “
!l j 11 I III 1 ’ 1 ‘ 1,’ , , μ↓↓니

'.J‘aωI Il! WU! ’ ad!d 10 )-a ~ωe!o leUJ <r lU ‘ g

- E g
‘ 잉 g g g g ggg§ §
’!
§ § § § § ]!
@
셔 ∞

l 11 ,‘ ,, I I I I 11 111 1 ’ ‘ Id 11 Id ‘ l ‘ ! ‘ I I I 11 I I I 1 ! ! I t I 11 d ‘ 1111 “ ’ ‘ 1111 .1

S s § - s ε ” § 션 ~ '"
‘
'"
’
∞ S ’I I
5Z E Eg
3
(z

，.니::l U! ω ‘ .d ‘d D'V ajnpa니 3S }D az!S IEU! U10N

￡)-t1〔:

‘
aS!od! uao u! ιA:j. IS∞S~^ alO losq 'Q'
"，1"'"뉴γ'"1J껴 rrm ! I 11 ’ l ’ '’ ‘ ’ ’ I ’ "1 ’ i ’ 1 1
’ l’ l ’
〕Q% 김9gg〔。

“ I 1sη I l II I II!ggg 1 읍1 '1gg

，띠 @g
’ § § § §
」S》 」

@a-g
gg@ιzi--」
-u(ι

」∞〕F잉
…φ ‘‘

-@@)@
ωrt::
-∞-。-a:
디
)pa

R
Cm@-u
。
」~

g
。〔

ι
Fιa;

‘
‘∞
-
:‘

-c-

‘{
:ι9- 응띠{혀

ι-ι
。

。。 。。
。。。
씩

。 。。

[
s N •
- m @
5〉-

spuesn 。띠 U! J<Jqωnu sPlouAa 닝

〕잉i:gg‘〉

X
@
{]
ζ

m04 Jad sωeu501 ‘거 0 spuesn 。니‘ UI 'M 미:! ;0 alB 닝

표

1-

§§§§ §§§§§§ §gaggg g ∞ ιtπN ∞익~ c:이

[
’ ’
11 L‘“ 1, ’ “ 1111 i ) I lll !l! j ’ , , 1 I! J J j 1 )11 I’ , , 11 J 11 !.I ""I"" ’ ’
alnU!W lad SaJl!!!O spue n04l ‘
jJ

Ul'M。너 ↓。."닝
’ II11 ’ lfI 'f'
’
1 1 ‘ 11111 t I 111
<;f
•

t:! N
~;...g g ~ g ~ ~ "" 잉 M
t.ON ∞ '" "M “ F g s s g g gsg g g g
二 l!!(lILll t1‘，
'" ’ ’
11 11 1 I ’ 1" ’ 냐 "
,, ’ , , II I I I I
11 I I I 1 시'"셔‘”‘ J J 11 I 1 1 시‘ Jj'!1 j ‘, 1 J 111 I 1 , 1,‘ HL I I
I ’ 1""
“ 11111 1 , 1‘”‘ l
I ' , , , I11 I I I l' 1'" '1 ' , , I 1111 I I l' 1’‘ "1 ’ , , ’ 1111 1 1 ’
- '" '"앙 M N 염 ggg 잉 ;§§§§g sg 엄§§§ §gs§
Q 。 。 gg sg g 。 gg §
puo:Jas. Jad S3n<lω 3‘qn .:o ul ιMOI 닝 J.O <l 12 l:1
 ω
l
•

。
’ nlepressure drop of flowing liquids can be calculated from Example 1
the Darcy formula that follows , or , frolß the nomograph on
the opposite page ‘ The nomograph is a graphícal solutíon of
‘ 0
Given: Wa er at 90 C flows through a 4.inch Schedule 40 new
5teel pipe at a rate of 92 000 kilograms per hour
the formula

끼。피즘
Find: ηle pressurc drop per 100 metres of pipe
/:'p 100 = 0， 5 떻 =81055xl0 7 뽕 Solutioll

ζ 「p ” pz 。
‘

1. p = 965 , “ page A.6

= 225 뽑 = 62 530짧
" '" ’ , , , ,
/:, p '00
2. μ = 0 .3 L , , ' , , , , • ,’ ‘" ,‘ page A.3

1『mωlca 。，
(For values of d see pages >>-16 to B-21) 3, f = 0 , 0 17."""" Example 1, page 3.8

z。응δ。Ip--m
4, Q = 1590". ‘, , , , ' Example 1, page 3.8
그on굶ct 효，ead
,

@---F*a「t
q Q μ
/:'Pl00 1 f = 0 , 017 p = 965 Index 1
!, I d
6, !ndex 1 Q= 1590 Index 2

꺼。며{
7 lndex 2 4" Sched 40 /:'Pl00 0 ,85

nIP피커mm ω
끼「qS〈커 im 。cmI 〈 P 「〈mmi
;i‘g
Example 2

@” 녁 C 「
*gi
Given: Oil of density 897 kgjm' f1 0ws through a 51 mm
inside diameter pipe at a velocity of 3 rnetres per second

g드 @ii·”-
When tlow rate is given in kilograms per hour (W) , usβ the Find ‘ Th e pressure drop per 100 mctrcs of pipe.
following equations to convert to litres per minute (Q) or cubic Solution
llI etres per second (q) , or use the nomograph on the preceding
page f‘ p 897

i。

--→
2 q 006 ‘ ’ ‘ , , nomograph , page 3.7
W W

3 →증잉@
Q = O06p,
q ~ 3600p 3, f :
0 , 03 , • ‘ • ‘ , , , Example 2 , page 3.8
Connect Read
For Reynolds number less (ha l1 2000 , flow ís consídered

pz 。 효엉 m
lamínar and the nomograph on page 3.13 should be used‘ 4 p = 897 f = 0 , 03 In dex 1
5 lndex 1 q = 0 , 006 lndex 2
The pressure drop per 100 metres and the velocity in Schedule
40 pipe , for water at 15 C, have been calc 1l1ated f~r commonly
0
6. 이끓x2 d = 51 ,
/:'p oo = 2 .4
used flow rates for pipe sizes of t/8 to 24 ìnch; thcse values ar-e
tabubted on page 0.13

l훌
 CHAPTER 3
CRANE FORMUL셔SANDNÓMÓGRAP니SF애 FLαNTHF\OUGH 、 ALVES , F1TT1NGSANl'> fi i'E 3"=1 •

‘
Pressure -DrOþ in l quid Llne.forTurbu’인lt FJow

(∞ ntinued}
성{
〔→

ag
•’
’
ι。。-”

g rl fl ?1 T1 ?!
rr
‘。-”」:(∞」

~ r-r-며 , ππ ’ l' I ’1 I111 1 ’ "1 , I ’ .,! ’ I 1 1 I11 i I ,‘ l

*。

∞。
ω。

h
'" a
@
。
。

ro
어 g ~ ..t. ~1.Il; ~ ~ ~ ~띠 0 。
N R

J!;?q U! ‘，a샤aω OOt ;:ad dOJO aJn SSaJd

{
‘:띠-
--∞되
-
〉r잉‘--
au”
‘i’

o!qn :l Jad jDOIPI U! ’시lSU3Q

。μ
8 J l8-ω Sω I:!

。。잉
。

s
。

를 염 gm g 。
。~
。 @
@
‘
∞
’. ø ‘
~

""1 1.1 I I ! 1 ! J I 1 ! ! 1 I 1 j 11 1 “ I I ! ! I LL.

i
i

S8H3W !ll!‘μ U! ‘ad-‘d ‘。， a‘aωe!o j li! UJ8이미

。。∞

§ 융 gg E ∞ @띠
그

§§ § § § g g g
j
l
l I ! J I I
I 1 I I II I ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ,
1 1
1I 1I l
’ §’ ” “f ! l
‘ ‘’ I I ! I I
t !
I I ‘ ‘
l ad!dO써npa니'S
1 ’.
g g E 5 g ∞ @ 띠 * @
f f
s -j !
§
f
g 열 s 홈 j. oaz S 1'2U!ω。N ‘
에a 융 g E g g g E m @ arrω캘§샤”안캠est:ql; 성O랜잉e닝 r g a g g s g 옹 § §
- 1111 I 1 1.1. 1•••• 111111 1 , 1 , 1." i l l l L1 1 시 1•• ‘ • 11 1 1 1 1 1 , 1 • 1“ ’ ‘ 111111 .1
1" I I !!!’ I 1 1 ’ ! I l' t I ‘ IIII! 1 I ‘\ I ! II I 1 1111 I I I ‘ ! ’ j' " , 11 I ! I I l' 1 I ’ '1! 1 111 ! I
, ’
양 N __ ~잉 tnN rg 응 ssg R§§§§§ §§§ggg g
S8Jl8ω 윤 ” a
이

Xm- pu Q:>a s: Jad 9 ‘qn3 Ul MOli a% q g g g g

]
C
-

•
χ@1i-

‘。
“’‘,
。 。 디
~ N
。"
• 。

、「 l! 11 , 1 I I ‘ 11 ‘ ’ î ,j ‘ I 1I , ,
JOpe :::i UO!PP :i
 CHAPTER 3
3-12 FORMULASANb 씨。 MÖGRÄpHS i'。 RFLOWTRROUGflVALVES;FfγlNGS 양NÐ-'f'-!-PE CflANE

Press.u.re D_rop in _ Lí.quid Li nes. for Laminar Flow

Pressure drop can be calculated from the formula below , or ,

from the nomograph on the opposite page , OIÙy when the f1 0w
is laminar. Th e nomograph is a graphical solution of the
foπlula‘

F10w is considered to be laminar at Reynolds number of 2000

or less; therefore , before using the formula or nomograph ,
determine the Reynolds number from the formula on page 3.2
or the nomograph on page 3.9.

,
ÓfJ oo = 32 뿔= 4074 x 10' 뿜

ðp 100 = 679 뽕

l싸lere ðp'00 is the pressure drop in bar for 100 rnetres of

‘
P pe
(For va1 ues of d see pages B~16 to B-21)

μ Q q
d
ðp'00

*싸/

Example 1 Example 2
Given: A lubricatíng oil of density 897 kg/m' and Given: Oilhavinga densityof 875 kg/m' and viscosity 95
viscosity 450 centîpoise flows throu명1 a 6 inch Schedule centìpoise flows throu명1 a stee! pípe 79 mm ínside
40 steel pipe at a rate of 3000 litres pe minute , diameter at a velocity of 2 metres per second.
Find: The f1 0w rate in litres per mlnute and the pressure
Find: The pressure drop per 100 metres of pipe drop in 40 metres of pipe
Solution Solution
1. p 897 l‘ p 875
: %
μ

2‘ μ = 450 2
Q = mL
「니지/

e3
앵 앵
Dι

3. Re = 825 .. “ ‘ ” page 3.9

‘ . 3
얘

R% = O e3

…
짧
」빼

뼈빼

pi
4 Since Re< 2000 , the flow Îs lamînar and the 4
때

” ‘
--ut “”
ιm

< 1m ”“ n m
씨

nomograph on the opposite page may be used m

mγ

1
’ rQ
냉

5. h
mm e m “‘ {”
컨/

pi I

Con쁘ct
- - ( • - - ~ [
l
- • •

Connect Rωd
3
6 켓팩환
6
7
f수츠 95 Q
d
= 590 Ind(:~);

79 t1f시〔κ • j

8 For 40 rnetres of pip t: t Ìl t pressurc drop

ðP40 = 옮 xl=OA
c

Pr e5sure Drop--in-Uqωd.Unes for La mio~r f' low

{continuedl
Q q x 10'
μ
800。

1000 Indeχ d 100

6000
900
70。 5000
800 80
700 600 4000 %
24
Ap ， ∞

갱 얘
600 %
500 3000

애
500 02
400 %
40。
200。
M 30
03

η
300 300 1500
2。 04
10
100 。
20。
。5
15
20。 g 80。 %
15。 m
60。 10

때
'50 6
500 g @
m% j
월
}
@
@
5 40 。
뻐

6
‘
’」
이 응
m ê 10。 4 c 30 。 5
-;

m
%
E
S
9。
80
3 ’‘ l@
Q. 20。
4 {

)<
15

「)C〔〕u$
응 70
g 3 2-1
@ 15 。
40 ι 2 Y: "5
‘。 60 ü 2 aa
응
ι}잉。a￠

30
a 50
2 Q
100
3 ‘
s;

”@」
’‘
ω

"' 1. 5

t-‘@@」ι。
ε

SE
。
g。
∞ 4
40 l Yo 엉
-

。
Q-

gp1u 5
20 1 ‘띠 60
ct

re
-

c g
‘〉)a。잉잊〉

」
5。 c9
이 8

@。
•c 30
c-〉

15 E 7

it」pa
。
4<J
z
-〉。-ι}。

f
6 8
5 g
m 30

g。‘@
@---()@[}< 314 1
9 20 4
8 g@I

(」
20

〕;ι”@」ι
7 1/2 3
15
5 15 1 ‘5
5 3/8 2
깅
m 1。
15
4 9 1/4 8
8 3
p
3 6
1
7 ·ι
i
1/8 c 5 。g 4
E
5 i 4
깅 @
。 。6 5
5 ”
잉
05 6
」 3
←」
1.5 7
ζ
。4
8
2 9
르
1 。 ‘。3
。

9 I"L 1.5
8 ‘- 。

?
6
-
I
α

o
。z

-O î5
15
5 8
20
6 ‘ 01
4
5 。 08
3D
@
3

Equivalent s: Viscosíiy , 1 Cp 10" Pa s

9 Pr essure , 1 bar IO'Pa 100 kPa
 CHAPTER 3
:r:-l~ F디 RMÚCÁsÁNb NÓMOGRAPHS F'ÓR FL6Wi 니다。 ÜGHVACVes. f'ÎiTíNGsANb þfpE ..... CRANE

Flow of Liquids Through Nozzles .nd Orifices

The 110w of liquìds through nozzles and orìfices can be Example 2 - cont.

씨
determìned from the followíng formula , 01 , from the
nomograph on the opposite page 끼le nomograph 18 a eQ ‘
m

階탬
graphical solution ofthe formula l = eA

ι
잉 견
。‘
-- ‘

q = 3 .4 8 x 10-' d; C 권 = 3.51 X \0 -4 d; C 꽉 2 u = n - -
eA
v p 3
Re= 110000 page 3-9
Q=0.209 d; C 관= 2 1.07 d; C 냉
“ “ ’ ...
4
A<s ume a ß ratlo of say 0.50
d1 0:::. nozz1e or orifice diameter
1
6
,
d (inlet dìam) 150.7

Z
, ,
d = 0.50 d = 0.50 x 150.7 = 75.35
Head loss Of pres~ l\. n h ,. ] C‘ Q d, P C = 0.62........ page A.20
sure drop is. mea~ - r 'j ν
‘ • ‘ .•

sured across La pS lo~ Read

cated I diameter up~
stream and 0.5 dia- hL = 1.2 lndex
‘
me er downstream 8‘
9 lndex d ,= 77
10, An orifice dìameter of 77 mm will be satisfactory ,
since this is reasonably c1 0se to the assumed
value in Step 6.
11 , If the value of d 1 determìned [10m the nomo-
graph ïs smal1er than the assumed value used in
Step 6 repeat Steps 6 to 10 in c! usive , using
Example 1 reduced assumed va1 ues for d 1 until it is in
Given: A diff，εrential pressure of 0.2 bar is measured reasonable agreement with the'value determined
‘
across aps of a 50 mm inside diameter nozzle assemblεd in Step 9.
in 3-ìnch Sc hedule 80 steε1 pipε carryîng water at 15 C 0

Find: The flow rate in litres per minute Example 3

Given: A differential pressure of 3.5 kHopascals îs
Solution measured across taps of a 25 mm înside diameter square
J. ,
d (inlet diam) 73.7 ‘ . . . 3" Sched 80 pipe; edged orifice assembled in 1-1 f2-inch Sc hedule 80 stee!
pipe carrying lubrìcating oil of 897 kg/m 3 density and 450
page B-16
centipoise viscosity
2. ß 월 (50 7 73. ï) = 0.68 Find: TIw flow rate in cubic rnetres per second
Soluríon
3. C 1. 12. turbulent flow assumed; page A-20
1. !!.p = 3.5 kPa 0.035 bar
4. p = 999 ‘ page A-6 2. 897
뿔뚫
•. . ’ ‘
p
혔-짧

Connect Read 3. d 1 (inlet diarn) = 38 .1 ........ page B-16

뼈 -F

I !!.p = 0.2
때階빵--빼
5. ρ =999 h L = 2, 1 4, ß (25 7 38 .1) = 0.656 따딩
oS/
ψ
μ

M
6. I h L = 2.1 C = 1.1 2 Index 5 h e
-η-R-L ←

I , = 50 I
--%-없

7. lndex d Q= 830 C A--3

6
「

8. Calculate Re based on LD. of pipe (73.66 mm) -4 -

띈간

9 μ 1.1 . page A-3 7

4

, .....•.•.•.•.....•
-

- -
lι R ,= 220000 ‘ ’ “ page 3.9 a h L = 0.4
1l. C= 1. 12c ηrect [or R , = 220 000; page A-20 nY
lndex 벼냐주E q = .0012
Mωη

] 2. Wh en the C factor assumed in Step 3 is not in

Calculate R , based on LD ‘ of pipe (38 .1 4 mm)
agrecment with page A-20 for the Reγnolds
number based on the calζ띠ated tlow the factor Re::: 80.. . . pagc 3.5
rnust be adjusted until reasonable agreement ü 12. C 0.84 for Re::: 80. _ . . .page A.20
‘
reached by repea ing Steps 3 to 11 inclusìve Th is 1S ìn reasonable agreement wlth the aSSU ll1l' μ
Example 2 value in Step 6
Given: The flow of water , at 15 C throu링1 a 6.inch pipe ,
0
13. When the C factor assumed in Step 6 is nol íi1
150.7 mm 1. D. , is to be restricted to 850 Htres per mínute agreement with page A-20 for the Rεynolds
by means of a square edged orîfice , across whích there number based On the calcuìated flow ít mU$í bt
\\-111 be a differenti a1 head of 1.2 metres of water a 이 usted untî! rεasonablε agreement ís reachcd

Find: Th e size of the orìfice openìng by repeatîng Steps 6 to 12 inclusive

 CHAPTER 3
댄맨트조으RMU LAS ANQ NOM。 GRAPHSF 며 i'C6VVT 니셔 b 띠HVÄC\iES，"l'ìT'l'lNGSANOP1PE~=15
~~~~~，~-

Flow ofliq..ids lhrQughNo흩zles--af'녕 Oûfíce.

di

Q
(continued)

뻐-뼈
700

t:.p hL q 600

뼈
Index C
2000 60
1.24 p
70
50 ’ 500 1.2 40
'2 000
500
450
30
50
1000
40 1, 1 20
80。
1000 400
800
30 600 m
1 ,0 600
50。 g 50 。

20 400 6 400
300 300
15 300 g
4
200
3
200 250

뼈 @잉
10 550
2
150 g
8

태
@@-

1 200
6
‘ 00 8
”N

5
。z

80 6 40 600
1im 7
4 m 30

3 그εE
{νS;

m
SQ-←;。 」

4
。c。。이… ‘∞g

20 150
3
애

3
」
mat-igι

@」←@ζ」
}。@며it@E Jι。」

ia
% 2 m s 650
(νE

2 s
ωE::。 a1I”

웅
Q-p3Q
”ssrI 8
}s
。〕

‘ u;;
(@」그@’@ig

1. 5 E 1 6
E :gg
때야

700
Ë 100
녕

Q끄
。Q 〉으

”
- 그Q 드

i:::。:i
4
융
m2。ε c-gc-μ

-]

@@I 3
i

90
8
m 5 %
nι

。
떠
E으 ι
‘

2 750
6
。
80 z-~
‘

8 능
5
-。g ∞I

g >

-;t。。
6 02 1 E 70
4
←。

@
5 8 。
gsd 800
이

4
뼈뼈

6 c
3 60
4
3 4
850
2 3 50
2 004
15 2
003 900
35
’5 002 40
1
1
때

1 950
08
8 @ %
빠

3 M
06 6
04 30 1000
05 5
03
04 4 0004
。z 25 1050
0003
03 3

。 002
m 1100
mg 20

。 001
m6 1150
Pr essure Equìvalents: 1 bar = 10' Pa
100 kPa 004

15

10
 ωl
i
@

Thc rncan velocity of compressìble fluíds in pψe cal1 be v p

w d

computed by means of the followlng formula , or , by uslng the

nomograph on the opposite page. The nomograph ís a graphical
sotution of thc formuJa.

v= 61_낄QJi'.Y ~ 21 220 W
d' d'p

Example 1
o
GÎ lJ en: Stcam at 45 bar gauge and 4S0 C is to flow through a Example 2
Sc hcduJc 80 pipe at a rate of 15 000 kilograms per hour with
the vclocity Hmited to 2 500 metres pør mìnute Given: Air at 30 bar g.uge and 15'C tlows through a steel plpe <
@Ee--
40 .3 mm Inslde diameter at a rate of 4000 cubic metres per
Flnd: Thc sll Ìt abJe pipe slze and thc velocity through Ihe pipe hour at metrìc standard conditions (1. 013 25 bar and 15"C)
<
)'olution

。，n 。3-gg*g낀
,-
Find: Tho tlow rate In ki1 0grams per hour and the velocity In
Connect Read metres per minute
0
l 450 C vertically to Solution
2 45 bar g. horizontally to γ ~ 0.069 l W ~ 4900 , usíng Sg 1. 0 “ “ ” ’ “ “ pago B.2
3 v= 0.069 w= 15000 2 p ~ 37.5 ‘ ’ ‘ .. “ “ “ “ ’ ...... page A.IO
v~

·E
4 Index 2500 c삶ct 효굶

@a31 1융
넓르→햇뿔網첼걱00
5 3 37.5 W ~ 4900 lndex
6 4 d = 40 .3

i
…
Reasonable Velocities for Flow of Steam through Pipe
Condttion Pressure Reasonable Velocity
01 (p) Service (V)
Stcarn metres per minute
O tboarl 7 •-------_ . __. . _^~-~-
Heating (short lines) 1200 to 1800
Saturated
1. 7 and up Power house equipment , process piping , ctc. 1800 to 3000
Superheatcd 14and up ßoiler and turbine leads , etc 2000 to 6000
 CHAPTER 3
CRA:m; F ORMtttAS ，익 Nf'l N OMeIGftA f'ttS 'fflft FtOW 'fHR01JG써 VALν--E S. HTT J- NGS, ANO ,-PIPE 3 =11

’
Ve .oç j:ty Qf Co mpressible Flui.~~ !~ __~iJ)~

(∞ntinuedl

@
」 ptij@
m

z-그。@Zum
뼈 어야 야
e (

。。φ
。∞

。α

。。

。 잉
。。η

。잉어

。。
g g

뼈
。

찌
" ’

빠
빼 ]

…u
@

뻐
• 1
‘t [

때
때
띠

이
닝
l

'"。니 ，.띠 s U.J eJ50I! 꺼 JO spUl~sn 。니 1 U! 'M이;J !O a:j.1!님

§ §운 ê~g~~g ~~;:∞밍띠， η RE ?m ∞띠
’
니니--Ll l11"1 ,,,,1,,,,\ 11 t t d , t J ""I""I""IIIIJ , I , I , I""I" ,J! IIIJ 11 1 1, 1 빨빼 ’
{야

r
끼
1

끼「 v。
γ!，
T11 - Tj Tl
T1 l
川뻐

-ω
ψ

잉。

N。
• t N
?

때
뼈
”?
끼

이
m r“
%

。
i%

X
@
℃

C
}

，Ulaω ::l !qn ::l J<J d SωeJOOI!:>! U! ’ Ál!SUa。

g

。。
。。
m
밍

。∞
잉

。，

’ ”
。

。n

。m

。∞
---‘ --- --- -----‘ ----’’
μ빼

” ”!
∞
ω ---ι

n
’’! ’
R •
ζi‘
1 ll‘{{‘ |
뻐

1j} ---111 111 11111l

U
때

ι
l 1
때

’
띠

- ‘---
ι

M s l
샤

u
g g
띠

m S @
m。

n。

。。
。

m 。
• 1 •

。。
' '" {

g
띠
디。띠

Emgm
Q
-egisaEl
←。 ∞g그-。〉

Q;-Qgam •
g
이
。。

g
 ω1→@
TIle Reyn씨 ds number may be determincd from the fonnula
bclo \V or from the nomograph ün the opposite page ‘ The
nomograph is a graphical solution of the formula

껴。퍼3 디꺼 P ” ~pg
nlC friction factor for clcan steel pípc can be obtained from
the chart in the cen t. re of the nomograph. Frîction factor for
other types of pipe can be determined by using the calculated W μ d
Reynolds nurnber and referrìng to pages A-23 and A.24
w qL i%

디 Z。→
1(, ~ 354 dμ
:,:, ~ 432-";::"~ ‘
dμ
,‘@<

5。 αj~prj
끼’
For vahW8 of d , scc pages B~16 to B-21 igQg

5E 。그 껴ga 。;g
Zc3@@

이I
’

꺼。퍼 깨〔이용『→XE@d마 *4
Examp e 1 f
,

nI〉 1」「
Given: Natural Gas at 17 bar gauge and 15'C wíth a specific

，。『
gravity of 0 , 62 , f10ws through a steel pipe 200 mrn insidc Example 2
n-mg

no3*νSgE
0
diameter at a rate of 34000 standard cubìc metres per hourι Given: Steam at 40 bar and 450 C flows through a 4-inch

mm
Find: The f1 0w rate in kilograms per hour , the Reynolds Schedule80 pipe at a rate of 14 000 kilograms per hour “

m잉@----@
number ancl the frîction factor Fl"nd 까，. Reynolds number and the friction factor
SolutiO f1 Solution

」SPF
w=

껴-
l 26 ,000 , using Sg = 0잉‘ ’ “ ‘ page B.2 l d 97 , 2 page B.16

-g
“ “ “ ‘ ” “ ‘

@*

〈 m@ 끼~→→‘zα~
2 μ : 0 ,012 “ “ “ · “ page A.5 2 μ = 0 ‘ 029 ‘ . . . . “ ‘ ” “ “ page A-2
r---
Connect Read Connect Re.d

-때
μ
w=

넓펀;짧띔판
3 lndex 3 14000 0 ‘ 029 lndex
-d -----m

뾰
4 R" = 4 000 000 4 lndex -h ~ R,,= 1 750000

ωpz
/
W M
5 f = 0 ,014 f R,,= mp D f : 0 ‘ 017

。 j→
-

*Um
Nate: Flowing pressure ()f gases has a negligible effect upon
viscosity , Reynolùs number , and friction factor

n며 PZm
 CHAPTER 3
CRANE FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOW THROUGH VALVES , FITTINGS AND P'PE 3=19

ReynoldsNumberfα Compremb eHow ’

Friction Factor 10r Clean Steet Pipe

(continued)

‘"‘aω 1I!!\.U U! 'ad~d 0γ illnp;nps jO S2!S leu!띠 ON

;::: ~ ~ Q to a:! O oq-

’ ’“
C'>I<q
~ ~ • o‘ N '" ~ ‘ w w 며 • ~~ • ... ['\j N

| I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
11I1
'>1 냐’ 1'1 ‘ ”’|’‘, ,’ , , , ’ 11' I ‘ i ‘”’ l ‘ l ’|’ l' 1'1 ' ‘’|’‘!’ l ’‘ "1 ‘ | ’!’ l'γl
§’ ”
1
5@@E E g g s a sg 움 g 울 윌 § § § §§ §§§
(SA”)

'"서 eW !ll !ω u! 'ad!d J-O JðαaW8!O jE' UJ <llUl

걷。

, ’ ’ ’ ’ 1 • 1' 1’ | ’l ‘ ’ ’ l' ,’ ‘!’ 1111

u%-dQ〔g

1 l 1 ' 1 1 ' 1
그
← r‘이“ wωr‘∞ 010 ..,I ! ! I I I
0
11 11 I I1I
\Q 0 II? 。
g ggssa 욱 s 을 gg g g g s s 입
es!odrI.U8 :J u! 'A‘’‘Q:lS! λ 81" 1。‘ q \f

m
。
‘g((

’
。
)ι-ι

‘。℃ ggmι c 。-;;ι

”∞

”
。
)-ι

@a-a
ω
。 ;:3-)ac-

-a
”α」-ιF

-@어“”
」
g@Em6

R
。
느

tm@-Q
=:t

」
R
-mζ

c~
‘;。
〉
Ssrpr-g

」
gc;
-a

。 。 N
。 。 w "
‘ •
‘
잉〉

spuesn04 U! '';8QwnN SPIDUAa 닝

Q

x
g
1i
-

Jn 。니 Jaó S l.l.J EJ5이어 }。 야 uesn 。니 1 W"M 이 ::l :1 0 8‘e 닝

ITP π껴T뉴-rr 1'1'1 '1' 1‘ t ‘’ , l' ’ " ’ 1!

g
! 1 I’ l ’l ‘ 1'1 ’l’ I ' 1‘ !!f I! I f ,
’ !‘!’ 1‘ 1' ’ l ’ l ’
q
I I ! !lj ‘, ,’
"'1트
gg 잉 gg 딩 g 。。 ιtη N ~ ~ω" ~ α
§§ •
 ι1

’
J
。

1110 pressure drop of flowing comprcssible !1 uids can be

calculated from the Darcy formula bclow 1 or , from the
nornograph on the opposite page ηle nomograph Îs a graphical
solution of the formula
(W' v

-”。mξ「
f' W'

쩨챔
o
I:1p 100 = 62 530 녕，-' = 62 530 깜 ,",^

,
1 Ll.p 100 W

Cb@ PZ 디 Z。크。。IP1
P‘ V

ω
ß.Pl(K}
m
n 1,
(For values of d , sce pages B"16 to B-21)
When the flow rate is given in cubic metres per hour at 1‘@@”
standard conditiollS (q',,), use the following equation or the
nomograph on page ß , 2 10 convcrt to kilograrns per hour (W)
ca

。，。깅
w= 1.225 씨 Sg ……
I

-”。피매「。〈〈「Im。ζQ
Ai r ’ For pressure drop ìn bar per 100 metres of Schedule 40

을 n。경갱『@@uEi「
pìpe for air at 7 bar gauge and lS"C , see page ß , 14‘

。Ib1」「m피ω
Example 2
Exampl.l

i
Given: Natural Gas at 17 bar gauge and l5"C flows through a
Given: S(eam al 40 bar gauge and 450" C flows through a steel pipe 200 mm inside diameter at a rate of 34 000 standard
4, inch SeheduJe 80 pipe a( a rate of 14 000 kilograms per cubic metres per hour; its specific gravity is 0 , 6 2. ”i
-ga I
hour 1'lnd: The flow rate in kilograms pe r hour and the pressure

〈〉「〈띠 ω~1-.「녁-ZQ
@-그@@
1'lnd: 1be pressure drop per lOO metres of pipe drop per 100 metres of pipe ‘
Soluti(1fI Solution ‘
l d ~ 97 , 2 , .• " “ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ .• “ page ß , 16 l W = 26000, ‘ ’ “ “ ’ ‘ , , , , , , , , , ' , , , page B, 2
a 29 ’ “ ‘ ... ,. . • ‘ page A깅 2 μ 0 .1 2 “ “ .. ι • “ . . . . . . ‘ page A, 5
j = 0.017 , , , “ ‘ •• , . . . • p.ge3-19 R f = 0.014. ,., ‘ ....•.. “ , ' • page 3, 19

〉@
4 v~ p.ge 3, 17 or A, !S 4 page A- lO

Z。
0 078 “ ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ - - ‘ p = 13.5. , . . . , . . • • “ ’ . . ‘ “

뜨
麻뜨췄팩
Read ‘“，n，학---… 효ad ---m

5 Index 2 5 d 200 lndex 2

μ
뻐 ιμ
연
1
6 6. f = 0.014 •

7 z p :
13 .5 1m
• • n
m
p
Z
m
 CHAPTER 3
CRANE FÖRMü[ÄSÄNO 찌CJMDGf'" 아연l'OR쥬t。￦ "_0μG꺼 νA-bVES" ，EtT-T!.N.GS .. A. ND"PtP E , 융=-lJ

Pfessur용 g'Gp ;nCompressible ..Flow. Lines

‘∞ntinuedl

m 。니 Jad s띠 e'ó이" • o spue$n 。니‘ u“M미:::1 j. D 9:j.etj

§§§§§ § §g $gg g g g 며 잉잉@이 N g ∞ φ 익.， M N 일 영입 s

능 1st.Llft ， II 1 ，’，， 1써

.l ope :::l UO!lOP ;::f

m
。
‘,
o
M
0
이
0
띠
•
。

‘-、 l ‘" ,’‘, ,‘ l ““‘ 111 d I j 11 I f 1 I !

S84::J U! U! ’ ad!d O'Þ 경 npa4 :l S -1 0 az.!S 18Uj띠 ON

t 。띠어。~ ‘*
~ ~←@ 띠"' ., ‘" N' ‘• ~ ~ ~
M .c에~
~ N
~

"1 ’ J' Jl ' I ‘ 1’ ‘ "1 ’ ” ’ l' ’“ l' ’ l ’ tll l ) ‘ l'

“ “
1 ’ l ‘ 1" ‘, 1’ “ ’ 111 !l ν 11 II ’ 1'1 ’ i ‘ ’ “
ggggg gg g 융 $ggg gE E 잉띠잉
'" "'띠 ., M N •
Sè .ll8ω !II !W
•
u! 'ad!d -t o .l Bl8ωe~a lBu .la :j. ul

~ ~← 믿 이 꺼 ., "'띠 F 며미D: Líl. 이 η ~ ID tOr-.∞ mE

S μL↓↓↓↓μul ’‘ Illllll lÎ !ll !l II !i 1 f 1 사사.1‘ I I I I I I 1 i I t! 1 I ’“U;i! JIJ !I’‘’‘ l ‘ 1 , I ‘ 1 , 1 ,\
Jeq u! ’ SaJlaω OO~Jaddαa aJnssaJd

N
∞〔{

Xα℃ c

i
[{
。z

-
〕」

‘(){

‘
”iS(
〔ι]다잉{

-xQ깅ε-
-깅:아
〉
r야』그
%ω)
〈}

띠 EJfìOI ‘거 Jad sall8W :J jqn :J U! 'P !I'l I;::f 5u!-".r, o J:j' jü a 띠 DIOj、 이 μ :Jads

∞「‘u) 어-
어 며-r---Q;) tn~ 。~D:D: 。
l!ì '<1 ('J
n ;;:; 0 M N • D: 0. D: D:
\I l ! d<!!d ,!‘ 1 111 I 1 ! d 11 t [1 1 I 1…, 1‘ 11111 ildl ‘ 111 , I ! 1 1 i I I i μ{ 사 ‘ 1 , μ !HI!L Il !IUI ’‘“ HI , 1I fL! I 시
\:0.
gj 1 l j { ljlilll!j} lll ’!’"‘”‘ 111 I J I 11 ’ I I [1 I ’! I 1 1 ! I ’ 11'1 ! I !‘! ‘ 1 ’ 1 냐‘ 1 ’ ]1 !’ i
ηt 잉띠(∞ o "'어 어앙따띠 F ∞ g 입 g gggsRgg
8Jl 8띠 :J !qn :J Jad sωeJ6o [l꺼 "' ’ Al!SUaa
 CHAPTER 3
S~22 'fßRMtJ b.'S.'j여NÐ.NOMeGfh~:PHS'.FGR'FL{}W'T+tR0υBHV"'lNES ;HT낀 NG& .. A 써[}f>써든 ~ANf

,
Simp Uf ied Flaw Formula fo Compressible Fluids
Pressure Drop , Rate of Flow , and Pipe Size

The simplified flow formula for compressible f1 uids Ìs accurate

for fully turbulent f1 ow; in addHion , îts use provides a good
approxìmation in ca1 culations involving compressible fluìd
flow throu방1 commercial steel pipe for most normal flow
Values af Cl (metríc ’
condìtions‘
lf velocitìes are low , friction factors assumed in the simplified
formula may be too low; in such cases , the formula and
nomograph shown on pages 3-20 and 3.21 may be used to w
w , -wm

ι
provìde greater accuracy , C
10' 19
The Darcy formula can be written in the fo l1 owing form; 10
g7 w-m
[;P, 00 =언정따깐n Y= μW'\ 야낌쁘흐꾀8→γ 9
,

뼈
dε \ 10' J\ d’ 1.5 C
8 6
6000
Le t C1 :: ;~6 and C2 ;; 62530 x 10' f
~닝으스」느....L
10 7 5 2 70。 5000
15
The simplified 110w formula can then be written 4 2.5 4000
E 600
!!.P , =C, C, ,C
v= C'o:lτ4 3
3
3000
00
5 25 4 20 50。 2500

s
!!.P 100 ρ
C, - -- 앞l쁘ρ C,
!!.P
- 4PlO0
100
,

。
C, Y ,

ζ 」ma @E@ 」
C C í7 - -C-;- 2 5 2000
6
4 25 40。
Cl ;; discharge factor , from chart at right 15 ]
-7
7 150。

@i:i
}。
C:;r. :;::: size factor from tables on pages 3~23 to 3~25 3.5 gm
”∞--。〉

-ι
」
30 m

뼈뼈
그 1
Th e limÍ! ations of the Darcy formula for compressible 110w , as

‘。용 cg 그cε
。

←)
ζ
o9

。”
ou tJined on page 3.3 apply aJso to the simplified flow formula ‘@ 3
o8
30。

뼈때
ω으 m
a
。

7
”E

〉
ε 2.5 6 15 40
。

250
Example 1 。

E
0 x 05 20 50。

(〉
Given: Steam at 24 bar absolute and 250 C flows through an ‘-
(〉:ι
。

8.inch Schedule 40 pipe at a rate of 100 000 ki1 0grams per ;

)
2 04 25 50 200 400
z
‘。

hOUL r。
ι 30
; aar
Find: The pressure drop per 100 metres of pípe 。 03 30。
ζ
60
Solution C , 100
•
:
1.5
025 40
150
250
?'
C2 :: 0.257 facing page 。 02 5。 70 강 00
“ ‘ - ’ ‘ 」

y 0.091 m' Ikg page 3.17 or A-15 • 60

‘ 。
80 150
!!.P OO , :
100 x 0.257 x 0.091 2.34 bar -
α
ι
m
015 70
80 90
Example 2 90
1 。
01 100 10 。 '00 100
Given: Pressure drop is 1 bar wìth 7 bar gauge air at 30 0C 009
fiowing through 100 metres of 4 inch nominal size IS0 steel 9 008
007
pipe , 6.3 mm wall tlúckness 8
006
Find: The flow rate ìn cubîc metres per minute at metric
0 005
standard conditions (1. 013 25 bar and 15 C). ?

Solurion !!.P oo , = E
, 004
C, = 9 .4 2 ................ page 3, 24
003
For C2 values Sl:Coppo~ ‘!t..' rι
P 9.21 page A lO
”
,
...
“
<
‘ 5 0025 and pages 3-24) 3-25
C , 1 x 9.21
0.978 002 Fo! exa 떠 ple on dctcnninill.\' píp:
’ 겨겨 2 SJl e sεC opposHe P <J fl
μ

v
9900 4
0015
qm
/
W.;- (73 .5 Sg) . . page B.2
’ ‘
35
q'，η = 9900';-(73.5xl) 134.7m'jmin
 CHAPTER 3
CRANE FORMtltA$ANDNO에。ûRAPI+S f'ÐR Fb0W τ'HR0μGμνAk\lεS" .EπT1NG&，A아D..E애 E. .;l.=.2.~ ....

’
Simlllified Flaw Formula.. fol C.omllressib e Flui <ts(ÇlJI), i l) uedJ

Values of C2 (metric)

‘
For .t.. 1 pipes to ANS B36.10: 1970 and BS1600: Part 2: 1970.
Nm l ‘‘‘•,

따“
Va1ue R %iM e Schedule V a1ue Nominal Schedule

α야
ofC~ l h Number of C2 Pipe Size Number
Inches
40 s 13 940 때0 5 40 s 2.798 16 10 l 0.008 15
80x 46100 000 80x 3.590 20 I 0.0얘 50
120 4.734 30 s I 0. 00887
40. 2800000 160 6.318 40x I 0. 009 66
80x 7550000 ... xx 8.677 60 I 0.01077
40 s 561 000 6 40 s 1. 074
80 년 01232
80x 1260000 80x 1.4 04 100 0.014 15
120 120 0.01630
1.786
40 , 164600 160 2.4 22 140
160
0. 01934
0.021 89
80x 327500 .•. xx 3.275
160 756800
. xx 19680000 8 20 0.234 18 10
20
l o.뼈 35
0‘ 004 51
30 0.243
40 , 37300 40 s 0.257
.. s
30
; o.이μ 68
0.004 86
BOx 65000 60 0.287 ., x 0.00505
160 176200 80x 0.326 40 0.00524
••• x::‘ 1104 여lO 100 0.371
120 60 0 ‘ 00590
40 , 10470 140
0 ‘ 444
0 .5 09 80
100
0.006 64
0‘ 00766
80x
160
.,.
17000
39600
'" xx
160
0.558
0.586 120
140
! O願7
0.010 08
xx 200 800
10 20 0.0699 160 i aoIl 77
40 s 2480 30 0.0741
80x 3720 40 s 0.0787 20 10 I Q.QI!~ ~~
0. 00265
160 60x 0.0905 20 s
6140 30x 0.002 83
뼈 빼때

'" xx 24000 80 0.1001 40 0.00298

40 , 1100 m 0.1148
0.1325
60 0.00336
80x 1590 80 0. 00382
0.1593
160 2920 0. 1852
100 \g뼈 42
.. xx 8150 120 0 ‘ 005 05
12 0.0276 140 ! 0.005 89
20
40 , 297
415
30
••• s
0.0296
0.0308
160 i 0.006 78
80x 24 10 0.000 940
160 859 40 0.0317 20 s 0.000 994
••• x.x 1582 '" x 0.0343 .. x O.‘애1051
60 0.0363
40
80x
, 117 80 0.0407
30
40
0.001 081
O.om 146 i
162 100 0.0470 60 0. 001 304
160 257 120 0.0546
.. ‘ xx 669 0.0616 80 I 0.001470
140 100 I 0.001 711
160 0.0744 120 i 0. 001970 i
40 s 37.7
, 0. 002242!
80x
160
‘. xx
50.5
85.。
170.0
14 10
20
30 ,
0.01670
0.017 53
0.01841
140
160 i o.mZ6%j

40 , 17.6 ".,
40
X
O‘ 01934
0.020 3J
80x 23.2 60 0.021 89
Note
40 s 9.10 80 0.02492
80x 11.88 100 0.029 16 Th e letters s, x, xx. io thε columns
120 15.73 120 0.03340 of Schεdule Numbζrs indicate Stan~
160 20.77 140 0.03837 dard , Extra Strong , and Double Extfll
xx 32.72 160 0.04435 Strong pipe respectìvely

Example 3
Given: A 6 bar gauge saturated Solution 6p , CXJ 24
‘ ν= O.2 ï3 . . . ‘ page 3. ]7 ùr A.12
steam line with 9000 kilograms
per hour flow ìs permitted a
C, 0.81 Co = 4 =10 85
0.81 x 0 .2 73
maximum pressure drop of 2 .4
Reference to the table of C2 values for ISO 336 pipes on page 3.24 shows thal a
bar per 100 metres of pipe
4 inch nomînal size pipe with 7.1 mm w a11 thickness has the C z value nearest to
,
Find: n e smal1 esl size of ISO but less than ‘ 1α85
336 steel pipe suitable.
Th e actual pres 5Ure drop per 100 rnetres of 4 Ìnch , 7.1 mm w a11 thickness ‘ plpe lS
6p '00 ; , ,
C C V; 0.81 x 10.22 x 0.273 = 2.26 bar
 CHAETEH3
3-24 FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR FLOWTHROUGH VALVES , F TTINGS AND PIPE ’ CRANE

s‘mplified FlowForm띠afor Com마essÎble- Auid s. -fcontinued)

Values 01 C , ‘
metric)

For steel pÎpes to ISO 336 - 1974

Nom.in외 w，외l Value Nominal w .n Value Nomin.al W따l Value

RIpnechSeIsIe Rimchme$ ofC:z Thlclmess OfC2 hIpnechS$ke Thickness OfCl
PiIpnechSekse
mm mm

'" 1.6
1. 8
2.0
17500 000
24600 000
l ’‘ 3‘ 2
3.6
4.0
990
1100
1220
4 5.6
5.9
6.3
8.71
9.00
9.42
2.3 42800000 4.5 1350 7.1 10.22
5.0 1560 8.0 11.10
% 1.8 2010 아m 5 .4 8.8 12. 11
2. 0 2530 이lO 5‘ 6 1820 10.0 13.91
2. 3 3620000 5.9 2000 11.0 15.77
2.6 5290000 6.3 2290 12.5 18.88
2.9 7940000 7.1 2900 14.2 22.80
8.0 3730 16.0 27.86
2. 0 436000 8.8 4880 17.5 34.30
'" 2. 3 562000 10.0 7720 20.0
2.6
2. 9 2 3.6 283 5 5.9 2.83
3.2 1300 000 4.0 307 6.3 2.94
4.5 333 7.1 3.14
5.0 371 8.0 3.35
2.6 lSI 이lO 5.4 402 8.8 3.59
’‘ 2. 9
3.2
186 000
229000
5.6
5.9
418
449
10.0
11‘ 0
12.5
4.00
4.4 1
5.08
3.6 309000 6.3 496
4.0 7.1 592 14.2 5.87
4.5 591000 8.0 711 16.0 6.84
5.0 955000 8.8 864 17.5 8.01
5.4 1380000 10.0 1190 20‘ 0 10.37
11.0 1600
6 6.3 1.02
% 2.6 31700 7.1 1.08
2. 9 36800 21> 5.0 88.6 8.0 1. 13
3.2 42900 5 .4 94.1 8.8 1.20
3.6 53100 5.6 96.8 10.0 1.31
4.0 66400 5.9 102 11.0 1.42
4.5 83800 6.3 110. 12.5 1.59
5.0 116000 7.1 125. 14.2 1.79
5.4 148000 8.0 144. 16.0 2. 02
5.6 166000 8.8 166. 17.5 2.28
5.9 208 000 10.0 209. 20.0 2.79
6.3 289000 11.0 258. 22.2 3.35
7.1 539000 12.5 354.
14.2 495. 8 6.3 0.234
7.1 0.244
I 3.2 9390 8.0 0.254
3.6 II 000 3 5.4 37.1 8.8 0.265
4.0 13000 5.6 38.0 10.0 0.283
4‘ 5 15400 5.9 39.8 1I .0 0. 300
5.0 19400 6.3 4 2. 3 12.5 0.326
5.4 23000 7.1 47.1 14.2 0.355
5.6 25000 8.0 52.7 16.0 0. 388
5.9 29300 8.8 59.2 17.5 0 .4 25
6.3 36700 10. 0 7 1.5 20.0 0.490
7.1 55400 11.0 84.9 22.2 0.559
8.0 86400 12.5 109.4 25.0 0.677
8.8 143000 14.2 143.1
16.0 19 1.2 10 6.3 0.0699
7.1 0.0721
1% 3.2 2200 8.0 0.0744
3.6 2480 3% 5.6 17.2 8‘ 8 0.0769
4.0 2800 5.9 17.9 .10 .0 0.081 0
4.5 3170 6.3 18.9 1I .0 0.0848
5.0 3750 7.1 20.7 12.5 0.0905
5.4 4250 8. 0 22.8 14.2 0.0967
5.6 4500 8.8 25.2 16.0 0. 1036
5.9 5040 10.0 29.6 17.5 0.1110
6.3 5910 11. 0 34.2 20.0 0.124 1
7.1 7850 12.5 42.3 22.2 0.1373
8.0 10600 14.2 5 2. 8 25.0 0.159 I
8.8 14800 16.0 66.9 28.0
10.0 26300 17.5 85.5 30.0 0.1983 1
 CHAPTER 3
CRANE FOf! MUCASANO l'IUMOGRÄPHS'1'0Rt'L"ðW'fHf!UUGH νAL ￥ES， FFFτ!헤GSAND，I'iPε 3，，，，:정

$implified 1',I,o llV Il!rπ，ul..J"r" Ço", '"딩~，ibl딩 Fluid ‘∞ntinued’ ’

Values of C z (metric)

For .te.1 pipe. to 1$0336 - 1974

Nomina ‘
RlnchSelzse
Wall
Thickneεs
V a1 ue
or c,
Nomîn퍼
PiIpnechSeisze I1linc1hnlie8s of Ci
Nominal WalI
Thicknes잉
V aJ.ue
。，r c，
mm FilpIlecluSeuse
mm
12 6.3 0.0276 16 6.3 ! 0.00814 20 6.3 0. 002 48
7.1
8.0 1 &gg; 7.1
8.0
0. 008 31
0.00849
7.1
8.0
0.002 52
0.002 56
8. 8 0.0300 8.8 0.00868 0.00261
10.0 0.031 3 10.0 0.008 98 I 80••8O
11.0 0.032 5 11.0 0.009 26 11.0
12.5 0.034 3 12.5 &6aa96
OOOOO022Z2 86974833
14.2 α0363 14. 2 o0α.OI}9O 6069 12.5
14.2
16. 0 0. 0384 16.0 0.01055 16.0
17.5 0.0407 0.0 1I 03 17.5
20.0 α어 46
1Z70••O5
0.011 83 20.0
2 2. 2 O. 어84 22. 2 0. 01261 22.2
25.0 0.0545 25.0 0.013 83 25.0
28.0 α0601 28.0 0.01490 28.0
30.0 0.065 1 30.0 0. 01583 30.0
3 2. 0 0‘ 0705 32.0 0.01683 3 2.0 37
36.0 0.0832 36.0 0.01906 80
3460••0O
40.0 j omI48 27
14 6.3 0.0167 45.0 0.025 30 97
7.1 0.017 1 4550••0O
79
8.0 0.017 5 18 6.3 0.604 34 5S. 0 74
8.8 0.0180 7.1 0.604 42
10.0 0.0187 8. 0 0.604 51 24 6.3
11.0 0.0193 8.8 0.604 59 τl 000• •0O0%%OO %
995369Z
12.5 10.0 0.604 74 8.0
14.2 0.0214 11.0 0.004 86 8.8 0.000980
16.0 0.022 5 12. 5 0.00505 a%oo1I%Z
17.5 0.0237 14.2 0.005 24 II0I••OO 0. 001 021
20.0 0.025 7 16.0 o‘ 00545 12.5 0.(예1051
22‘ 2 0. 0277 17.5 0.005 67 14.2 0a.Om01i O8I
25.0 0.0308 20.0 0‘αJ6 03 16. 0 111
2 8. 0 0.033 6 22.2 0.006 38 17.5 0.001144
30.0 0.036 1 25.0 0.006 91 20.0 α001198
32. 0 0.0388 28.0 0.00738 22.2 O0.OOOOII Z48
36.0 0. 0449 30.0 0‘ 00778 25.0 314
32. 0 0.008 21 28.0 0.001 388
36.0 0.00914 30.0 0.001 442
40.0 0.01014 0.001500
45.0 0.011 67 336Z.OO 0.001621
‘ 50‘ 0 0.013 50 40.0 0.001746
45.0 0.001930
50.0 0.002137
55.0 0.002 372
60.0 0.002614

Notes
(1) Tho 、'alucs of C 2 f01 lS0 stee! pipes given above and -0 0 page 3- 24 have been determined by
interpolation based on the values of C,! estabHshed for ANSI Schedul~ pípes shown on pagε
3 -23
(2) The sizes of 1S0 pipes in c\ uded in the above table and the table on page 3~24 also cover mùst
。 f the pipe si z. es contained in ßS 3600: 1973 , within the same rangesofwaH thjcknesscs
 CHAPTER 3
3"'26 ~ORMULA:SAND NOMOGRAFHS FOR FLOWT꺼ROUGHVAL VES , FITTrNGS ANO f'IPε CRAffi'

Flow.of. Compressi비，.-FIιlid. τ"'ou혀lNou’ÐS and.Orifices

The f1 0w of compressible f1 uids throu방1 nozzles and Ap d 1 μ/

orifices can be determined from the following formula ,

or , by using the nomo망aph on the next page , π10
nomograph is a graphical solution of the formula.
w=3.512xlO'4 Yd\C짧 = 3.512 x 10-4 Y dβ c떻
W~ 1. 265 Ydt'J C펴 = 1. 265 Yd j '2 C 짧
d‘ nozzle or orîfice diameter
(Pressure drop Ìs measured across taps loçated 1 Example 2
diameter upstream and 0.5 diameter downs tI eam
from the ínlet face of the noz zJ. e or orifice) Given: A differential pressure of 0.2 bar is measured
across tapslocated 1 díameter u p-stream and 0.5 díameter
Example 1 downstream from the inlet face of an 18 mm ínside
diameter square edged orifice assembled in a 25.7 mm
Given: A differential pressure of 0.8 bar îs measured insîde diameter steel pipe , in which , dry 따nrnonia (NH ,)
across taps located 1 diameter upstream and 0 .5 diameter gasis flowing at 2.75 bar gauge pressure and 1σc
downstream from the inlet face of a 25 mm insíde
díameter nozzle assembled in a 2.inch Schedule 40 steel Find: The f1 0w rate in kílo힘ams per second and în cubic
pipe , ín which , dry carbon díoxide (C02) gas is f1 0wing metres per minute at metric standard conditions (1 .013 25
0

at 7 bar gauge pressure and 90" C bar and 15 C).

Find: The flow rate in cubic metre.s per hour at metrîc So lutíoη
L
standard conditions (MSC = 1.013 25 bar and 15~ c) R = 490 1
2
Solutíon:
x 용 = 0 .5 96 1 ‘ . . • . . for NH ,gas; page A.8
1.
2.
3.
R = 189 J
Sg = 1. 529
1= L3 J
‘ ........
for C<h gas; pa양 A.8 4
5
-y = 1.3 2 J
Stcps 3 through 7 are used to deiermine the Yfactor.
p; = p + 1.013 = 2.75 + 1. 013 = 3.763
Steps 3 through 7 are used to determíne the Y factor b. p/p( = 0 ‘ 2"'3.763 = 0.0531
d
4. 셔 = p + 1.013 = 7 + 1.013 = 8.013 ß = d ,jd 2 = 18"'25.7 = 0.700
5. ,
f1p!p ’ = 0.8"'8 ,013 = 0.0998 (d1 "" orifice diameter. d 2 =‘.în1et diameter)
?ι

6. d2 (i띠et díam) = 52.5. , 2ι Sched 40 pipe; Y = 0.98 “ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A-21

page B.16
a C 0.70 turbulent f1 0w assumed; .. page A.20
7. ,
ß = d /d 2 = 25 ". 52 .5 ~ 0 .476
M
9
T = 273 + t = 273 + 10 = 283
8. Y ~ 0.93... . .. ‘ . . • • ’ . . . . page A-21 ,
p = 2.76 ... , . ‘ . • • • • ‘ page A.IO or 3-5
9. C 1.02 . turbulent f1 0w assumed; page A.20
10. T = 273 + t = 273 + 90 = 363 Connect Read
11. Pl = 1 1.76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page A. lO n ,
1 b.p = 0.2 p = 2.76 Index J
g
lndex 1 C = 0.70 lndex 2
R
도흉-기
U
「 Connect g
lndex 2 1 dl:: 18 lndex 3
t:.p = 0‘ 8 Pl = 1 1.76 I lndex 1 ””
B lndex 3 1 Y = 0.98 w = 0 ,058
πμ

lndex 1 C = 1. 02 Index 2
μ πμ

lndex 3 Y = 0.98 W = 205

lndex 2 d , 25 lndex 3
lndex 3 Y = 0.93 W = 2300 16. qμ = W 205
73.5 Sg 컨.5 x O.렁"6 = 4.68 page B.2
η

lι q'h= 1220 m'jh at MSC .. “ “ • “ page B.2 μ = 0.01 Q “ ‘ ••• ‘ • ‘ ’ _ .. page A.5
mm
17. μ
~ 0.018 .. , •. , . . . . . . . , • . • page A.5 I<e = 282000 or 2.82 x 10' . ‘ “ ’ page 3.2
mα

18. I<e = 860000 or 8 , 6 x 105 , “ page 3.2 C = 0 70 Ís correct for I<e = 2.82 x 10'
‘

19. C ~ L02iscorrectforRe =8.6x 10' page A.20

page A깅0
20. When the C factor assumed in Step 9 15 not ìn
agreement wÍth page A-20 , for the Reyn이ds
number based on the calculated f1 ow. it must be adjusted
unti1 reasonable agreement is reached by repeating Steps
9 through 19.
20. When the C faotor assumed in Step 8 is not in
agreement with page A-20 , for the Reyno1ds
number based on the calεulated f1 ow , it must be adjusted
uutil reasonable agreement is reached by repeating Steps
8 to 19
 CHAPTER 3
CRAi'iE . FÓR rVì-Oí:ASA f.iÓ f.iÓMóó FiÀ얘S 허RFLow 'fHRODGHVATVI':S ， FππNGSANII Fll'Ë 옥쉰

F.I.().~.o.f .(;()ITIl'야생마 F‘u펴

throu，뼈 Nozzl •• and O if ce. ,‘
(∞ ntinued’

W
4p
5。
d , h 103 ‘v600 C v p
160 1. 24 046
4。 40 。 1.2 21
15。
05 20
300
1.1
30 200
1‘ o

때뻐
.06
400.
2。
300 ‘ 9 。7
mw
쩌
15
.8 ‘ 08
100 m
100
10 8" Y 09
90 20 7
50'
g 1 ‘。 1 1。

g。
4。
m
g 5 9
g 30 g
6
5 z。 g
70
4
￠@뇨이E:=Ec-잉

4
mg

@」응Eu-(
3 5 7
.8
15
3 6。
g z
;
」a

s
끄
μ

§
(zE-τ

4
m
&

Q]
3 8 .7

」그
2 .4
응 z
- ;:。 ←。i3@E영 。

@Q
50
』

g
-(

@Egm。:i
a]

2 」

1. 5 A 。
응
C
Ei

; 35
잉@￡

3 t。

u.
1. 0 c
a .6 4
1 。 40 2 g E E
6 ”I
잉
3 -J .~

S-S∞。
1~.
‘
8 4 1% 당 55
lμ
-@Eg=- ‘3 3
6 @ 3
2 5
5 @ … E그
요
3。
떠‘

4 g g • 2.5
z .:: ‘
if--s

45
ll

.3 뭉 깅
25
s
ι .'!-
ω
걷 g 영 SgEm」당 :icτa도

5
η

2
-x밍깅I-

R
。ζ 」

4
Xmτ:

)<
2 @bc 。
@a …E 띠」

- -
15 6
20 c
잊
g:i

35
7
1 z
gg 8 g
08 g
。
-ζ으 ι ←。

15 u. 9
06
,
C EEmZ

。
1.0
asz
12
 QlAPIER3
3-28 FORMULAS AND NOMOGRAPHS FDR FLOW THRDUGH VALVES , FITTINGS AND P I P E C R Ä í í í E
 4-1

톨xamplesof
Flow Problems

Theory and answers to questions

regarding proper application of CHAPTER 4
fonnulas to flow problems can be
presented \0 good advantage by
the solutíon of practical problems.
A few simple flow problems were
presented in Chapter 3 10 illu•
trate the use of the nomo.graphs
Other problems , both simple and
complex ‘ are presented in thîs
chapter.

Many of the examples given ìn this chapter employ the basic formulas
of Chapters 1 and 2; these forrnulas were rewrítten in more commonly
used tenns for Chapter 3. Use of nomographs, when applicable , are
indicated in the solution of these problems

The controversî a1 su버 ect regarding the selection of a formula most

applicable to the flow of gas through long pipe lines is an써yzed in
Chapter 1. lt is shown that the three commonly used formulas are
basically identical , the only diff，εrence beÌng în the selection of frictìon
factors. A comparison of results obtained , using the three formulas , is
presented in this chapter

An original method has been developed for the solution of problems

involving the discharge of compressible fluids from pipe systems
Il lustratíve examples applyìng thîs method demonstrate the simplicity
of handHng these , heretofore complex, problems

Reynolds Number and Friction Factor

For Pipe Other Than Steel

The example below shows the procedure in obtaining the Reynolds

nurnber and friction factor for smo여h pipe (plastic). The same pro-
cedure applies íòr any pîpe other than steel or wrought iron , such as
concrete , wood stave , riveted steel , etc. F or relatîνe roughness of these
and other pîping materials , see page A-23.

Example 4-1 ‘ Smooth Pipe IPlasti c)

Given: Water at 30 C i5 flowîng through 20 metres of 2 p ~ 995.6 ’ “ “ ‘ page A• 6

2-inch standard wall plastic pipe (smooth wall) at a rate
3 d ~ 5 2. 5. “’ ~ι “ page ß-17
of 200 litres per minute ‘
4 μ = 0.8 .. ‘ ...•.. , “ “ “ page A-3
Find: The Reynolds number .and frictïon factor
Solution j R. -~ 2 L2~~ ?OOX995.6
e 52.5 X 0.8

21.220JJ Re = 100 600 or 1.006 X 10'

1. R, ~二~ ‘ ’ page 3-2
ε dμ 6. f= 0.0177 for smooth pipe “ ’ ‘ page A-24
4- 2 CHAPTER 4 - EXAMPLES OF FLQ\애매 BLE 뼈 CRAl\lE

Determination of Valve Resistance

In L , L/D , K , andFJow Co efficient Cy

Ex.mple 4-2 ... L, L!D, .nd K from Cy for Example 4-3 ... continued
Conventional Type Valves
L 2.55 • _~ jf~r g때hic와 solutions
Given
A 150 mm (6-in여1) Class 125 iIOn Y -pattern globe valve
-;:- = ::-;:-:-:::: = 15 0
D 0.017
‘

’
{of steps 5 and 6 , use
Ipage A-30
has a flow coefficient , Cy , of 600 (US gal/min) ‘ (L \ 150 x 97.2 },
6. L = I :. ID = -- ~ ~.~: ..- 14.6 metres
Find: Resistance coefficient K and equivalent len 망 hs 시Dr 1000
L/D and L for f1 0w in zone ofcomplete turbulence.
Solu tÌon Example 4 -4 .• ‘ Venturi Type Valves
l K , L/D, and L should be 밍ven in terms of 6-inch Given:
Sc hedule 40 pipe; sec page 2-10 A 150 x 100 mm (6x 4-inch)Class 600 steelg서te valve
29.9 d 2 ,, 891 d 4 with inlet and outlet ports conìcally tapered from back
2. c..y = - , ':'-- or K =~' ' :
.JK~'" (Cy ) '
‘ page 3-4 。 f body rings to valve ends. Face-t o-face dîmension is
560 mm and ba 야 of seat rìng to ba야 of seat ring is
In this equation d is in inches (1 inch = 25 .4 mm). about 150 mm
3 d= 154.1 m찌 25 .4 = 6.067"“ ‘ page B-16 ,
Find: K for any flow condition , and L/D and L for
891 X 6.067 4 based on 6" f1 0w in zone of complete turbulence
4 K==τoò'" , = 3 .3 5 ‘ ‘ ” ’ jSch;d-io ';i~e
Sol;μ tion

L K 1. K" L/D, and L should begiven in termsof6-inch

5‘ -=-::;-‘ ••..• ’ . , .. ‘ ‘ •.•• ‘ •• page 3-4
D f Schedule 80 pipe; 50e page 2-10
for 154 mm 1. D. pipe in fully 2. Kl~8h “ ‘ . • •. . . ‘ - ‘ • - • ‘ page A-27
6 f= 0 , 015
turbulent flow rangc; page A-25
,
K =Kl + '1액 [0.8 (l -ß')+2.6(1 • ß2)' ]
L K 3 .3 5
7 "- =.:.; = :-::_ = 223
D f 0.015
ß"
. page A-26
D 154.1 -;. 1000 = 0 .1 541 metres
"-~_!:..-ι
K = !";:,
8. L=(링D= 223 x 0.1싸 34 .4 metres or ';:; = ';
D D h
V
'
................page 3-4

Example 4-3 . “ L , L!D and κ for P뭘 page A-26

Conventional Type Valves
3 dl ; 101. 6 . “ - “ ‘ Valve Seat Bore
Gìven ,
d = 146 .4 .. . . . .. 6" Sched. 80 pipe; page B.16
A 100 mm (4-ínch) Class 600 steel conventional angle 꺼，= 0.015 ‘ . . . __ for 6 ’ sizc; page A~26
valve with full area seat
4 10 1.6 껴 A

Find: Resistance coefficient K and equivalent lengths ß = ;:~-: = 0.69 ß' = 0 .48 ß' =0.23
146 .4
L/D and L for flow in zone of complete turbulence
tan 브 = 면ι뾰쓰j인효)
Solution 2 0 치560 - 150)
l κ L/D. and L should be given ín terms 0 1' 4-inch
Schedule 80 pipe; sεe page 2-10 tan3 = O ll :
ι
Sl쩌 approx ι

2 K= 150 fT ‘ page A-27 K_ = 8 x 0.015 + 0.11(0.8 x 0.52 + 2.6 x 0 .5 2')

5‘ - -----------------"-------------------------
L L K 깅 0.23
=f- OI-=- page 3-4
K, =1.06
“ - ‘
D ’ D fT
(subscript ‘ T ’‘ re[ers to flow 1n zone of L 1. 06
complete turbulence) 6 D = ~.~15 =70 ’ ‘ dìameters 6''' Scheι 80 pipe
3 d = 97.2 “ “ _ .page B-16 7 70 x 146 .4
L = ., :'_:~~' , = 10 metres of 6" Sched ‘ 80 pipe
fr= 0 , 017 “ ’ “ , page A-26 1000
bascd 004" (For graphical solution of Steps 6 and 7 , see pagc
4 K = 150 x 0.017 = 2.55 1
lSched , 80 p‘:pe A-30.)
CRANE CHAPTER 4 - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS 4~3

Check Valves Reduc빼 Port Valves

Dettlrmlnatl()n ofSize γ'elocityandRate σfÐischarge

Example 4-5 . . . Li ft Check Valves
Given: A g10be type lift check valve with a wing-guided
disc is required in a 3.inch Schedule 40 horìzontal
pipe carrying 20 C water .t the rate of 300 litres per
minute.
Example 4-6 ... Reduced Port ßatl Valve
Given: Water at 60 F discharges from a tank with 7
metres average head to atmosphere through:
60 metrεs - 3" Schedule 4ü pipζ 6-3" standard 90。
threaded elbows; i -3" flanged baU v잉ve having a 60m m
diamεtεr seat‘ 16 conical inlet , and 30<:> conical outlet end
0

Find: The proper size check valve and the pressure Sharp-edged entrance Ìs flush with inside of tank
drop. The valve shoùld be sized so th.t the disc is fu lJy
lifted at the specifled flow; see page 2-7 for díscussion. Find ‘ Velocity of Il ow in the pipe and rate of díscharge
in litres per minute.

감
Solution

ι
Solution:

” ηι
=50 、rv 1n -% orv=j藥

Iι
l Vmin -‘’‘. page A-27 L . page 3-4

찌채

찌찌
2 1. 22Q
.... page 3-2 = 0- Mm

마
ε= 강- nU

ν
. page 3-2

t:. p = 맥뀔죠eQ' page 3.4 2 K=0.5 entrance; page A-29

K= 1. 0 _ exit; page A-29
K r =600 fT ....... ‘ - ‘ ’ .' pageA-27 fT =0.018 ... _ .. __ ._ .....•.... pageA-26

Kη = 쓰소따띤요二따브느쁘j건 3. For K (b 외1 valve) , page A-28 indicates useof

ι ß" page A-27 Formula 5. However , when inlel and outle! angles
(0) differ , Forrnula 5 must be expanded to
ß= 우 ‘ ... page A-26
Kη Kr +.8 sin 옹(1- ß') +2.6 s팩(1- ß')'
“ 2
=
‘
ι f
2 ,
d = 62.7 for 2W' Sched. 40 pipe; page B-16
p= di 60
d2 ::;:. 77.9 for 3" Sched. 40 pipe; page B-16 4 -:'
d,
= 77.9
~ = 0.77 page A-26

V = 0.001002 . 20 C water; page A-6 sin 0/2 =sin 8 =0.14 0

5. valve inlet
sin e/2 =sin 15 =0.26
0
p =998.2 20 C water; page A-6 6.
뼈

‘ valve outlet
값

-
μ「

fr =0 018 for 2Yí." or 3" size; page A.26 ]

‘
K - -m
τ

νmin =50ν0.001 = 1.585

3.
21.22 x 300
2.6 x 0.26
二~- •
0.77’
‘
1 - 0.77 ' )' = 0.58
“ valve
V;;:: = 1.05 fOI 3" valve
77x92 6 elbows;
K = 6 x 30fr = 180 x 0.018 = 3.24
ln as rnuch as v îs less than ν m a 3~ìnch valve …, p. A-29
wiJ1 be too large. Try a 2 'h-inch size L
K z f--:'" = 0_._.-
018 x 60 x_
..1000
_-- =13.9
~:'-n- pipe;p. 3-4
뼈「
끄야

77.9
긴

x
- ( ;J
ν

= 1. 62 . for 2 '11" valve 8 Then, for entire system (en야anιe ， pipe , b외lv며ve ，
six elbows , and exit) ,
B.sed on above , • 2잉-inch valve instalJed in
3.inch Schedule 40 pípe with r 이lucers is advìsabie. K=0.5 + 13.9 + 0.58 + 3.24 * 1.0 = 19.2
9 ν= V (19.62 x 7) + 19.2 =2.675 m/s
4 P= 62 7 = 0.80
='-'- Q =0.047 x 2.675 x 77.9' =7631íiresjmin
77.9
10 Calculate Reyn이ds number 1.0 verìfy that frictíon
ß' = 0.64 fa띠。r of 0.018 (zone of complete turb uJ ence) ís
뼈

ß' = 0 .4 correct for flow conditìon or , use “ vd' ’ scale > ••

μ

s
ω

m 3 ( % .t top of Friction FactOI chart on page A-25

j
K - m
( - -o4 ( 1
vd = 2.675 x 77.9 = 208

, 11. Enter chart on pageA-25 at νd = 208. Note f for

빼

K =27
m 3-inch pipe is less than 0.02. Therefore , Il ow is in
낀

x x m 2x
4p - - }7 •7f
p
- - the transition zone (s1ight1y less than fu lJy tur-
켜

6
• •
=0.148 bar
bulent) but the difference is small enough 10
forego any correction of K for the pipe
4-4 CHAPTE R4 '..-' EXÄMP[ESÖFFL。내 PRÖBl. EMS CltA:I'tE

Laminar Flow in V하ves ， Fittings, and Pipe

In flow problems where vÎscosity is high , calculate the Reynolds

Number to determÎne whether the flow ìs laminar or turbulen t..

Example 4- 7 Example 4-8

Given: S. A.E. 10 Lube Oil at 15 C flows throu망1 the Gìven: S.A.E. 70 Lube Oil at 40 C is flowing at the
system described in Example 4-6 at the same differential rate of 600 barrels per hour through 60 metres of 8-
head. inch Schedule 40 pipe , in which an 8-inch conventional
Find’ The velocity in the pipe and rate of flow in litres 밍。be v a1ve with full area seat is ìnstalled.

per minute Find: The pressure drop due to flow throu망1 the pipe
Solution ’ and valve
Solution ‘

1. hL=K 끈 page 3-4

‘ "'n L tJ. p = 맥뽑띤Z page34
ψ= /한싶
、/ K 56.23 pB
e- ι;二L二- - - - Page 3-2
dμ

ν= 21.22 융 page 3-2 ,

K = 340 h valve; page A.27

Q 0‘ 047ν'd' K=f소 pipe; page 3 -4

Rn=
e 멜 page 3-2 f= ~4
μ =
Re plpe
%
-κ

fJ
pipe , laminar flow; page 3-2 2. S = 0.916 at 60 F (1 5.6 c) ‘ ... page A-7
‘

L S=O ‘ 90 at 40 C ‘ ’ .... ‘ page A.7

K r
r
-D
J . pipe; page 34 d = 202.7 “ 8" S 이led. 40 pipe; page B.16
μ= 450 ‘ . . . . . ‘ .. ‘ ·‘·‘ page A-3
2. K,= 0‘ 58 - “ •. ‘ . . . ‘ .. valve; Example 4-6
f T = 0.014 “ ‘ ...... ‘ ’ .. ‘ page A-26
K=3.24 6 elbows; Example 4-6
3‘ ρ = 999 x 0.9 = 899 ‘ - “ page A.6 , A.7
K=0.5 entrance; Examp)e 4- 6
K= 1.0 56.23 x 899 x 600
exit; Example 4- 6 Re = 'J tY1" '7..,• .1, n 332
202.7 x 450
p = 875.2 page A.7
R e < 2000; therefore flow 1S laminar
μ= 100 page A-3
64
hL = 7 Example 4-6 4 f= 좌"2 =0.193 plpe

3. *Assume laminar flow with v= 1. 5 ,

K =340xO.014=4.76 ...... ‘ • . . . .. valve
搬)

77.9 x 1.5 x 875.2 K = 0.193 x 60 x 1000

e= •----• = 1020 20 2. 7 • = 57.13 ., ..... pìpe
댐없-빼

”
앉

100
껴

K % 1J h
f= 64 7 1020 = 0.063 plpe total system
&-m
μ←

0{
‘에
닝

X~ ;-4
ωι

K= 0.063 x 60 x 1000 = 48.5 • •••• _...

plpe 5
77. 9
4 m
「­

r
K = 48.5 + 0.58 + 3.24 + 0.5 + 1.0
K = 53.8 ....... ‘ ’ “ entue system
7&
씨-e

r/7l}}(9-71 r/
: 6 M
ν

잉-
、

4.
깨

0- = 0 4 N 2 ““
。

이이

X X mi m
5 ‘

꺼Vote: Th ls problem bas two unknowns and , therefore , requires

a tria 1-and-error solution. Two OI l1uee trial assump끼 ons will
USU며jy bring the solution and Hnal assumption into agπeement
‘씨 thÙ1 desired limits
CRANE CHAPTER 4 - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS 4-5

Laminar Flow in Valves , Finings, and Pipe - continued

In flow problems where viscosity is high , calculate the Reynolds

Number to determìne whether the flow ÎS 어 minar or turb비 ent.

Example 4-9
Given ‘ S.A. E. 70 Lube Oìl at 40 C is lJ owing throu뱅
5-inch Schedule 40 pipe at a rate of 2300 lìtres per
minute, as shown in the following sketch.

5“ CJass 150 Stael Angle

Valve wìth ful area ‘ P,
” seat - wide open
마야 없

야
F sS E “&G e
ι

T
…맹

mu %a
씨

e Elevo t! on 15m
빼
ιη
‘

t } e %
5" Weld
A"" 128mm ’
E bow
15π1

뜨으뜨- Elevatîon 0
」 50π 20m

Find: The velocity în metres per second and pressure

difference between gauges P andp , ,
Solution:
U{ xr
이4-

]
c= ~1. 22 x 2300 x 899
--낀

L d page 3-2 4 Ra=

e l')Q"')"A:;;:n
128.2 x 450 =760

R
n-2 •P
Re < 2000; therefore flow is 1aminar.
-d
-μ

e •
page 3-2
64
5 f= ~~<~ = 0.084
760
f:l.p = 땐뽑죠pQ' 10ss due 10 flow; page 3-4

f:l.p=
hL ρ
loss 6 Summarìzîng K for the entire system gate va1 ve ,
angle valve, elboκ and pipe),
‘
due to elevation change; page 3-5
10 200
K = (8 x 0.016) + (150 x 0.016) + (20 x 0.016)
2 ,
K = 8fr ’ “ ‘ gate valve; page A-27
‘，，~ζζ수스
α084 x 85 x 1000)ι = 55.7
K , = J50fT " .... '" anglevalve;pageA-27
128.2
K=20h “ - ι elbow; page A-29
2 1.2 2 x 2300
낭JιfR

L}D 7 - .,....,.., 7 = 2.97 m!s

K ,..,,

J 28.2'
•

pipe; page 3 -4
1-e i:J.p = 0.00225 x ..J.).
V.VV~ L-' ^ 55.7f xA 899
077 x
A 2300'.
~--'VV + 15 x 899
fι

~→--
pipe; page 3-2 8
128.2아 10200

3. d = 128.2 .... 5" Sched. 40 pipe; page ß.J6 b. p = 3.53 bar totat
S = 0.916 at 60 F (1 5.6 C) ‘ page A.7
S = 0.90 a t 40 C . . . . . . .. . . . . page A.7
μ = 450 “ ‘ page A-3
p = 999 x 0.9 = 899 page A-6 , A.7
fr= 0.016 page A.26
4-6 CHAPTER 4 - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS CRANE

Pressure Drop and Velocity in Piping Systems

Example 4-10 ... Piping Systems - Steam Example 4-11 ... Ftat Heating Colls - Water
Given: 40 bar abs. steam al 460 C flows through 120 Gíven: Water at 80 C 15 flowing through a f1 at heaUng
‘
rnetres of horizonta 6-inch Schedule 80 p ip e al a rate
of 40000 kilograms per hour.
coil , shown în the sketch below , at a rate of 60 ltres ‘
per mmute ‘
Th e system contains lhree 90 degree w러d elb ows having laOmm r
a relative radius of 1. 5, one fully-open 6 x 4-inch
Class 600 venluri gate valve as described in Example 44 ,
and one 6-inch Class 600 y-pattem g1 0be valve. La1t er 1" Schedule
40 Pipe
has 'a seat diameter equ a1 to 0.9 of the inside díameter
of Schedule 80 pipe , disc fully lifted.
Find: The pressure drop through the system
Solution:
0‘ 6253 K μιγ
1. lJ.p = 암형으E- - ---- page34 Find: The pressure drop from Poinl A to B
Solurion:
2 For globe valve (see page A.27) ,
D. p = Q
돼쩔ιBf!.2
K ,= 댈딴l뚫f칸암암l page 3.4

Kl =55fr RD= 김으쩍P page 3.2

e dμ
ß= 0.9 」
L
서
K -D
90 w야d elbows; page A맺
0
3. K= 14fr ‘ • ‘ J straight pipe; page 3-4

K=f 료 . pipe; page 3.4 rfd = 4 pípe bends

w K 90 = 14 f T “ ‘ 90" bends; page A깅9

R p =354 J.: ....... ‘ - “ page 3-2
e d.μ

4. d=146 .4 “ 6" Sched. 80 pipe; page B.16

KB (n-I) (.25 πh 융 +.5 K 90 ) + K o ,
0
v= 0.081 40 bar sleam 460 C; page A.16 . 180 bends; page A.29
μ= 0.027 page A깅
2 p = 97 1. 8 waler40 C‘ page A 6 •

fr = 0.015 page A-26

μ= 0.35 “ water 40 C; page A.3
5. For 밍 obe vruvc , d= 26.6 1" Sched‘ 40 pipe;page B.16
fr 0.023 1" Sched. 40 pipe; page A.26
K,= .2 5 x .015 +.9 f.5 (! • ‘ 9')+(1- 격간:J
4
2 ‘ 9 Rðρ = 2~，，~~
1.22 x60
3 ~ ~~ x97L8
~ /' = 1. 33 x 10' >'V

K,= 1.44 c 26.6 x 0 .3 5

Î= 0.024 ‘ ’ “ ‘ ‘ ...... ' plpe
6 Re 0::::. 354x 4OV VOOO
VV
..J..J"'T-^"'T 3.58xl06
146 .4 x 0.027 O024 x 5.4 x 1000
K= 1<" "" -_.- =4.87 5 .4 m straighl pipe
f= 0.015 “ . . . . .. pipe; page A.25
ι
0
K=2x14xO ‘ 023 = 0.64 ••• two 90 bends
K= Q015 x 120x 1000
= 146 .4 = 12.3 ...... pipe 4 For seven 180 bends,
Q

K= 3 x 14 x 0.015 = 0.63 3 eJbows; page A.29 K B = 7 !(2.1) (0.25π x 0.023 x 4) +

K ,= 1.44 ...... 6 x 4" gale valve; Example 4-4 (0.5 x 0 .3 2) + 0.32J = 3.87

z Summarizing K for the entire system (globe valve‘ 5

‘ KTOTAL = 4.87 + 0.64 + 3.87 = 9 .3 8
pjpe , venturi gate va1ve‘ and elbows) , lJ. n= 0.00225 x ~".r
9 .3~d
8x← 1. 8 x 602
97 -→→~
6 J}= =0.152bar
K= 1. 44+ 12.3+0.6 3+1. 44=15 ‘ 8 t" 26.6

8. .ð.p = 0.6253
V.U':"'
x 15.8 x 40 000' x 0.081
^ ..←---←=.....:.O.CC~._~_-_~ = 2.8 bar
..J.J

146 .4
 CRÄNf èHAPTER4 . "'.EX:AM~CËSOF.F CöWPROBLËMs 4"'1

Pressure Drop and Velocity in Pipìng Systems - contìnued

Example ""12 ... Orifìce 징 ze for Given

Pressure Drop and Velocity
‘
Examp e 4.13 ... Flow Gìven in Traditìonal Uníts

Given: A 12 inch nominal size , ISO 336 sleel pipe , Given: Fuel oil, with a specific gravity of 0.815 and a
11 mm. wall thick:ness , 18 metres long containing a kinematie viscosity of 2.7 centistokes flows through a
standard gate valve discharges 15 C water to atmosphere 2.inch Schedule 40 steel pipe , 100 feet long , at a rate of
from a reseπ。ir. The entrance pr매ects mward into the 2 US gallons per second.
reservoir and its centre line is 3.5 metres below the water Find: The pressure drop in bars and in pounds force
level în the reservoîr per square înch
Fìnd: The diameter of thin-plate orifice that must be Solutio t1
installed in the pipe to restrict tbe velocity of flow to
3 metres per second when the gate valve Îs wide open fLpQ2
1. tJ.p = 2.252 '-'=흙 ‘ ’ .•. page 3.2 or 3.10
Solution:

1. hL =K ~_
2
orSystemK=
2gjt l.
걷운느 page 3-4
Rð = 21220
‘
요
va
. page 3.2
<-6 n ν

dvp 2. Convert units gÎVen to those used in 상1Ís paper;

e' ‘ • ‘ •.••...•• ‘ page 3-2 refer to page B.IO
μ

2. K=0.78 ‘ - ‘ entrance; page A.29 1 ft = 0.3048 m

K= 1. 0 exit; page A.29 1 US gallon = 3.785litres
K1 = 8fr gate valve; page A.27 3. L = 100 ft = 100 x 0 .3 048 = 30.4 8 m
4 d= 52.5 mm page B- 16
K=f ￡ pipe; page 3.4
5 p = 999 x S = 9.99 x 0.815 page A.7
3. d = 30 1.9 pìpe;page B.20 p = 814 k밍m 3

fr= α013 .......... ’ “ pipe; page A.26 6. 2 US gaUons = 2 x 3.785 = 7.57litres

p:9990 - - ‘ page A.6
μ 1.1 ........... “ page A.3 Z Q= ~폈 總 = 454.2 1빼
4. Rn= 30 1.9 x 3 x 999
~~"/ """//' =8.2x lO'‘
쩍원

뼈
1.1 8.
때ι

n 2
m4
f= 0.014 .‘ ......•... “ . . . . .. page A- 25 R -z - n
m b/ & x
씨

U
9 e •

5. TotalK requíred = 19.62 x 3.5 수 3 2 = 7.63

K1 =8xO.013=0. 1O ..... ‘ gate valve 10. f= α0230 ....... “ ‘ page A.25

18 x 1000 xO.013=0.84 11. tlp = 2.252

•. """ x 0.0230
~.
x 30ζ
.4 8 x 814 X 454.2 2
K= .~ ..• ~.~ ‘ • plpe A

30 1.9 52 .5'

Then , ex c1 usive of orifice , tJ.p = 0 ‘ 665 bar

Ktotal = 0.78 + 1. 0 + 0.1 + 0.84 = 2.72 12. Pressure drop in pounds force per square inch
6 낀
K onnce = 7.63 .. 2. 72 = 4.91 = 0.665 x 14.5 “ “ ‘ ....... pagc B.12
= 9.64 lbfÌi n'
7‘ Korifice 즈 L二 page A-20
C'ß4
8. Assume ß 0.7 = ‘ C = 0.7 page A.20
then K .""- 4.3 ‘ ß is too large
9. Assume ß = 0.65 :. C = 0.67 page A-20
then K = τ :. ß is too small
10. Assume ß = 0.69:. C = 0.687 pagε A-20
then K 4.9 = use β α69 =
l ι Orifice 잉 ze 즈 0.69 x 301.9 208 mm
4-8 CHAPTER 4 • EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS CRANE

Pressure Drop and Velocity in Piping Systems - continued

Example 4-14 ... Bernoullì ’ 5 Theorem - Water

Given: Water at 15 C is f1 0wìng through the piping ,

d = 128.2 ....... 5" Sched. 40 pipe; page B.J6
system , shown ìn the skelch below , at a rate of 1500 __
5" size;pageA-26
fr = 0.OJ6 ‘ .. ‘ .....

litres per mìou te m 3

- n

。
-2 n
u oU
4 p -@

5" We!ding Elbow 5“ Schedute 40 Pipe P , @

Z , • ,
Z = 22 - 0 = 22 metres
ν， = 3.04 4" pipe. page B.13
ν，
=‘94 5" pipε ， pageB.13
o
ν 2
..， - V :l: 1 2
.:.--..L-ζ..J.
1. 936 3.041'•

:::: _ 0.28 rnetres

2gn 2 x 9.81

Find: The velocity in both the 4 and 5-inch pipe sizes 1 For Schedule 40 pìpe ,
and the pressure differential between gauges Pl and P2 2 1. 22 x 1500 x 999•
=:7':-,,;-,.::::;:,:-,,--,,-.~- = 2.83 x 10'‘
Solution 102.3 x 1.1

낌-때
팩씨
4)' pipe
1. Use Bernouilli's theorem (see page 3-2) ’ n x %Q/

간
R - - -- m

이ι
x
10'p , v' , 10'p끼 , e }

이ι
v'
, +ζ1. + ~ -= Zz + ~ + ,.,"'_ 2 + h f
p gn, 2gn ρ， g끼 2g n " L 5‘’ p'pe
f= 0 ‘ 018 ‘
4 or 5" pipe
Since , p 1 :::: P'2
0.018 x 67 x 1000
6 K ..=
p , - p , = 쁘뚱
iU
(ι Z ,) + 쉰L강.1 + hLL 128.2
2Sn K=9 .4 ........ for67mof5"Sιhed. 40 pipe
2296XQ2
2 }lL -= 강.- page 3-4 0.018 x 34 x 1000
K=
102. 3
2J. :2Qp K=6.0 ....... for 34 m of 4" Sched. 40 pipe
Roe = page 3-2 ‘
페「
Wìth reference to velocity in 5" pipe ,
K:f
￡ page 3-4 ,
K = 6.0 • è 0.8 4 = 14.6
여 0.22
page 2.11
0
K= x 0.016 5" 90 elbow
K .. fL j ;빼pe ， in terms of 0 ‘ 36'
D{f larger pipe; page 2.11 K=O.22+ τ = 0 .5 4 5x4" 90 0 elbow
0 0.8"
K=14fr 90 elbow; page A-29
z Then , in terms of 5-ineh pipe ‘
K=14fr+ n 二강J'
ireduζing 90
。

ß" Ielbow; page A- 26 κTOTAL = 9 .4 + 14.6 + 0.22 + 0.54= 24.8

Note: ln the absence of test data for increasing e!bo S. the 22.96 x 24.8， x 1500'
‘ $um
resistance is co t1servatìvely es tÎ mated to be equal to the 8 L
←←
_~O~ =4.74
matlon of the resistance due 10 a straight size 5" elbow and a 128 , 2
sudden enlargement (4" to 5")
999 X 9.81
9. P j -V2 =τ~ (22 0.28 + 4.74)
ß~ -받
•

page A.26

3 ρ=
"1
‘
999.0 page A-6
p , p,•
= 2.6 bar

μ =1.I page A.3

d 1 =10 2. 3 ‘ ’
4" Sched. 40 pípeε page B.16
CflAl에E ........... Cl'tA1'TE~4=~XAMi't;ESOFFtOW f'덤@용tEMS .... '4~1}.. •

Pressure Drop and Velocity in Piping Systems - continued

Example 4- 15 ... Power Required for Pumping For 150 metres of3-ìnch Schedule 40 pipe ,
Given: Water at 20 C ís 야 mped through the pipìng 0.021 x 150x 1000
K= = 40.4 and ,
system be10w at a rate of 400 litres per mìnute. 77.9
E!evation 2 2 = 120m KTOTAL = 2.16 + 0 .1 4 + 27.0 + 40 .4 + 1 = 70.7

3" 핵
S뱃
ohoe변
얀맨반
R u미빼
'뼈e0 8 h , = ~2.96 x 70.7 X 4002
L = ,..,,.., ,., 4
77.9 4 = ,
- 7
\ i I
9. H= 120 + 7 = 127 metres
3" Standard
Gale Valv
FLOW I Fo~r 3" $tandard 90。
Power demand = 4OOx 127x998.2
‘
‘
l'! n
~U n1
•

Threaded Elbo V'.fS

-

.~~ ~ •• : ~-:. / / v.. 11.84 kW

-h: 연 I I E!evaν。nZ~O 6116x 1O'xO.7
Example 4-16 ... Aìr Lines
랭G#굶짧싫닝wÎng
‘ ‘ guid얹
nstal ed with redw;:ers ln 3" Pi
disι
Given: Air at 5 bar gauge and 40 C is flowing through
25 metres of J.inch Schedule 40 pipe at a rate of 3
Find‘ The total discharge head (H) at flowìng conditions standard (MSC) ωbic metres per minute (see page B.12)
andthe power demand (brake power) roquíred for a Find: The pressure drop and the velocity at both
pump havìng an efficiency (ep) of 70 per cent. upstream and downstream gauges.
Solution: 1. Use Bemoullì's theorem (see page 3.2) ‘ Solution: 1. Referring to the table on page B- 14 read
10'p , v ,
+ -」 + - 'L =ι + lQ 'p
- - 4 + 감 +hL
’ pressure drop of 0 .5 65 bar for 7 bar , 15 C aír at a flow
1
p gn , 2gnι P2 gn LKn rate of 3 cubîc metres per minute through 100 metres of
J.inch Schedule 40 pipe‘
2. Since ρ:: P2 and 강1 :::: V2' the equation can be
rewritten to establish the pump head , H:
10s
(p‘ -P2) =(Z -Z )+hL , ,
論i) (폈D~뽑)
>V
"On
22.96 K0 2 ilp = 0.565
λ hL = 강rEL ------,, ,-- page3-4
t:.p = 0.205 bar
R dvp
e - --
μ
page 3.2 3. To ωld the velocity , the rate of f1 0w ìn cubic
metres per minute at flowing condîtions must be
ν = 2 J. 22Q page 3.2 determined from page B.15.
-걷-

Power demand (k깨 τ-/-τ"'"

QHp page qm
m
= 'm
qm l\1.
[ 1. 013
, 013 + pJn\ ---;::;ÕO
('\1']
288 )J
-'-_
‘ 1273 + t \
B-21
4. K=30h‘ 90' e1bow; page A.29
K ,= 8fr ga te valve; page A.2 7
q섭 (펴웹5)(찮40) = 0.549

K=f ￡ straight pipe; page 3.4

At downstream gauge

5.
K= 1. 0
d = 77. 9
exit; page A.29
3" Sched. 40 pipe ‘ page B.16 qm = j
1.0 13
I 패잠자감짚5)1 (總o ~ 0.569
ρ998.2 page A.6
4 v= 오z!!. page 3.2
μ= 0.98 page A.3 A
쩍

fr= 0.018 page A-26 5 d = 26.6 page 요 16

깊꺼
잉

” : - y - -4 6 A=07854(짧 =0
ν

V= 0 549
Re = 77.9
..." x..1.~.~~"
4 x 998.2
,., = l.l x 10'‘ 7
/
0.000556
= 987 mJmin (upstream)
0.98
f= 0.021 . “ page A-25 v= .9‘ 569

0.000 556
= 1023 mJmin (downstream)
7
/ K = 4 x 30 x 0‘ 018=2.16 ‘ ... four 90' elbows
Note: Example 4- 16 may also be solved by use of the pressure
K ‘= 8 x 0.018 = 0 .1 4 gate valve drop formula 잉ld nomograph shown on page5 3-2 and 3-21
respectiveìy or the ve10city formula and nomc믿~raph sho‘’ n on
‘

K= 27.0 Ii ft check 、;yjth reducers; Example 4-5 pages 3-2 and 3-17 Iespc c..l1 vely‘
4 -10 CHAPTER 4 • EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS CRANE

‘
p pe Line Flow Prob ems ’
Examp!e 4~17 ’ ‘ . SizÎng of Pump for OH Pipe Li nes

Given. ([<Ide oil 30 degree APl at 15.6 C with a viscosity of

75 Universal Sajoo1t seconds ìs f1 0wing through a BS 1600, 12
inch, Schedule 30 steel pipe at a rate of 1900 barrels per hour
The pipe line is 80 kilometres long with discharge at an elevation
of 600 metres above the pump ìnle t. Assume the pump has an
efficiencyof 67 per cent
Find: The power demand of the pump

뼈뼈뼈
fl

때써
Solutìoπ

며 이빠
3 ;,‘

얘맨
않〕
‘‘ ‘ ， ‘ . ‘ ， - - - ， ， ， 、
;-} o

미
mg

찌때
쩔1

m깨
nt B
1. D. p; 15.81

니
hj mU ?? 3 1

떠
「잉
-2

경
Bρ

쟁
p
R.;
t:
56.23
-----
-:" dJμ ‘• … ”

h ,; 10200 D.p page 3-5

L- p

QH，ρ
power demand (kW) ; ττττ~ page B-21
6116 x 10' x ep

2. t; 15.6 C
3. ρ; 875.3 page B-7
S; 0.8762 page B-7
4 d; 307.1 pageB-16
뼈-쩌
갱

5. 75USS 12.5 centipoise ..... ‘ page ß.. 5

해-… mω-3
-m

R
%-m x-5 3 %
”
、”

6
전

f A
Z … ‘ …“ %%
뻐-m
입-

@ n- &- m- X- x-s ?3- x- mgnU-

&

tJ.p ; 36.58

L;
10 200 x 36.58
_. -~~~'2'--'- 426.3
9. ;
875 .3

lα The total discharge head at the pump is

H; 426 .3 + 600; 1026 .3

l Q= 〔팩쁘~ x 짧씀) x (삶n〕 : 5035

12. Then the power demand is
5035 x 1026 .3 x 875 .3
_~~~~~L~~，:~-;':; :__ ~~~~~ :: 1104 , say 11l 0kW
6116 x 10' x 0.67
CRANE CHAPTER 4 - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS 4 - l'

Pipe Li ne Flow Problems - continued

Examp!e 4-18 ‘ Gas

, μ22400 rn 3 \ (24Kr\
Given: A naturalgas pipe line made of BS 3600 14-inch 9. qd =):••• 1 1-: , ..• = 2.938
pipe , walJ thickness 11 mm , is 160 kilometres long \ 1000000 ktJ \ day J
The iIÙet pressure is 90 bar absolute , the olltlet pTessure 432써 Sg
0 10. R f'.::::: ~.. 0 ’ ‘ page 3.2
is 20 bar absolutc and tÌle average temperature is 4 C " dμ
The gas consists of 75% methane (CH ,), 21% ethane 11. μ = 0.011 ’ ‘ estìmated; page A-5
(C, H6 ) , and 4% propane (C 3H ,)‘
432 x 122400 x 0.693
Find: The flow rate in m il1ions of cubic metres per day 12. R π=
" 333 ‘ 6 x 0.011
at Metric Standard Conditions (MSC)
Re = 9986000 or 9.986 x 10'
Solutions: Three solutions to this example afe presented
for the purpose of il1 ustrating the variatîons in results 13. [= 0.0128 ‘•.... . “ ‘ page A-25
obtained by use of the Simplìfied Compressible Flow 14. Since the assumed friction factor (f 0.0128) is
formula , the Weymouth formula and the Panhandle , correct , the flow .rate 1s 2.938 rn il1ion m 3 jd at
formula MSC. If the assumed frictíon factor were ìncorrect ,
ít would have to be adíusted and Steps 8, 9 , 12 ,
and 13 repeated until the assumed friction factor
‘ ‘
Simp ified Compres:s ibJe Flow Fonnula
see page 3.3)
was in reasonable agreement y,,'i th tha1 based upon
the calcu1a ted Reynolds number

l 이\ =0 , 013 61
r값폈Jd 5 Weymouth Formula
{see page 3.3}
7ι

d 333 ‘ 6 page B.20 ‘

1
[=0 , 0128 turbulent flow as;umed; page A-25 -,< / - m n uj
ω

n m
「ι

u @
끼
」

“1 “
ι

J
4
T= 273 + t = 273 + 4 = 277
-
Approximate atomic wei링11s ‘

졌좌짧 C쩔)
Carbon ’ ‘ C= 12.0
Hydrogen . ‘ H = 1. 0 h = 13 997
6. Approximate molecular weights
,J
Methane (CH
M=(1 x 12.0)+(4x 1. 0)= 16 q~ = ~調젊늄) (짧 :;: 2.854
Ethane (C H6 ) ,
M= (2 x 12.0) + (6 x 1.0) = 30
Panhandle Formula
Propane (C 3l-J 8 ) (see page 3-3)
M = (3 x 12.0) + (8 x 1. 0) = 44
0.5394
Natura1 Gas 19. 써 = 0.005 06Ed' h1 82 l'띤느힘낀
M= (16 x 0.75) + (30 x 0.21) + (44 x 0.04) -m

M = 20.06 , or say 20.1 2α Assume average operation conditions; then ef*

ficiency ìs 92 per cent
7. S~ = M댈첼: 찍:3. = 0.693 page 3.5
E= 0.92
"g M (air) 29
(90' - 20') x 333.6 s 21. d 2 •ól8 2 4038000
이
씨

l
= m ‘j
까

h (U
ν

u
8 i

0.0128 x 160 x 277 x 0.693

22. q' ,. = 18798)' - " ' " •
β0 2 20_ 2\
j
Q .5394

160 )
qh = 122 400
n \

q~ = 151 910
( 151910 \ ( 24kt\
23. μ = 1. ~:~ :~: .. \ ! -: ,.. I = 3.646
'U \1000000 M) \ day )
4 -12 CHAPTER 4 - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS CRANE

Discharge of FluÎds from Pipìng Systems

뻐
Example 4- 19 ... Water

맥
)

댄
n x x

-、

따
K U
%

야
Given ‘ Water 3t 20 C is flowing from a reservoir through

끼
-7-n - - m % )
1
P

-「
-

、
j

나
i i

the piping system below. The reservoìr has a constant /

head of 3.5 metres

For 6 metres of 2-inch pipζ în terms of 3-inch
plpe ,

빼짜
뼈빠
빼해

ιc
」
s Va

4
3.5m
/ /

”
3/
야
R Pe
ve %
K; 0.019 x 6 x 1000
~'~"'， ~_':~;;--
52.5 x 0.67‘
10.8

“
d

띠
/ JU g % P e
For 2-inch exît, in terms of 3-inch pipe ,
" ,
/니 K = 1'" 0.674 ; 5.0
3" Mítre 닐 d ← }• -3m 6m
Bend
For sudden contract on , ‘

쁘염
--: ---
Fìnd: The flow rate in litres per minute. K
n3
u
-
7
--
z
- - j

一
: -
2 0
Solutìon: 1. Q; 0.2087 d‘ J 시"호 .. page 3-4
and , KTOTAL 0.5 + 1. 08 + 0.14 + 0‘ 69 +
Rð;
e 2 1. 22 앓
짚 ‘. . “ ‘ .. page 3.2 10.8 + 5.0 + 1.3 7 = 19 .5 8

ß ;d ,jd 2 page A-26 5 ‘ Q; 0.2087 x 77.9' ν호τr껴τ8= 535

2 K; 0.5 ‘ .. . ‘ .. entrance; page A-29 (this solution aS$umes flow ìn fully turbulent zone)
K;60 fT mitre bend; page A-29
6. Calculate Reynolds numbers and check friction
K ,; 8fT gate valve; page A-27
,

factors for flow in straight pipe of the 2-inch size

K:f ￡ straight pipe; page 3-4 e:;::

2 1.22 x 535 x 998.2
~~._~~. ;:~ 1 1 ;:;: 1. 96 x 10~
52 .5 x 1. 1

K2 ;
05 (1 겐) ι흡 f; 0.021 “’ “ ....... page A-25

엄 and for flow in straight pipe of the 3-inch size

sudden contraction;
page A-26 = 2_..
1.22 x 535
_-" --- "x 998 2
，，~.- ; .~"
1.32 x 10'
77. 9 x 1.1
small pipe , in terrns ùf
K; 꿇r Iar ger pìpe; page 2-5 f= 0.020 ‘ - “ page A낀5

K; 숨 exít [rom small pipe

in terms of larger pipe / Since assumed frictìon factors used for straight
pîpe in Step 4 are not in agreement wìth those
3 d; 52.5 2" Sched. 40 pìpe; page B-16 based on the apprQxîmate f1 0w rate , the K factors
for these îtems and the total systcm should be
d; 77. 9 3" Sched. 40 pìpe; page B-16
맨

corrected accordingly
성-꺼

μ; 1. 1 page A-3 n n
u u m x
K - ”
야

-( n 7 -, m
꺼

- - U 1
/ j j P w
f
p; 998.2 page A-6 9
ι

h=0.OI9 2" pîpe; page A-26

For 6~metres of 2~ìnch pîpc , in terms of 3~in_ch
fr = 0.018 3" pipe; page A-26 plpe ,
4. ß= 52.5 .,. 77.9 = 0.67 0.021 x 6 x 1000
K; τ; 1 1. 9
K=0.5 3" ζntrance 52.5 x 0.6 7"
κ; 60 x 0.018 = 1. 08 3" mi tre bend and , KrOTAL = 0.5 + 1. 08 + 0.14 + 0.77 +
K ,; 8 x 0.018 = 0.14 3)) gate valve 1 1. 9 + 5‘ 0+ 1.3 7; 20.76

8. Q; 0.2087 x 77.9' 、ν캉?τ20.76 :::: 520 lltres!mín

CIl ANE CHAPTER 4 • EXAMPLES OF FLOW PR08LEMS 4 -13

Discharge of Fluids from Piping Systems - continued

Example 4-20 ... Steam at Sonic Velocity

Given: A header wìth 12 bar absolute saturated sleam is feeding
a pulp stock digester through 10 melres of 2-inch , ISO 336 sleel
pìpe , 4 mm wall thickness , which in c1 udes Qne st잉ldard 90 degree
랴bow and a fully-open conventional plug Iype disc globe valve ‘
The initial pressure 1n the digester is atmospherÎG
Find: The inîtial flow rate in kilograms peI hOUI ‘ using both the
modîfied Darcy formula and the sonic velocity and con t1 nuìty
equat lO fls‘

So/utions - for theory, see page 1-9:

Modified Darcy Fnrmula Son k: Velocity and CQntínuity Eq ‘latiol、s

1. W ~ !.2 65Y d' 딸 ’ ‘ ’ page 3-4 9. Vs ~ 316.2 얘'y- “ ..... page 3-3
、 KV ，
…~，
L W: 」:- ‘ Equation 3-2; page 3-2
‘
K=f 고 i ‘ ’ ” “ .. “ ‘ pipe; page 3-4 354 V
2 K ，~ 340fT globe valve; page A-27 10. p ’ = Pl t _ t::..p
p ’ ~ 12 9 .4 3 ~ 2.57
0
K~30h 90 elbow; page A-29 •

K~ 0.5 enlrance from header; page A-29 t:.p determined in Step 6

K~ 1. 0 . exit to digester; page A-29
11. hg = 2782.7 ‘ . 12 bar abs. 5a!. sleam; page A-13
1 "f ~ 1.3 page A-9
d ~ 52 .3 page B-19 12. At 2.57 baf abs. the temperature of steam with
lotal heal of 2782_7 kJjkg equals 159 C and
h ~ 0.019 page A-26
Y-~ 0.7558
V , ~ 0.1632 page A-13

4 K~
0.019 x 10 x 1000
←--짚 .3 →~ 3_63 10 metres pipe
13. v, ~ 316.2 、fl .3공깅~_57xδ~155용
ν's = 502 .4
K , ~ 340 x 0.019 ~ 6 .46 ..... “ 2" 빙 obe valve
W~
502 .4 x 52 .3'
←~
___ "
~5136h/h
,
K ~ 30 x 0.019 ~ 0.57
0
“ 2" 90 elbow 354 x 0.7558 - --- -'~

and , for the entire system

K ~ 3.63 + 6 .4 6 + 0.57 + 0.5 + 1. 0 ~ 12.16
NOTE‘ In Steps 11 and 12 ιOTIstant tot31 heat hg ls assumed
t:.p
5 -τ"-"---~"-=
p;
12 • 1.013
12
~
10.987
12
~ 0.916 ‘
But the ncrease în specific volume from înlet to outlet re-
quìres that the velocity must increase. Source of the kinetíc
energy ìncrease ìs the ìntern31 heat energy of the fluid. Con-
6‘ Using the chart on page A~22 for ì = 1 .3, it ís sequently , the heat energy actu외Iy decreases loward the
found that for K = 12 .1 6 the maximum tlp/p'J is “
ou et. C31culation of the correct h,g at the outlet ",iU yîeld a
flow rate εommensurate to the answer in St~멍 8
0 ‘ 786 (interpolated from table on page A‘ 22)
SiTIce tlp!히 is less than indicated in Step 5 , sonìc
velocity occurs at the end of the pîpe , and ιlp in
the equation of Step 1 is
t:. p ~ 0.786 x 12 ~ 9.4 32 , say 9 .4 3
빼빼

mm
앙 앵

p Jm
α

」싸 ?ι

fl

키
Y~0.710 Z:
/‘ a~ pi
! ~
,
--]
-때
-、，/
ι

-~-o)
‘

lν~ 1. 265
hμ

•
8 x 0.71 x 52.3' x
W = 5356 kg/ h
4 -14 CHAPTER 4 • ËXAMÞLËS ÖF F LOW Pf'! OBLEMS CRANE

Discharge of F!uids from Piping Systems - continued

Example 4-21 ’ .. Gases at ‘

Examp e 4-22 ... Compressíble Fluids
SonÎC VelocÎty at Subsonic Velocity
Giyen: Coke oven gas having a specific gravity of 0 .4 2 , Gíven: Air at a pressure of 1. 33 bar gauge and a tem
a header pressure of 8.0 bar gauge and a temperature of perature of 40 C 15 measured at a point 3 metres from
60 C is flowing through 6 metres of 3-inch Sched ule 40 the outlet of a ~-inch Schedule 80 pipe discharging to
pipe before dischar밍ng to atmosphere. Assume ratio of atmosphere.
specific heats , l' ::;: 1.4 Find: The f10w rate in cubic metres per m nute at Metric ‘
Standard Conditions.
6m 01 3" Schedu!e 40 Pipe
Solution
I6.p p ‘
1. 짜 = 0 .3 217 Yd' • page 34
KT.Sjug

Find: The flow rate in cubic metres per hour at Metric K~f 승 page 3-4
Standard Conditions
S oJution - for theory , see page 1-9 2. p; = 1.3 3 + 1.013 = 2 .3 43
3
0.p p; 6. p = 1. 33
1. qL = l931 Yd2 page 3A 4
KT.S
lUg d= 13.8; D=0.0138 “ page 0-16
1
K=f ￡ page 34 f= 0.0275 ‘ _ fully turbulent flow; page A-25

2 p; 8_0 + 1. 013 = 9.013 6

L
K=f-;::
D
0.0275 x 3
^^•}
0.0138
= 5 98 - - - foI PIpe
3. f= 0.0175 ‘ ’ “ “ - ‘ • ‘ - ‘ page A-25
K= 1. 0 “ - “ for exμ; page A-29
Note: The Reynolds number need not be calculated since
gas dischazged to atm 0쟁 here through a short p‘lpe wí11 K= 5.98 + 1 = 6.98 ‘ ........ total
have a high Re and f1 QW will always be in a fuUy
turbu1ent range , in whtεh the frjçtion factor 1S consiant 6.p 1.3 3
7 ~ = 0.568
pj 2 .3 43
4_ d=77.9; D=0 .0779 ’ “ page B- 16
때 서
8 Y= 0.76 page A-22

4-
낌

낌뼈
뎌떼

K ~ f L~ 0.0175
_._- . - --x 6- = 1.35 “ - ‘ for pipe 9 Th = : m
재
5‘

헬서
D 0.0779 f U}% 2-n
끼‘
x- 「j
m
。@
n
깨，

ι-YA
K=0.5 ‘ ..... for entrance ‘ page A-29 X
nU

K= 1. 0 ‘ ’-‘ -‘ • for exìt; pagεA-29

’ i % m3
K = 1.3 5 + 0.5 + 1. 0 = 2.85 ‘ - “ . . . . . . . . . totaJ v” m : m

6.p _ 9.013 - 1. 013 _ 8

6 -τ-
p; -•=
9.013
•-"-
9.013
= 0_888

z Using the chart on page A~22 for ì = 1.4 , it is

found that for K =:::: 2 ,85 , the maximum t::. pjpll i5
0.655 (i nterpolated from tabJe on page A-22)
Since 6.pjpμs less than i따cated in Step 6 , sonic
velocity occurs at the εnd of the pípe and [;.p in
Step 1 ís
6. p = 0.655p; = 0.655 x 9.013 = 5.9
8. T j = 60 +273 = 333
interpolated from
9. Y=0.636
table; page A 22 •

10. qh is equal to
! 5.9 x 9.013
19 .3 1 x 0.636 x 77 .9' •----••
y'2.85 x 333 x 0 .4 2

(?k = 27 20O m3 /h
CRANE CHAPTER4 - EXAMPlESOF FLOW pR08LEMS 4 ~ 15

Flow Through Orifice Meters

Example 4-23 _’ Li quid Service

Gîven: A square edged orîfice of 50 mm diameter Ís in- 13‘ C; 0.625 is correct for Re ; 7.2 x 10' , per page
stalled in a 102 .5 mm insíde diameter pipe havíng a mer A- 20; therefore ‘ the flow rate throu방lthε plpe 15
cury manometer connected b 야ween the pipe taps 1 383 litres per minute
diameter upstrearn and 0.5 diameter downstrcam
14. Wh en the C factor Dn page A-20 is incorrect , for
Fí nd: (.) The theoretical calibration constant for the
the Reynolds number b.sed on calculated f1 ow ,
meter when used on 15 C water and for the flow range
ìt must be adjusted until reasonable agreement is
where the orifice flow coefficìent C ìs constant ‘ and
reached by repeating Steps 9, 10, and 12
(b) , the flow rate of 15 C water when the mercury
deflection 1s 110 millimetres.
Example 4~24 . . . Laminar F low
Solutíon • (.)

In j1 0w problem :i where the l' ixcosîty is high ,

L
I ð.v
Q;2 1.07dlcJ τ - ‘ ’ pa양 3-5 or 3-15
“
calc !a te the Reynolds number 10 determine the
ty’'pe of j1ow.
Given: SAE 10 Lube Oil at 32 C is f1 0wing through a 3
RÐ; 뜨갚요P
ν aμ
-- - , -- - page 3-2 or 3-8
i
‘
inch Schedu e 40 P‘pe and produces 2‘ 8 kpa prεssure dif-
ferential between the pipe taps of a 55 mm I. D. square
edgεd orìfice
pressurε across the taps ,
깨

2. T 0 determine differential
Find: The flow rate in litres per m Ïn ute‘
-뼈
이4

AP
] -x ( m page 3.5 Solutíon
1. Q; 2 1.07d; C찮 page 3-5 or 3-15
where ‘ b.h m ::::::: differentìal head in millimetres of
mercury
3. The wei방1t density of mercury under Water equals Ro; 2 1.~2Qp . page 3, 2 or 3-8
e 랴-
Pw (SHg Sw), where (at 15 c)
•

2. t;p; 2.8 -!- 100; 0.028 bar

ρw = density of water ::: 999.0
page A-6 ‘ ~‘

SHg :::: specific gravity of mercury : : : 13.57 3 μ; 38 “ . suspect laminar flow; page A~3
‘ page A 7 • 4 써 (J arger diam.) ; 77.9 " ‘ . .. page B- 16
Sw specìfic grav Ît y üf water ~ LG0 d, 55
= 0.706
page A-6 5‘ d,
:수
77.9
•

4 Aná P of Hg under H O , ; 999 (1 3 .5 7 • 1. 00) 6 C; 0.8

page A-20 , assumed value
based on laminar flow
; 12 557 kg/m'
z S = 0.876 at 15 C page A.7
5 ð. p; 판섣묘프끄 = 0.00123 ð.h 끼 S;O 87 at32C page A.7
1000 x 10 200 … ‘ ‘ '.'

8. P = 999 x 0.87 ; 869 ‘ . . . . . . . . page A.7

6 d깅 (l arger diam.) = 10ι5

z d, 50 9 Q;2 07 x 55' χ 0.8

; 2 1. 07x55'xO.8 /펌
/ = ; 289.5
있뼈뼈

::;-'-; ~ 0 .4 9
, 、 869
랬

d 102 .5
낀

”“
뼈

m x @@
“

R
階-짜)

F
-띠

c
ω
섭

e ( { , {
gι

(
((

;•
뼈

“
-정(%

n
아
없

C=
쟁

ηu

pi e
뻐9

o mX m x nu
잉

:
oz e
뼈

///V
•

Since thε assumed C va1ue of 0.8 15 not correct , it

빼

……
파
「/

Q xn (h M must be adjusted by repeating Steps 6, 7. 8 and 9.

12. C; 0.87 ...... >c. ••••• assumed; page A.20
Solutío /l • (b):
1D .028
10. Q; 36.5 、r하파; 36，5ν11δ ; 383
13.
-
0; 2 1.07 x 55' x 0.87
、
I 二;二二
869
; 315

11 μ= 1. 1 page A.3 14. 2 1.22 x 315 ..

R D ; .=.:.:-'"•{•: x 869
~~~ ; 1960
" 77.9x38
21.22 x 383 x 999
12. Ro; 15. C; 0.8 7for Re; 1960 page A.20
e 102.5 x 1. 1
Since C; 0.87 is correct for the flow , the flow
Re = 72 000 α 7.2x104
through the meter ìs 315 litres per minute
4 -16 CHAPTER 4 - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS CRANE

Application of Hydraulic Radíus to ’

F owProb ‘ems

Example 4.25 . ‘ . Rectangular Duct

Gîven: A rectangular concrete overflow aqueduct 7.6 metres high
and 5 metres wide , has an absolute roughness (E) of 3 millimetres

5m wide

3OOm~~~~~」

Find: The discharge rate in cubic metres per second when the
liquîd in the reservoÌT has reached the maxirnum heìght indicated
in the above sketch. Assume the averagε temperature of the water
is 15 C.
So/ution
5x
-” -
5

7ι
~ 꿇 (Kε +Ka) = 꿇양 꿇3 RH -%+ --/

〈」
1. m
hL + 5. •

?
ι- ψ: 증 6. Equiv a1ent diameter relatìonshîp
D=4Ru=4x 1. 5=6 page 3.5
3. = 3 .4 78 x 10.6 d2
과훨긍 . page 3-4 d = 4000 RH = 4000 x 1.5 = 6000 page 3.5

4.428A 잖
7 Relative roughness , <!d = 0.0005 . ‘ page A.23
q=
8 f= 0.017 fully turbulent flow
assumed; page A 23 v

한
q = 4 .4 28A
+f~
e ι4RU 9 q = 4 .4 28 x 7.5 x 5 ! _ 0.017 x 300
끼
ý'" ,+------
6
where: ‘
Ke:: res stance of entrance and exit
Ka = resistance of a이Jeduc! q = 839 m J /s

10. CaJculate Re
To determme the friction factor from thc Moody and check,[= 0.017 for q = 839 m3 /s flow
diagram , an equivalent dìameter four times the
11. p = 999 .. ..... ‘ ... • ‘ .. page A.6
hydraulic radius is used; refer to page 3-5.
12. μ= 1.1 page A-3
Ru= ιTOS5 sectional flow area
I1 vvetted pe rin1 eter 318.3 x 839 x 999
13. R .. =
-

1. 5xl .J
때 μ

A ‘ε
딘

R
。。

1
e 3
page 3 2
* •
Re= ]62000000 Of J. 62x 10'
14. f= 0.017 “ .. for calculated Rε;page A.24
4. Assurning a sharp edged en trance ,
15. Since the friction factor assumed ìn Step 8 and thal
K=0.5 “ ’ . , .. “ page A-29 deìermined ín Step 14 arc in agree 미 ent ， the
As suming a sharp edged exit 10 atmosphere , discharge flow wiU be 839 미"3/ s
K= 1.0 . page A-29 16. lf the assumed friction factor and the 상iction
factor based on the calculated Reyn 이 ds number
Then , resistance of entrance and exit
were no1 în reasonable agreement , the flαmcr
Ke = 0 .5 + 1. 0 = 1. 5 should be adjusteà and calculations repeated unt i!
reasonable agreement ìs reaιhed.
CRANE CHAPTER 4 - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLεMS 4~17

Applîcatîon of Hydraulîc Radîus to Flow Problems - continu어

E x.ample 4.26 ... Pipe Partially Filled

With Flowing Water
Given: A cast ìron pipe ìs two.thirds fuU of steady , 10. The cross sectional flow area equ 떠S
unîform flo‘인ng wat，εr (1 5 C). The pipe has an in성 de A+B -K: = (2 x 14 150) + 172 000
wameter of 600 mm and a slope of 1 in 16. See sketch
below. A+B -K: = 200 300 mm2 or 0.2003 m'

싸‘ ater
11 d' = 옆= 4x 200 300
= 255000
π π
Surface
12. hL= D.h= 숨 = 0.0625 metre per metre

13. The wetted perimeter equals:

.f 218.94\
πa\견60)
\
π600뀐짧.)=1l 46mm
、 = L1 46 m

Find: The f1 0w rate in litres per minute. 0.2003

14
쩍

RH= 0.175 m
獅

1.1 46
Solutíon

” 15. EquivaJent diameter d = 4000 RH .. page 3.5

래

0
1. - page 3.4 d=40oox 0.175 = 700
때없
ψ매

빼
때 νU
야

M U y pnJ m
얘배

S m Relative ro뺑lCSS 숭 =0‘00036 ... page A.23

빼

? e s -( -( 16
뼈앓

m?
써
」이
뼈내 m

때써

me m
끼

gu r l
기
빠

M E m l ?ru-e- L u. Iassuming fully turbu1ent

Qι

f= 0 ‘ 0156
1f1 ow; page A.23
찌

F qi

! 0.0625 x 0.175
0.2087경 f펼 =0.417씬/펼
18. Q=OA174x255000 í =ζ
2. ν 0.0156 x 1
Q=
Q = 89000 litres/min.
cross section a1 flow area
3. RH= ‘ ’ page 3.5 19. Calcu1ate 삼le Reynolds number to check the
wetted perimeter
friction fac1 0r assumed in Step 17
Qρ
4 R"" :::: 0.0053 ,::- r . page 3-2 20. p =999 page A.6
•. ---. RHμ

21. μ= 1. 1 page A~3

Depth of f1 0wing 、~ater equa1 s
째

J
2 0.0053 x 89 000 x 999
22. Rn=
이

-3 ( % M e 0.175x 1.l
m
-때

nU Rε = 2 450 000 or 2 .4 5 X 106

d Cos = 0.333
뼈

23. f= 0.0156 . page A.24

끼/~
aσ

c: =. 90 0 _ 70 0 32’ = 19'28' = 19.47。

24. Since the friction [aclor assumed in Step 17 and
that deteIIIÙned in Step 23 are in agreerncnt , the
π d' f1 0w rate wiD be 89000 litres!min.
7. Ar eaC =
4 25 If the assumed friction factor and the fríction
factor based on the calculated Reyn이ds number,
Ar ea C =
π600'
4 앙鐵= 172 Ooomπ2 were not in reasonable agreement , the former
should be a이usted and the c a1 culations repeated
until reasonable agreement is reache d.
8. b= γ. 300' - 1002 = 283 mm

9 Area A = Arca B = l6 (1 00 x 283)

Arca A or B = 14 150 mm'
4 -18 CHAPTER 4 - EXAMPLES OF FLOW PROBLEMS CRANE
 Ä- , l

Physical Properties of Fluids

and Flow Characteristics of
Valves, Fittings, and Pipe

APPENDIX A

Th e physicaJ properties of many commo nJ y used fluids

are requîred for the solution of flow problems. This
appendìx presents a ζompHatìon of 5uch properties obtained
from various reference sources. In those cases where the
information 밍ven by the sourζe reference is în lmperìal
um섭 this has been converted and ìs presented here in terrns
of SI units

Most texts on the subject of fluid mechanics cover in detaìl

the flow throu멍1 pipe , but the flow characteristics of valves
and fittings are given lít tJ e ‘ if any , attention , probably
because the ìnfonnation has not been avai1ablε This
appendα indudes a presentation of dat3 which provides a
basìs for calculatîng the resistance coefficient ‘K ’ for various
types of valves and fittings and the method of employing
thìs coefficient to obtain pressure drop or head 1055 through
valves and fittings is explained in Chapter 2

The Y ne t expansion factors for discharge of compressible

fluids from piping systems. which are presented here , pro-
vide rneans for a greatly simplified solution of a here1ofore
complex problem
 Ä.i> PENDI XA
A - 2 PHYSICAL PROPERT1ES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTER1ST1C$ OF VALVES , FITT NGS AND PIPE ’ CRANE

v ‘scosity of Water and Steam' - in centipoise ‘ μ )

Te。m
〔p. Pressure. Bar Absolute
l s !o 25 50 75 100 150 200 300 400 500 6 어O 700 입)lj

0 1.7 50 1.7 50 1.750 1.750 1.750 1.750 ì ι750 1. 740 1.7 40 1. 740 l ‘ 730 1. 720 l ‘ 720 1.710 1.710

50 .544 544 .544 544 ‘ 545 .545 .545 546 546 .547 .548 .549 .550 i ‘ 551 552
100 .012 .279 .279 .280 .280 .280 281 .282 ’ .283 .285 287 .289 1 ‘ 291 293 .295
150 014 181 .181 182 182 .183 .183 .184 .186 188 ì .190 192 I .194 197 199
200 .016 .016 .016 .134 .135 ‘35 .136 .137 .138 140 143 145 148 .150 152
250 018 .018 .018 .018 107 .108 ‘ 108 110 lH .113 .116 .118 .121 123 .126
300 .020 .020 .020 .020 .020 020 .090 092 .093 .095 .098 .1 0\ .103 .106 108
350
375
022
023 .023 .023 .024 .024 .024 .025 í .026
.073 .078
.%6
’i .082
』7Z
.085 1 .087 1 .089
』76 i 』79 l .082
‘ 091

.085
.029"
400 .024 .024! .024 ‘ 025 025 ‘ 025 .026 i .027 .029 ‘여6 .063 I .069 1 .074 i .077 I .080
425 ‘ 025 025 ‘ .025 .026 .026 .026 ’ ‘ 027 028 .029 ‘ 034 .05o : -%1 .067 .071
I
.075
450 026 .026 .026 .027 .027 .027 I .028 .028 030! .033 041) .052 ‘ 060 .065 .069
475 .027 .027 .027 .028 .028! .028 ‘ 029 .029 .030 1 .033 .038 .046 .053 .060 I .064
500 ‘ 028 .028 .028 I .029 .029 .029 .029 .030 .031 .033 I .037 .042 .048 .054 .060
550 030 .030 .030 .031 .031 031 .031 I .032 .033 .ü3 5 .037 .040 ‘ 044 048 053
600 .032 .032 .033 .033 .033 .033 .033 .034 .034 .036 .038 .040 .043 .046 049
650 .034 .034 .035 .035 .035 .035 .035 .036 036 .038 .039 041 043 .045 .048
700 .036 .037 .037 .037 I .037 1 .037 I .03 τ .038 .03암 .039 쁜L 여2 , .여~연[ 갯 8
Notes. (1) Th e entry shown for D""C and 1 bar rciates to a metastable lîquid state. Th e stahle state is here $'야 id
(2) @ Critical poinι 374.15 C , 22 1. 2 bar
Q

Source of data: NEL Steam Tables 1964 (HMSO , Edlnburgh )7

 APl'ENDIX A
CRANE ‘
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLU DS AND FLOW CHARACTERIST!CS OF VALVES , F!TTINGS AND P1PE A - 3

Viscosity ofWater and

Li quid Petroleum Products

4000
3000 20
21

2000 19
18\

1000
!\ j
1, Ethane {C::.H 긴
80 。
2. Propane (C 3 Hg l
600

“\ \ 3. Butane (C 4 H IO )
400
300
16
“‘ ‘ 、 1\ 4. Natura! Gasolîne

5. Gasolíne
i\
200
‘\ l\ l\ 6‘ Water

100
13 l\ l \\ \ \ l\ 7. Kerosene

00 8. Distillate

60 9 ‘ 48 Oeg. API Crude

4。
12 n \ \ ‘
10. 40Deg API Crude

aCuL
”。 3。
\ \ \\ !\ i\ 11 ‘ 35.6 Oe9. AP Crude‘
20
‘ \1~\ \ \\ \
\’ \i ,2. 32.6 oe딩. API Crude
“gIQj 14 \、 \
\‘\ 'l.. 、k
‘
13. 5a t Creek Crude
c
NK \ \
〉g잉- 10
10 i'\ \!\i
'4 ‘ Fue! 3 (Max ‘}
8
15. Fuel S Min .l‘
6
해;
> 16. SAE 10 Lube (1 00 V. 1.l
A
，~\ \ \ !\ \ K
그
3
9\j
;、‘ F\ K‘ ?\!
、 1\ '7. SAE 30 Lube 1100 V. 1.l

7 、\ 、、 \ N \ F\ \j\ j\ F\‘ \ j 18. Fue! 5 íMax 10'

Fuel 6 (Mìn.)
‘
2
6\ r\l K\ r、 F\ i\F\| \ F\ 、、

'9 ‘ SAE 70 Lube 섭 00 V. !J

\f j \ μ\!
1.0 1-- 5
F\ \X\ K ‘ SR싱 \
N 20. Bunker C Fue! (Max.) and
M.C. Resìduum
8
21. Asphalt
6
t- 1 、、
「、
4
4\、! ‘「,-,....:::,., F、 f、 ~、
3
3 、
h、 1 시 •‘ h
、거、j，、
2 Adapted from data ex-
1'--- 「、 ‘、
、‘
2、 ..... 아 F、
’ l ‘ j、h
tracted from BibHography
referencεs 8 , 12 and 23

1
F、 h、

OB 1
06

04 \ .i.1
03 t__LJ __ J i j ; I ‘
260 30 。 400 50 。 600 700 800

T - Temperature in k잉 vins {KI

Example ‘ Fìnd the viscosity of water at 60" C

Solution: 60 0 C = 273 + 60 = 333 K
、이sιosìty of water at 333 K = 0 .4 7 centîpoìse (cur、'e 6)
 APPENO XA ’
A --4 PHYSH3AL"PR0f'ERTJ-ES-ÐF -f- LυlÐ5 -ANÐ -F l.OVγ e+tARι 。τEHlsneSüF VALVES:"FlTTfNGS A f"IO FJ1PE CHANε

Viscosity of Various Li quids

10
6.0)~

5.0

4.0

3.0 •

2.0

1U
9
8
영-。

?
g;Iφ드Q、〉:”。잉-

l
4

3
주 ~
그〉

o
09
찬r
x j f l
• 08
o
7t J 1 \、 」 」J- 1

06 ~
1i
{피 f
o

o
l f
rT
03
40 -20 o 20
+•
4。 50 80
f j

100
'1 120 140
4

160 180

t • Temperature , in degrees Ce!sius {"Cì

소 Carbon Dioxide .. CO 2
정‘ AmmonÎa .. N 뻐 3 9. Ethyl AfcohoJ ↑ 6ι10% Sodíum Ch!orÎde Bγine. .10 짧 I\laCJ
3.
4,
Meth암 Chloride .CHsCI
Sulphur Dioxìde . S02
10 、 ’
lsopropyl A cohol 17 20% Sod 셀Iτ1 Ch 비강 de Brine
‘ ‘ 20% NaCi
••

11. 20% Sulphurlc Acid ‘ ‘ 깅 0% H1S0~ 18. 10% Ca!cíum ChlorÎde Brine ... 10% CaCμ
5‘ Freon 12 .. F.12 ‘ ••• 12 Dowtherm E
‘ 19. 20% Calcium cr야 oride Brine’ 20% CaCi o
“

6. Freon 114 .. F^114 13 Dowtherm A

‘

7. Freon 11. .F 11 ‘ 14. 20% Sodium Hydγ。x 벼 e. 20% NaOH Example: The viscosity'of ammonía ;l[
8. Freon 113. F-113 • > 15 생 ercury
‘ QOC is 0.15 centipoise

Adapated from data extracted from Bibliography references 5 , 8 , 11

 Af'f'E NDI X A
CRANE ’
PHYS1CAL PROPERT ES OF FLUIDS AND FLDW CHARACTERIS Tl CS OF VALVES ‘ FITTINGS AND PIPE A 5

Viseositγ 。f Gases andVapours

Viscosity of Various Gases

The curves for hydrocarbon vapours and natural 042
gases in the çhart at the upper rîght are adapted
from data taken from Maxwell 1s the curves for 040
!/T'
17 4/각
ν

「기
‘
a11 other gases (except helíum~) in the chart are
‘ 03B
based upon Sutherland’s fonnula , as follows •/
/ \ / \
036
- " 며」낀 /주 3/2 ν /
1/ /
i「T! 4-
μ
~， \ T + C! \ T , I 034
v v f-j/
\ / \ / @2 j
L끼
where
ι / fγ

∞잉。a-

떠
O /
VISCOS1t y , in centipoise at tem- ν:"r> v 1/ v
따
‘Z@니 Z--
μ B

μ。
perature T
viscosity. in centîpoìse at tem~ 밍
5 V/ 7# 1/v Sg'"
’ /' NH ,
Sg ~
,5 、
\
.. 75 --;>,
ι ~ !0'양/ ν ι1 ‘ιι
〉g-

밍
perature T o 4 Sg".00' I
”。Q@〉

μ1>↓/
T absolute temperature , in Kelvin ~γγν
띠

2 ’ HYQ Fi。
ζAR80N
(273 + C) , for which viscosity is
-

ι VVI/ ιr'l
0 VAPOR
띠

/ζ ^N 。
required 0 NATURAL
그

￠“ rVJγ y 1，-7
ι/ GASES
T。 absolute temperature , în Kelvin , mg
l!Yj<J~
for which viscosity is known ‘
016
% H:
C ; Sutherland’ s constant
‘ 014
ν!ι ιι ...-'
아
Note ‘ The varîation of vîscositv‘
with vressure
ìs smaH for most gases. For gases given on this
i

012 L/
'l' v ι

page , the correction of viscosìty for pressure îs •..../ ν

ν/
----
010
less than 10 per cent for pressures up to 35 bar
。OB
o
v 100 200 300 400 500
I I
t - Temperature , in degrees Cefsius
Fluid Approxîmate
Values of “ C"
O
A
i 127
ιu

120 ViSCO$ity of Refrigerant Va pOun

N

m
i 111
019
‘
saturated and 5upemeated vapcuπ)
α

240
mw
118 。 18
416
017
NH J 370
Rl 72 5
@@5Q;z@Q m
m5
m4
‘}t
ζ
--〉〕←;。니

m3 ?J
i
l--ι?1

m2
m1
l
그 잉〉

Upper charl example: The v1 scosity of sulphur o

1
dioxide gas (SO ,) at 100" C ;, 0.0162 centipoise
009
Lower chart example ‘ The viscosîty of carbon
dioxide gas (CO ,) at about 300C is 0 .Dl 52 OOB
cen t1 poise 007
40 -2。 o 20 40 60 80 100
t - Temperature , in degrees Ce S!US ’
 APPENO!X Ä
A - 6 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLU ‘。 S ANO FLOW CHARACTER!ST!CS OF VALVES , F!TT1NGS AND PIPE CRANE

Physicai Properties of Water

Teonf1PWeaIateturre Saturation SVp이ecliimfiec

Pressure

I p' Vx ]0'

Cu bic Decimetres KCiluobg1rcam

Mseip1eer
DCeegisrielless Bar Absolute per Kilogram

.OI .006111 \.0001 999.8

5 .008719 \.0001 999.9
10 .012271 \.0003 999.7
15 .017041 \.0010 999.0
20 .023368 1.0018 998.1
25 .031663 \.0030 997.0
30 .042418 \.0044 995.6
35 .056117 1.0060 994.0
40 .073750 1. 0079 991.1
45 .09581 1. 0099 990.2
.12335 1.0121
50
55
60
15740
.19919
‘
\.0 45
\.0171
988‘ 0
985.7
983.2
65 .25008 1. 0199 980.5
70 .31160 \.0118 977.7
75 .38547 \.0258 974.8
80 .4 7359 1.0290 971.8
85 .57803 1. 0314 968.6
90 .70109 1. 0359 965.3
95 84516 1.0396 96 1.9
100 1.01325 1.0435 958.3
IlO 1.4316 1.0515 95 1.0
120 1.9853 1.0603 943.1
130 2.7011 1.0697 934.8
140 3.6136 1.0798 926.1
150 4.7597 1.0906 916.9
160 6.1805 \.1021 907 .4
170 7.9203 1. 1144 897.3
180 10.0271 1. 1275 886.9
190
200
‘2.552
15.551
1.1 4 5
1. 1565
‘ 876.0
864.7
225 25.504 1.1991 833.9
250 39.776 1.2512 799.2
275 59.49 1.3168 759.4
300 85.92 1.4036 712.5
325 120.57 1.5 289 654.1
350 165.37 1.741 574 .4
374.15 22 1. 20 3.170 315.5

To convert Specific Voîume from cubκ decimelres per kilogram (dm'jkg)

to cubìc metres per kìlogram (mJjkg) 이 vide values in table by 10 3

‘
To conven Density from ki ograms per çubîc metre (k밍m 3) to ki10grams
per 1itrε (kg/lítre) divide va1ues in tab1e by 10'

Specific gravity of water at 15ιC = 1.00

Data on pressure and voìume abstracted from UK National Engincering

Laboratory “ Steam Tables 1964’ with pem11ss1on of HMSO
 APPEND XA ‘
CRANE PHYS1CAL PROPERT!ES OF FLU !D S AND FLOW CHARACTER 녕꺼 CSOFVALVES ， FITTIN뎌S AND PIPE A=7
•

미
(
{υ
잉

m
•
]
ι。@ 움

%
」φμm~5

%
S
{〕잉
ε」

U
…」
￡

) “
φ」『R
」 」

야
mgEφ
「l

>
Eq M

s
:。 ι。 〉--m〉

M
1
「-

•
싸，，，f

j
」m〕

。j
‘-T
니

Q;-upam ‘
-rp
。a
」l

·t
I
j
←1

’
l

1
잉매
억

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
C'}: H6 "" Ethane t - Temperature. in Degrees Ce!sÎus
C3H~ "" Propane iC‘ H 10 -= Isobutane
c ‘ HJ (i "" Butane iC s H12 "" Isopentane
To find the density in kilograrnsfcubic metre of a petroJeum oil at íts flowing
Example: Th e specific gravity of an temperature when the specific gravity at 60 Ff60 F (1 5.6 Cf15.6 C) is known~
。 ìl at 15.6 C s 0.85. Th e specific ‘ multiply the specific gravity of the oil at flowing temperature (see chart above)
gravity at 50 C:= 0.83 by 999 , the density of water at 60 F (1 5.6 C).

Density and Specific Gravity* of Various Li quids

짧

Li quid Temp.
‘wQ Lîquid Temp. Density Specific
G.ravity
s
t p S
인

F
펀-t
。

-o
-2 C 뾰i띤3
Acetone
m
Ammonia ‘ Saturated
m 0.792 Mercury
Mercury
4o -6.7 13612 ! 13.623
0.656 6o 13584 13.596
끄끄

4 .4
Benzenε 0.899 Mercury 8o 15.6 13 55í l13 568
Brine , 10% Ca Cl 1.091 Mercury 26.7 13530 13.541
Brine , 10% Na C1
E - 0o
m 1.078 Mercury 13.514
Bunkers C Fuel Max ” 10 71. 1
1013.2 1. 014 Mì1k 9
I1
37.8 13 502
f
”이

Carbon Disulphìde 129 1.1 1.292 Olive Oil 59 15.0 I 917.9 0.919
Distillate 848.8 0.850 Pentane 15.0 I 623.1 0.624
% 60
Fuel3 Max % 897 .4 0.898 SAE 10 Lube l1 60 15.6 875 .3 0.876
FuelS Min % 964.8 O‘ 966 SAE 30 LubeH 6o 15.6 897 .4 0.898
Fu e1 5 Max
Fue! 6 Min
m 99 1.9
99 1.9
0.993
0.993
SAE 70 Lubeii
Salt Cκ;ek Crude
6o 15.6
15.6
915.0
84 1.9
0.916
0.843
6o
Gasoline
Gasoline , Natur a1
%
M
%
749 ‘ 8
679.5
0 ‘ 751
0.680
32.6" API Crude
35.6'" API Crude
6o
6o
‘5.6
15.6
I
I
86 1.3
845.9
û.862
0.847
Kerosene
M. C. Residuum 934.2
m EJ4.5 0 ‘ 815
0.935
40" APl Crude
48" API Crude
6o 15.6
15.6
I
I
824.2
787.5
0.825
0.788 I
‘
*L quid at specified temperaωre re!at ve to water at
τ Milk has a den‘ îty of 1028 to 1035 kgjm"
‘ 15Æ"C (6û"F) Va!ues în abovε table are based 00 mithsonian
Physica! Tabies. Mark's Engineers' Handbook and
’
1 00 Viscosity lndex l~NelsOfl ‘ s Pelrol E'um Re:fIneη Engin t' ering
 AWENfHXA
A - 8 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLU 1DS AND FLOW CHARACTER1ST CS OF VALVES. FITTINGS AND ‘ PIPε CRANE

Physical Properties of Gases

‘Approximate values ot 20 0C and 1.01325 barl

Cp = specifîc heat at constant pressure

C
v = spεcific heat at constant volume

Name
(j f
Gas
! | | ! l
m℃꾀 APPI야
Fonnula I Molecu-
lar
&nsiw 摩nc Indi-
I k g/m 3 ! GI3"찌 ty I vidu a!
ReJa- Gas
Specifk Heat
atRoom
Temperature
Heat Capaciη
per C，! þi~ Metre
11m 3 K
T
equal
to
구기

Symbol Weì양\t ! tìve ! Cons an'

I toAir i JlkgK
‘ llkgK μp/Cv

MI p Cψ

mm웹 )쩨뼈짧
Sg R C
P
: C
P
C.,
"V

Acetylene (ethyne) C1 H 2 320 1465 I 1601 1231 ! 1.3 0 I

Air
,
26.0
29.0
1. 0925
1. 2045
0.907
1.000
I
I 287 1009 I 12 5 ‘ 868! 1.40

펌點찌
A.m monia NH 17.。 0.7179 0.596 I 490 I 2190 I 1572 1191 1.32
Argnn A 39.9 1.6610 1.379 208
건ξ」 862 펀 1.6η
n.Butane 143 1654 4118 3710
‘εCO없"
58.1 2.4 897 2.067
Cat bon dioxide 44.0 1.8417 1.529 189 I 858 1580 1216
Carbon mono x. ide 28.0 1. 1648 0.967 297 1017 1185 846
Chlorine I CI , 70.9 2.9944 2.486 481 1440 1084

「~뻐”시씨
끊쿄f

편3편혈혈i
Et hanc c.... H. 30.0 1.049 2042 1674
Et hylene C~H: 28.0 1. 1744 α975 1967 1612
Hclium He 4.0 0.1663 0.1381 870 524
Hydrogen Chloridc HO 1222
36.5
μ프} 1. 268 866

뻐
씨없-
nμ “
%
Hydrogen H., 2.0 0.0837 0.0695 %

h찌Jm
n“
Hy<\r앵e끼 잉Jlphide I H;S 34.1 1.4334 1.1 90

m -뻐
Methane I C f{~

ι이
16.0 0.6673 0.554 n
,

때뼈뼈않삐
Methyl Ch10ride I CH CI 50.5 2.1500 1. 785

껴쩌씨죄
-~% {

! o8034
뚫 | :짧 ) 웰 ”
Natural gas (,) 19.5 0.667 u Mm
Nitric o :x.‘de 30.0 1.2491 1.037 u %%
Nitro양n 28.0 1.1 648 0.967
Nîtrous oxide 44.0 1.8429 1.5 30

Ox ygcn I 0 , 32.0 1.3310 1.1 05 909 1210 1.40

Propan c- C:H~ 44‘ l 1.8814 1.562 1645 3095 1.15 I
Propcne propylcnc I C~H:
““
Sulp r dioxide SÓ l ‘ j
42.1
64.1
1.7477
2.7270
1.451
2.264
1499
645
2620
1759
1.14
1. 26 I
I

(a) Repr8sentative valu잉; exact characteristics requìre knowledge of exact constitutents

Notes. TO GòÞ‘ n density ‘a1ues at 15 0C , 1.01325 bar , multiplY tablε va1 ues by 1.0174.
Wh ere the Kelvin (K) appears in the above tableit may be replaced by the degree Celsîus (o C) Le. kJjkg K may be written kJ/kgOC
Values of Molec띠ar Weight , Spεcific Gravity , Individual Gas Constant and Specific Heat abstracted from or based on Table 24
ín Mark~s “ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers" , Seventh Edition , 1966 - app :roxirnate values adapted from a number
。f sources. :n

yalues of pensities obtained by multiplying density of dry air at 20"C, 1.01325 bar , by spcdfic gravity of gas, 1.c. 1. 2045 x Sf'
Density of air , from "Th ermodynamic and Transport Properties 01' F1 uîds" , Y. R. Mayhew and G. F. C. Rogers, 1972. 14
 APPEND1X A
CRANE PHYS!CAL PRQPERTIES OF FLU!DS AND FLOW CHARACTER !ST!CS 。 F VALVESι F!TTl NGS AND P1PE A-9

Steam - Val lJl1sof Isentropìc Exponent , γ "

。。‘
r-- __
--

。。”
T î
、、、、
다--
F---=-::- --‘-、 ~ •~ 1 、、
\\! a

。
”
1

“‘ 、‘ ‘ ‘、~‘ 、‘ 、、
\
l\、
、、
---‘-
F\\ ~: \\ r 、\‘ /

。。
•
x

。@
、 、
、

A \ /) 。

-:3∞:()Q
/
‘
’ / k 。

is-
‘/ 。

ι끼

닝ι-SEg-드‘@ζ〕
。

t ’/
‘
τ l n

」
@Q(@』그m」
L1-4} !
‘ ///7 ’! !
’
。

(깅
*

(gε=〉‘
α
@@
∞
/

∞‘그-。@끄〈
{z§
그
I
1
/ g。

Q§’「
/’

-。-)
깐
>
/1

띠료 %Ea
l 。
l
‘←~Î t

~ I / ff n
‘
g

E
;;
ap@::
/
‘ ’
'--+.'
’
l T ‘ Y
:ζπE

§l
Q%ε ”-

없
。 -성
。

I iI
@
。

’ ’
。

[
。

1 싫’
「S‘ I
“
。

I I

;l1l i l ii ii
-。

,
”이

η 。~ @ ιn f
”
[ [
”
[ [ M “ N N c、 R
” -
~ua Li odx3 :l ~dOl lU asl ι
 A-P.pεNQ~X， A

A - 10 PHYS!CAL PROPERT!ES OF FLUIDS ANO FLOW CHARACTER!ST!CS OF VALVES , F!TT1NGS AND PiPE CRANE

Densìty and Specific Volume

Of Gases and Vapours

The chart on page A-ll is based on 버e fonnula

MRSσ
p - iOsp/ 12 03MP ’Sg 349p ’Sg 1 ν I pv
- --- - p
RT T T

where: p ’ =1. 013+p ’

T=273 + t
Universal Gas Constant = 8314
Molecular weight of air::: 29
Problem: What is the densíty of dry CH‘ if the temperature ìs 40"'C and the gauge pre .s sure
is 1 bar?
Solution; Refer to the table on page A.8 fOI molecular wei 양1t ， specific gravity or indi
vidual gas constant ‘ Connect 519 of the R scale with 40 00 the tempera tuæ sεa1 e ， t , and
mark the intersection with the index scale. Connect this poînt with 1 on the pressure
sc외e ， p. Read the answer , 1.24 kilograms per cubic metre , 00 the density sc외ζ P

。ensi tY of Air

[}ensity of Aîr ìn Küograms per Cubic Metre

FOf" Pressures. În Bär Gaugε lndicated
{Hascd on an 잉 mo-spheric pressure of 1.013 25 bar and 1.1 molecular ‘ "eight of 28.97)

Air Oensity T abJe

The table 3t the left is calculated for the perfect gas
‘
law shown at the op of the page. Correction for
super--c ompressibility , the deviation from the perfect
gas law would be less than three percent and has not
j

been applied.
The density of gases other than 3ìr can be detennìned
from this table by multiplying the density lísted for
air by the specìfic gravity of the gas relative to aìr , as
listed in the tables on page A-8
 APPENorx A
CAANE PHYS\CAL PROPERT!ES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTER1STICS OF VALVES , F1TTINGS AND PIPE A -11

Dells~tyand Specific Volume

of Gases and Vapours - continued

R Sg
0.35
800

ρ V
24 4
0 .4
70 。
‘
ndex 3 p
3 o
4

60。
5 z
0.5 6
15
7 0.5
B
50。
g
1
0.6
9 1.0
ε
g 잉

@」←
7 당 T r

pF
20 6 X 100
0.7 」 370
QER
400 2 5 움
이
m z
]
•‘
」@다이E@」@。

4 80
잉 350
‘」
ε E x
c。 0.8 3 g 잉 u
‘"” :.õ
ss= “
3 그
g
띠

g 6。 응
〉←-〉

m 3

ω@그m@
매

g -
4
I I
"E 움
:i

t - 0.
」판 (그
ψ잉」

- E 5 2 응 。， 디〉
30。 u-tupgm r- 」

.;!
4 :‘
‘〉rS。

6 그 40 P
-= ro
ro m 。
g @

ζ-‘@」「@야띠
」
그 「 7 그 @
>
율 30- 흔 ζL
g Q
용 30。 E 5
@

。.­ }
이
등 깅 g <
Q
2。 뉴
" 1O
1 좌 " 6

ι」
。g

08 7
07 o
273 8
。6

g
40 05
20
20。 10
.04
1. 5
30
03

40 15
50
5。 。2

15。
20
2.0
60

30
70 For application of (이~lt1.rt ， refer to the
2.5 explanation on the prιceding page

80 Molec.μ larweight , specific gravity , and individual

2.8 constants for vaiηηus gases are glνιn on page A-8
100
 >
l
i
N

Chemical Composition b

I〈ω
Percent by Volume

Type of Gas
,
Hydro-I Carbon 1 Meth- 1 Ethane' Prop- Pent- 1 Butane 1 Ethyl- Ben-
zme
Oxygenl Nitro- I Carbon
gen Diox-
SGpIecific
avify
relatìve
-np

「
gen I Mon- 1 ane 1 ane 'anes 1 1 ene
oxidc and ide to Air 1m
s.

。 1π1녁 -mm。 --「ε

above
1 1 Natural Gas , Pittsburgh 83 .4 15.8 0.8 0.61
•-2 I Producer Gas frorn ßiturninous
14.0 27.0 3.0 0.6 50.9 4 .5 0.86
Coal
3 I ßI.,‘ t Furnace Gas 1.0 27.5 60 , 0 1 1. 5 1.02
mRn;-n

41 ßlue Water Gas from Coke 47.3 37 , 0 1.3 0.7 8 .3 5 .4 0.57

〈。-Ejm『
-[]

m
P

m『야〈.。
51 Carbureted Water Gas 40 , 5 34 ,0 10.2 6.1 2,8 0.5 2.9 3,0 0 , 63 Z
D

끼「。〈‘
61 Coal Gas (Con t. Vertical
Retorts) 54 .5 10.9 24.2 1.5 L3 0_2 4 .4 3.0 0 .42

@
S n。
p

--πz。-〉〈
。I
흔{
7 I Coke-Oven Gas 46 , 5 6.3 32.1 3, 5 0.5 0.8 8.1 2.2 0 ‘ 44
t-,..,

*
g
p

mqg。

mp。→mm -ω
1
81 Refinery Oil Gas (Vapollf
13 .1 1.2 23.3 2 1.7 0 .1

。”
Phase) 2 1. 7 39.6 1.0 0.89 >

ε
mg iC
1----

。
9 I Oil Gas , Pacific Coast 48.6 12.7 26 .3 2.7 1.1 0.3 3.6 4.7 0 ‘ 47

그
•~•

→*
” m

야
1‘ ypical North Sea Gases nm

그g
깐
- μ→ ω。

。끼
10 West Sole 94.0 3 .3 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.2 0‘ 5 0.594
f---- <
P
11 Le man Bank 94.8 3.0 0.6

「〈mm --」
0.2 0.2 1.2 0.0 0.588
12 Indefatigable 9 1.4 3.6 0.9 0 ‘2 0 .4 3.0 0.5 0.609 ’
13 Hewett (Lower Bunter) 92.6 3.6 0.9 0.3 0 .4
_._- 2.2 0.0 0.603

1
녁 -z
t-
14
L반:we띤UPI깐견untl덴‘--‘ 8 1.9 6.0 2.5 0.2 0‘ 4 8.9 0.1 0.657 nm
15 Víki l1g p
90.8 4.3 1.1 0.3 0‘ 5 2.5 0.5 0.616

z。
"'Re! “ tivc Density ---m
Ga$iC~ 1 to 9 reprodtlced by permîssion from ‘ Mechanical Engineers' Handbook’ by L S Marks ,
5th Fditìon , McGraw 세 n Book Cornpany , 1nc. 13
n

며
Gascs 10 to 15 dahl cxtracted from a rcport p.r epared by a Working Group ofthe IGU on Gas lnterchangeability , May 1976 ,30
P
Z
m
 APPEN‘D{X A
CRANE PHYS!CAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIQS AND FLOW CHARACTER!STl CS OF VALVES , FITI!NGS AND PIPE A -13

PropertiesofSatllrated Steam
싫

8.1. Units
떠~

Soecific Ab s. I I SpeciÍlC
뼈 낼며

Press.. l T잉np. I Vol.

T빨 I d~않 Specific Enthalpy
-최l표-- 낀쓰上」으~띤쟁 l
Specifîc Enth a1 py
kJ/kg
t, IVg 간f l ]쩍 μ P s 1 ts Vg 껴f 강 hg
45.833 I 14674.6 I 19 1.8 2392.9 I 2584.8 6.0 158‘ 838 I 315.47
6.2 I 160‘ 123 I 305.85 I
67 0.4
’ I 2085.0 I 2755.5 I
2080 ‘ 9 I 2756.9 I
매띠매

60.086 I 7649.8 ì 25 1.5 2358 .4 I 2609.9 676.0

69.124 I 5229.3 I 289.3 2336.1 I 2625 .4 6.4 16 1.3 76 I 296.81 681~ 2076.8 2758.2
75.886 I 3993 .4 317.7 2319.2 I 2636.9 6.6 162.598 I 288 .3 0 686.8 1 2072.1 ! 2759.5 I
6.8 i 163.791 I 280.27 692.0 2068.8 i 2760.8

3240.2 2646.0 7.0 164.956 I 272.68 697.1 2064.9 2762.0 I

273 1.8 2653.6 7.2 i 166.095 I 265.50 I 702.0 I 206 1.1 I 2763.2 i
2364.7 2660.1 7.4 i 167.209 I 258.‘. 70 706.9 205 7.4 I 낀
2 76
“ 4ι.3 I
2087.0 2665.8 7‘.6 I 168.300 I 252.2갱4 I 711.7 2053.7 I 킨2 765 .4
I I 246.10 I 716.3 2050ι’.1 27π‘
f66.4

;3r짧
1869.2 2670.9 7.8 169.3 68

;평철 f
1693.7 2675 .4 8.‘,,0 I 170α1.41“5 I 24
애 0.26 1 7η20.9 20
띠~6.5 .1 2767.5
1549.2 2679.6 8.‘. 2 I 171ι141 I 234.69 i 725 .4 2043.0 I 2768.5 I
1428.1 268 3.4 8.4 I 17 2. 448 I 229.38 ! 729.9 I 2039.6 2769 .4
1325.1 2687.0 8.6 I 173 .4 36 I 224.30 734.2 2036.2 2770.4
1236.3 2690.3 8.8 I 174 .4 05 I 219.45 738.5 2032.8 277 1. 3

1159.0 467.1 2226.2 I

2693 .4 9.0 I 175니 358 I 214.81 I 74 2. 6 i 2029 .5 I 2772.1
109 1.1 475 .4 2220.9 ì 2696.2 9.2 J 17ι294 210.3 6 I 746니 8 I 2026.2 ! 2773.0
1030.9
977.23
483 ‘ 2
49 0. 7
‘ 2215.7 I 2699.。
2210‘ 8 I 270 1.5
9 .4 I 177.214 I
9.6 I 178.119 I
206.10
202.01
I 750.8
I 754.8
I 2023.0 2773.8
I 2019.8 I 2774.6
929‘ 00 497.8 2206.1 I
2704.0 9니 8 I 179.009 I 198.07 75 8. 7 I 2016.7 I 2775 .4

킨 낀 낀 낀 낀 =낀낀 낀 낀 낀
885.44 J 5 여 .7 “ I 10.0 179.884 194.29 762.6 2013.6
%J

재 이잉
120.231 220 2706.3
i l2l 780
123.270
845.90
809.89
511.3
517.6
2197.2 2708 .5
2193.0 I 2710.6
10.5
11 ‘ O
182.015
184.067
185.45
177.38
772.0
78 1.1
2005.9
1998.5
A
”” j
J
523.7 2188.9 I 2712.6 11 .5 186.048 169.99 789.9 199 1.3

잉
124.705 776.81 j
126.091 746.45 529.6 2184.9 I 2714 .5 12.。 187.961 163.20 798.4 1984.3
{ TJ
돼

m7 A
…… %
mω

7 3
””
156.93
…? J
”쩌

2.5 I 127.4 30 218 1.0 2716 .4 12.5 189.814 806.7

없 엄
I 128.727
6%
……… 9
13.0 19 1.609 151.13 814.7
…J
0 A
씨μ”씨

2.6 2177.3 2718.2 %6

6% 2 m4
2.7 129.984 6 “% mA
2173 ‘ 6 2719.9 13.5 193.350 ‘ 145.74 822.5

A
。
않

2.8 I 13 1.203 2170.1 272 1.5 14.。 195.042 140.72 830.1 1957.7
π

3
6
-… 3
“

@@
ι9 I 132.388 2166.6 2723.1 14.5 196ι688 136.04 837.5 1951.4
-“끄

)
I --• I I
-6
% m
-A -→←냐
I “
없 꾀해

2163.2 I 2724.7 844.7 1945.2 2789.9

3.0 133.540 15.0
’
198.289 131
찌 t

5% J
I 3.1 134.661 I m 2159.9 I 2726.1 15 .5 199.8 50 I 127.55 851 ‘ 7 1939.2 2790.8
‘ l 5%
5 ””
mj 3
2156.7 2727 ‘6 16 ‘ o I 20 1.3 72 i 123.69 858.6 1933.2 279 1. 7
씨

3·2 l l35-753 j
3.3 I 136.819 I 2153 .5 2729.0 16 .5 202.857 1 12α05 865 .3 19 27. 3 2792‘ 6
5 mm m“ 9
3.4 137.858 I 2150.4 2730.3 17.0 1 204.307 i 116니62 87 1.8 1921.5 279 3.4
섭없끄

n4 m %
I 3니 5 I 138.873
”…” 2147.4 273 1.6 17.5 205.725 I 113.38 878 .3 1915‘ 9
ι
”

0 %
884.6 1910.3

￠6 평8“ ’
2144 .4 2732.9 18.0 207.111 110.32
7M %
3.7 I 140‘ 835 214 1.4 2734.1 18.5 208 .4 68 I 107.41 890.7 1904.7
3.8 I 14 1.784
”%5 m %%
213 8.6 2735.3 19.0 209.797 I ‘04.65 896.8 1899.3
mω
야

“
3 m %
I I

편
3.9 I 142.713 2135.7 2736 .5 19.5 21 1.099 10 2.0 3 902.8 1893.9
---뉴←←-- {-f
치

-→낙
낀낀낀낀낀

n 0
죄낀깅

fS
20.o} 2I2375 ! 99336 j 908.6 188 8.6
143.623
145.390 I
n 5 %8
2 1.0 I 214 ‘ 855 I 94.890 I 920.0 I 1878.2
씨

n --J 9
147.090 I nU %9 22.0 I 217.244 J 90.652 I 93 1. 0 i 1868. J
148.729 I nUJ %J 23.0 ! 219.552 I 86.769! 94 1.6 I 1858.2
150.313 24.0 22 1. 783 I 83.199 I 95 1.9 1848.5
씨
기

킨 킨 낀 낀낀

WA 3
15 1.844 25.0 223.943 79.905 962.0 I 1839.0
n j
’
띠

%3
153 .3 27 26.0 226.0 3ï 97 1.7 I 1829.6
애잉

76.856
“m %J 9

3싫網
228.071 74.025 98 1. 2 1820.5
154.765
156.161
m%j
m% 3
! 3
%0
27.0
28.0 230.04 7 7 1.3 89 I 990.5 I 181 1. 5
68.928 I 1802.6
L.:펀 157.518 29 ‘ 0 231.969 999.5

Refe-r to page A-14 for unîts and notatíons

 APPENU1XT-í
A - 14 ’
PHYSICAL PROPERT ES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERIST!CS OF VALVES , F!TTINGS AND P1PE CRANE

Properties of Saturated Steam

S. 1. Units - continued

PAIebsss. }l Temp ’
SpVecaific Specific EnmaXpy RAebss Temp. Spvg。
Cllf.lc Speclfic Elimalpy ‘j
bar
Y
"';;&ë . I d~’13U/·kg - 잉/않 b앙 。 c' I dm'/생 k31kg !
P~ I t s I Vg
30.0 I 233.841 I 66.626
h't
I 1008.4
hf g I h'g I p~ ts
í 1793.9 I 2802.3 I 90.0 I 303.306 J
얘
20.4 95 J
hf
1363.7
hfg
I 1380.9
’ “ g
2744.6

빼
3 1.0 I 235.666 I 64.4 67 1017.0 I 1785.4 I 2802.3 I 92.0 I 304.887 I 19.964 1372.8 I 136 8.6 I 274 1.4

i 32.0 I 23 7.4 45 I 6ι439

33 0 i 239183
34.0 ’
갱α881
60529
58.728
i 1025 .4
IO33 7
1여1.8
I 1776.9
l7686
I 1760 3
I 2802 .3 I 94.0 i 306.443 I
1 2802 3 96 0 { 307973 }
2802.1 I 98.0 i 309.479 1
19.4 55
l8%5
18.494
I 1381.7
l3906
I 1399.3
! 1356 .3
i
i 1331·9
I 2738.0
2734.7
273 1.2

35.0 I 242.541 57.025 I 1049.8 1752.2 I 2802.0 I 100.0 I 310.961 18.041 I 1408.0 1319‘ 7 I 2727.7
36. (j I 244.164 I 55.415 I 1057.6 : 1껴 4.2 I 280 1.7 I 104.0 I 313.858 I 17.184 I 1425.2 I 1295.3 I 2720.6
37.0 I 245.754 I 53.888 I 1065‘ 2 I 1736.2 I 280 1.4 I 108.0 I 316.669 I 16.385 I 1442.2 I 127 0.9 I 2713.1
38.0 I 247.311 I 5ι.438 1072.7 1 1728.4 I 280 1. 1 I 112.0 I 319 .4 02 I 15.639 - 1458.9 I 1246.5 I 2705 .4
39.0 248.836 5 1.061 1080.1 I 1720.6 28%.8 116.o I 322.059 I 14 940 1475·4 I 1222.o I 2697.4

40.0 I 250.3 33 !
49.749 I 1087.4 I 1712.9 I 2800.3 I 120.0 I 324.646 I 14.283 149 뼈 119 7.4 I 2689.2
4 1.0 I 25 1.800 J 48.500 I 1094.6 1705.3 2799.9 I 124.0 I 327.165 í 13.664 I 1508.0 I 1172.6 I 2680‘ 6
42.0 1 253.241 I 47.307 I 1101.6 1697.8 2799 .4 I 128.0 I 329.621 13.078 I 1524.0 I 1147.6 I 267 1.6
43.0 I 254.656 I 46.168 I 1108.5 1690.3 I 2798.9 I 132.0 I 332.018 I 12.523 I 1540.0 I 1122.3 I 2662.3
44.0 I 256.045 I 45.080 I 1115.4 I 1682.9 I 2798 .3 I 136.0 i 334.357 I 1 1.996 I 1555.8 I 1096.7 2652.5

45.0 1 257 .4 11 44‘ 037 1122.1 I 1675.6 I 2797.7 I 140.0 í 336，μI I 11.495 I 1571 .6 ! 1070.7 2642.4
46.0 잉8.753 I 43.039 I 1128.8 I 1668.3 I 2797.0 I 144.0 I 338.874 I 1 1.017 I 1587.4 I 1044.4 I 263 1.8
47.0 260.074 42.081 I 1135 .3 I 166 1. 1 I 2796.4 I 148.0 I 34 1.057 I 10.561 I 1603.1 1017.6 I 2620.7

써652 ‘ 성97.3
48.0 I 26 1.373 I 4 1.1 61 I 1141.8 I 1653.9 2795.7 I 152.0 I 343.193 I 10.125 I 1618.9 I 990.3 I 2609.2
49.0 I 40.278 I 1148.2 I 1646 8 j 2794.9 I 156.0 I 345.282 I 9.7072 I 1634.7 962.6

263.911 I 39 .4 29 1154.5 1639.7 2794.2 I 160.0 I 347 .3 28 I 9.3076 I 1650.5 I 934.3 앙 84.9 I
I 52.0 266 .3 73 I 37.824 1166.8 1625.7 I 2792.6 1164.0 I 349 .3 32 I 8.92481 1666 .5 905.6 2572.1

i‘
54.0 268.763 36 .3 34 I 1178.9 1611.9 2790.8 I 1~~.~ I ~5~.29~ I ~.5~3~ I 1683.0 873.3 2556 .3
56-0 17LO86 i34%7 II90』 I5982 2789.o I72·0 353·220 a.1912 I700·4 %2·6 g43.o
58.0 I 273 347 i 33.651 i 1202 3 1584.7 2787.0 Î76: (j I 355.106 7:
83951 171 7.6 811.1 I 2528.7

60.0 I 275.550 I 32.4 38 i 1213.7 157 1.3 I 2785.0 I 180.0 I 356.957 7.4 977 I 1734.8 I 778.6 251 3.4
62.0 I 2 77. 697 I 3 1.3 00 I 1224.8 1558.0! 2782.9 I 184.0 I 358.771 7.1647 I 1752.1 I 745.0 2497.1
64.0 I 279.791 I 30.230 1235.7 í 1544.9 2780.6 I 188.0 I 360.552 6.8386 I 1769.7 I 710.0 2479.7
66.0
68 0
í 28 1.837 I 29.223
283 835 28 272
1 1246.5
I257 0
153 1.9 1
l5l8 9
2778.3
2775 9
I 192.0
l96 0
I 362.301
364 107
6.5173
6 l979
I 1787.8
18% 6
I 673.3
634 2 | 갱40.7
I 2461.0

70.0 1 285‘ 790 27.373 1267.4 I 1506.0 2773 .5 I 200.0 I 365.701 5.8767 i 1826.5 I 59 1.9 I 241 8.4
72. 0 ! 287.702 I 26.522 ! 12 77. 6 I 1493.3 I 2770.9 I 204.0 I 367.356 J 5.5485 I 1848.1 I 545.2 2393.3
74.0 289.574! 25.715 I 1287.7 I 1480.5 2768 .3 I 208.0 I 368.982 I 5.2051 I 1872.5 I 491.7 I 2364.3
76.0 I 29 1.408 i 24‘ 949 I 1297.6 I 1467.9 2765.5 I 212.0 I 370.5 80! 4.8314 I 190 1.5 I 427 .4 I 2328.9
78.0 I 293 205 갱 22o I 1307.4 없‘3 I 2762.8 I 216.0 I 372.149 i 4.3919 I 1939.9 I 34 1.6 I 228 1.6 I

80.0 I 294.968 I 23 .5 25 I 1317.1 I 1442.8 I 2759.9 I 22αo I 373뼈 3.7279 I 2011.1 I 184 .5 2195.6 I
82.0 296.697 I 22‘ 863 I 1326.6 1430.3 I 2757.0
84.0 298.394 22.231 I 1336.1 ì 1417.9 I 2754.0 I 22 1. 2 I 374.150 I 3.1700 I 2107.4 I 0.0 I 2107 .4
86.0 300.060 2 1.627 1345.4 1405.5 2750.9
88.0 J 30 1.697 2 1.049 1354.6 I 1393.2 I 2747.8 I

‘ ‘
These tab es of propertìe) 。 f :saturateà and
S 미 perheated steam have beεn extracted
Units and Notation The followìng suffixεs are used for 5atura-
tion values
Quanl i! y SYffiQol Un 1t
from “ Steam Tables ìn SJ. Units •Th ermo-
Pressure p' bar OQ 5N!m "Z) abs
s saturat on ‘
dynamic Properties of Water and Ste-a rn"
Temperature Oc
f saturated liquid
by permissîon of the authors and pub g saturated vapour
Specific Vülume V dm 3!kg (1 0 • m .5 jkg)
lishers. the Central Eleιtrichy Generating fg evaporatìon increment
Sped í1 c Enthalpy h kJjkgα0 J/kg) 3

Board
Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure
+ 1. 013 bar approx
One bar.:::: lO S N!m 2 = 14.51brfín 2
approx
 APPENDIX A
CRANE PHYSICAL PROPERT!ES OF FLU lD S AND F LOW CHARACTERIS꺼 cs OF VALVESι FITTINGS AND PIPE A - 15

Properties of Superheated Steam

S. I. Units

Ab s. Sat. Total Temperature: Degrees Celsiu t'C ‘

Press Te。mcP-
baf
G ‘ 60 180 200 220 250 300 450 550 650

1. 0 ! 99.6 v
h
1983 ‘ 8
2796.2
2078.3
2835.8
2172.3 I~~~~.2 I~!~.!
2875.4 I 2915.0 i 2974.5
2638.7
3074.5 3175.6 I 3278.2
3334.0
338 2. 4
37%.5
3595.6
4258‘ 8
3815.7

1. 2 l여 .8 I v I 1650.5 1729.7 i 1808.4 I886 7 { 2003·7 2197.9 239l5 j E 없 .7 2777.7 3163 .4 3548 ‘ 7
3815.5
2874 .4 2914.1 1 2973.9 3074.0 3175.3 1 3277.9 3382.1 3595 .4

F! h I 2794.8 2834.6
1.4 1%3 l4lZ5 14807
h I 2793 .4 I 2833.5
1548.4
2873 .4
l6 I5·7 !
UI6 3
2913 .3 ! 2973.2
1883.0
3073.5
2049.1
3174.9
2214.9
3277.6
2380.4
3381 .3
2711.1
3595.2
304 1.5
3815 .4

1.8 116.9 v
h
1095 ‘ l
2790.5
1148.7
2831.1
120\.7
28 71. 5
1254.4
291\.7
1333.0
2971.9
1463.1
3072.6
1592.6
3174.1
1721.8
3277.0
1850.7
3381.8
2108.1
3594.9
2365.2
3815. ‘
2.2 123 .3 v 893.09 i
937 36 981.l3 1024.5 1089.1 1195.9 1302.1 1408.0 1513.6 1724.4 1934.9
h 2787.7 2828.8 1 2869.5 2910.0 2970.6 307 1.6 3173 .4 3276 .4 3380.8 3594.5 3814.8

} Z6 i IZ8 7 , ! 753.19
h I 2784.8
79 1.04
2826 .4
828.38 ‘ 865.34
2867.5 2908.3
92M7 i 1010 9 IlOLO
2969.2 I 3070.6 I 3172.6
i 119 0. 7
3275.8
128 0. 2
3380.3
1458.7
3594.1
1637.0
3814.5

I 3.0 m 5 v
h
l
i
i
650 57 683jZ
278 1.8 I 2824‘ 0
716 ‘ 35
2865.5
748 .5 9
2906.6 2%7.9 ‘I 8쩍
796μ 3069.7 ;I 9535Z
317 1.9
1031 .4
3275.2
1109.0
3379.8
1263.9
3593.7
1418.5
3814.2

I 4ιO 143 .6 V !
483.71 509.26
2774.2 I 2817.8
534.26
2860.4
558.85
2902. 3
595 ,4l.95 jj 654.85 il 7l3.85
2964.5 1 3067.2 I 3170.0
772.50
3273.6
830.92
3378.5
947.35
3592.8
1063.4
3813 .5 1

5.0 15 1.8 ’ v
h
383 .4 7
2766.4
404.51
2811 .4
424.96
2855.1
444.97
2898.0
474섹 522 58 570.o5
2961.1 1 3064.8 I 3168.1
i 617.16
3272.1
664.05
3377.2
757.41
I j59i~8 850.42
3812.8

6‘ 0 158.8 v
h
316.55
2758.2 2804.8 I 2849‘ 7
369.02
2893.5
i
393 91 434 39 ; 474 %
2957.6 I 3062.3 3166.2
513.61
3270.6
552.80
3376.0
630.78
3590.9 3812.1

7.0 165.0 v
2798.0 1 2844.2
314.75
2888.9
i i
33637o } 37I ‘ 39 l 405.7l
2954.0 1 3059.8 I 3164.3
439.64
3269.0
473.34 540.33
3589.9
606.97
3811.4
3374 ‘ 7
8.0 170.4 Y
h
{ 247%
279 1. 1
260.79
2838‘ 6
l
Z74 02 293 2I ; 324 l4 ; 354 34
2884.2 I 2950.4 I 3057.3 I 3162.4
384.16
3267 .5
413.74 472.4 9
3373 .4 I 3589.0
530.89
3810.7

9.0 175.4 v
h
217.71
2783.9
Z303z 2Q3l i
2832.7 ! 2879.5
장963 i
Z87 39 3I4 39
2946.8 I 3054.7 I 3160.5
j 34LOl 36739i
3265.9 ! 3312.1
419.73
3588.1
471.72
3810.0

10‘ 0 179.9 Y
2776.5
20532 2I633i
2826.8 I 2874.6
232 뛰 257.98
2943.0 I 3052.1
282.4 3
3158 .5
306.49 i 330.30
3264.4 I 3370.8
377.5 2
3587.1
424.38
3809 .3

11 』 , X84.Xhv 185.92 196.14

2820.7 I 2869.6
210.75 233.91
2939 .3 ! 3049.6
i
25628} Z78‘ 24 (l Z9936
3156‘ 6 3262.9 I 3369 .5
i
3458263.82 l 385-65
3586.2 i 3808.5

12.0 169‘ 23 178.80 192.4 0 213.85 23 4.4 9 I 254.70 I 274.68

2814.4 2864.5 2935.4 3046.9 3154.6 I 3261.3 I 3368.2 3585.2 I 3807.8

13.0 i9l.6 l1 vh 155.09 I 164.11 176.87 196.87 216.05 ! 234.7 253.28 289.85 I 326.07 i
2808.0 I 2859.3 293 1.5 3044.3 3152.7 3259.7 3366.9 3584 .3 I 3807.1

I4O j I95.o jA 142.94 ’

15 1.50
2801 .4 ! 2854.0
163.55
2927‘6
182. 32
304\.6
200.24
3150.7
217.72
3258.2
23435 l
26838
3365.6 ! 3583.3
302.66
3806 .4

16.0 1 20 1.4 v ,
130 98 I 14 1.8 7
2843.1 1 2919 .4
158.66
3036.2
174 .5 4
3146.7
189.97
3255.0
205.15
3363.0
235.06
358 1.4
264.62
3805.0
h
18.0 I 207.1 Vh Jj i ll436
zg3I.7
j IZ499 I40 24
Z9ILO l 3030 7
l54 55
3142 7
l6839
325L9
18 1.97
3360.4
208.6 8
3579.5
235.03
3803.6

I 20.0 ZIZA{1 vh 102.09 111.45 I 125 펙 138 56 15I 13

2819.9 1 290 2. 4! 3025.0! 3138.6 ! 3248.7
i 16 3.4 2 I 187.57
3357.8 I 3577.6
211.36
3802.1 ‘

22.o li 2i7 2 }i vh I 9 1.520 100.35 ~ 113 .4셔 l25 47 j n100 148.25 i 170.30 l9ZOO7l !
2807‘ 5 2893 .4 I 3019 .3 1 3134.5 I 3245.5 3355.2 3575.7 3800

{ 24 0 j 221 8 iE 9 1. 075
2884.2
103.36 I 114.55
3013 .4 I 3130.3
125.22
3242.3
135.61
3352, 6 3573.8 i 37

V"" specific volume , CU 잉 c decÍmetres per kîlogram

h'" speεîfi c: enthalpy μ 。 taJ he3t); k i1 ojoules per kilogram
Note. TO CO .i1 verl V dmJjkg to V m fkε dîvîde values ofv by 10 3
3
 APPENDIX A
A - 16 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLQW CHARACTER!STICS OF VALVES , F lTTINGS AND PIPE CRANE

Properties of Superheated Steam

S. 1. Units - continued

。a(:L1p.
Total Temperature: Degrces Celsius tOC
PArbeba$Is· i TS% i

260 280 340 460 I 500 550 650

26.0 226.0 V j 85.671 90.370 i

I26 8l 134 38 j I43 74 !~~:?~ I
27.0 228.1
h I 2903.0
v
h
2956.7

2898.7 I 2953.1
3 이)7 .4

9 1. 036
30여.4
I 3056.0 1 3103.0
95.199 99.232
3053.4 I 3100.8
3194.3 I 3283.5
107.03
3192.5
114.58
3282.。
i
3372.1 I 3460‘ 6 I 357 1.9
12 1.99 129.3 0 I 138.3 3
3370.8 I 3459.5 I 357 1.0
3797.9

3797.1
28.0 230.0 v 78.800 83.280 87.510 9 1.560 95.476 103.03 110.35 117.52 124.58 133.30 l5030 )
h 2894.2 2949.5 I 300 1.3 3050.8 3098.5 3190.7 3280.5 3369.5 3458‘ 4 I 3570.0 3796.4
75‘ 714 88.170 390L9967.82 99.315 106.41 113 .3 5 120.18 i 12 8.6 2 145.26 I
j h 2889.7 2945.8 ! 2998.2 3048.1 3188.9 3279.0 3368.2 3457.3 I 3569.1 3795.7
30.0 ‘ 233.8
h ! 2885.1
7τ124
2942.0
81.159
2995.1
85.005
3045 .4 3093.9 I 3187.0
102.73
3277.5
109.46
3367.0
i
116.08 !갱 26
3456.2 1 3568.1
!~~，J~ i
3795.0
3 1.0 235.7 v
h
70.125
2880.5
74.340
2938.2
78.287
299 1.9
82.043
3042.7 309 1.5 I 3185.2
99.286
3276.0
105.82
3365.7
112.24 120.17
3455.1 I 3567.2
!~~.7~
3794.3
I
32.0 23141 vh 67.587 i 71.727
2875.8 I 2934 .4
75.593
2988.7
79.264
3040.0 3089.2 I 3183 .4
96.058
3274 .5
102.41
3364.4
I
108.65 !!~:3
3454.0 I 3566.2
!~!._4~ !
3793.6
33.0 6258.7lL98O {! 69 269
2930‘ 5
73.061
29.855
76.652
3037.3 3086.8 I 3181.5
93.026
3273.0
99.200
3363.1
i
lO5 27 ll2 74
3452.8 ! 3565.3
127.4 5
3792.9
34.0 240.9 v 6 2. 945 I 66.954 70‘ 675 74.193 l
90.I7l 96.l83 m% 1l%-36 123.65
h 2866.2 I 2926.6 2982.2 3034.5 3084 .4 I 3179.7 372 1.5 1 3361.8 345 1.7 I 3564.3 3792.1
36.0
h i 2856.3
’
62.700 66·297
2918.6 I 2975.6
! 69 68l
3028.9 3079.6 3175.9
84.938
3268.4
90.652
3359.2
96.255 103.15
3449.5 I 3562.4
116.69
3790.7
55.082
2846.1
’
58.885 62 372 ! 653023.3
2910.4 I 2968.9
639 1 68 7% ?4 638
I 3074.8 I 3172.2
80‘ 255
3265 .4
85.702
3356.6
i
9 1.038 ?τ596 i
lI0.46
3447.2 1 3560.5 i 3789.3
5 716 55A4O F8 833 | 6l·9%
1. 76.039 8 1.247 104.86
2835.6 2902.0 I 2962.0 I 3017.5 3069.8 I 3168 .4 3263.3 3354.0 3445.0 1 3558.6 3787.9
42.O 253.2 vhh 4&8264548 1 52 3l4 1 55.625 !j 58.696 6l597 i 6m5 72. 224 77.216
2824.8 I 2893.5 I 2955.0 I 301 6 3064.8 I 3164 51. ‘ 3259.2 335 1.4 3442‘ 7 ! 3556.7 I 3786.4
44.0 256.0 v 45.853 1 49 .4 63 52.702 I 55.692 58.505 63 ‘ 779 68.755 73 .5 51 78.229 I 83없 95·I77 j
h 281 3.6 I 2884.7 2947.8 I 3005.7 3059.7 I 3160.6 3256.。 3348.8 3440.5 I 3554.7 I 3785.0
v 43.0227.8O i( 46.849 50 027 } 52344 55.679 I 60.785 65.587 70.204 74.702
h 2802.0 I 2875.6 2940.5 I 2999.6 3054.6 I 3156.7 3252.9 3346‘ 2 I 3438.2 3552.8 I 3783.6
48.0 26 1.4 Y
hl 2866.4
!
47 569 5OA2l
2933.1 ! 2993 .4
53.085
3049 .4
58‘ 040
3152.8
62.682
3249.7
61136 7l%9 i
3343 .5 ! 3435.9 3550.9 I 3782. 1
50.0 I 42.219 50.697 5545813 60.009 % 3I3 j 68494 73.602 83.559
2856.9 2925.5 2987.2 3044.1 3148.8 3246.5 3340.9 ! 3433.7 3549.0 3780.7
52.0 266 .4 V
2847.1 2917.8 1 2980.8
48.489
3038.7
53.178
3144.8
57.540
3243.3
61재7 i 65껴7
3338.2 I 343 1.4
70.679
3547.1
80갱2
3779.3
j
hl
54.0 268 8 {i hv {! i 38 235 1 4l25I 43 952
2837.0 1 2909.8 i 2974.3
i 46.442
3033.3
5 1.016
3140.7
55.254 ! 59.293
3240.1 I 3335.5
63.204 I 67.973 I 77. 248
3429.1 i 3545.1 ! 3777.8
56.0 27LI ;l vh 1i i 36-439 i 39A34 ; 42 %6
2826.7 I 290 1. 7 i 2967.7
44 539
I 3027.7
49‘ 0% j 53.l30 { 57mI
3136.6 1 3236.9 I 3332.9
6뼈3 i65 ‘ 460
3426.81 3543.2
74 .4 30
3776.4
273 .3‘ vhi{ 34.756
2816.0
I
37.736 ~~.36~ i 42‘ 764 1 47.134
2893.5 i 296 1. 0 I 3022.2 I 3132.4
5 1.1 52
3233.6
54‘ 964
3330.2
j
58‘ 644 63 ‘ l20
3424.5 1 354ι2 ij 73775.o
때7

275.5 ’),h!{ 33.173

2804.9
36·I45
2885.0
| 382954.2
744 4l fO5 1 45 38S i 49 3%
?
I 3016.5 3128 I 3230 .3 .3
53.016
3327.4
56.591 i 60.937 ! 69.359 j
3422.2 I 3539.3 I 3 ï7 3.5 ’
!} 64.O {i 2793 j vh !l 265 j 33 24i j 35 796 } 38 092 } 4Z2IZ 45.957 56.978 64 922 f
278 1.6 2867.5 i 2940.3 í 3004.9 ! 3119.8 3223.7 3322.0 ! 3417.6 3535 .4 3770.7
68.0 283.8 vh li i 30652 j 33때 135 423 39407
2849.0 i 2925.8 1 2993.1 I 3 Jll. I
i 42% } 46 364
3216.9 i 3316.5
! 49짧 i 58486
3412.9 1 353 1.5
6LOO7 j
3767.8
72.0 2877llvh!} j |
28 32I 30839 j 33 여 I 36 910
2829.5 I 2910.7 I 2980.8 I 3102.3
| 0 368 j 43 59I j 46 668
3210.1 i 3310.9 I 3408.2
j 50 38 ‘
3527.6
i 57 52;
1 3764.
l
-;; "" specific volume , cubic decimetre s. per kilogram
11;::; specific enthalpy (total hea t), kilojoules per kilogram
Note. To convert v dm 3 jkg ‘。 V m J !kg dlvîde values ofv by 10 3
 APPεNWX ，A
CRANE ?HYS1CAL PROPERT1ES OF FLU !D S ANO FLOW CHARACTEA1ST!CS OF VALVES , F!TTINGS AND P!P E A -17

‘
Propert es of .s엽perheated Steam

sι Units - continued
뼈ιm

‘
g
” Sat.
T.’np. I
Total Temperature: Degrees C리잉us f"'C
-MI

P
。 c

ι |
•
340 360 I 380 400 420 440 460 500 550 I 600 I~~ 650
76.0 I 29 1.4 I v I 30.901 1 32.858 i 34、671 I 36.380 i 38.011 1 39.583 I 4 1.1 09 I 44.056 1 47.60 ’
5 1.045 I 54 .41 3
h I 2968.2 i 303 3.4 i 3093.3 I 3149.6 I 3203.2 I 3254.9 I 3305'.3 I 3403 .5 I 3523 ‘ 7 I 3642.9 I 3762.1
80.0 I 295.0 I v I 28.965 I 30.885 i 32.652 I 34.310 I 35.888 I 37 .4 05 I 38.874 I 41.704 i 45.102 148.394 I 5 1.611
i h I 2955 .3 I 3022.7 I 3084.2 I 3141.6 I 3196.2 I 3248.7 I 3299니 7 I 339밍.8 I 3519.7 I 3639 .5 I 3759.2
84.0 i 298 .4 I ÿ I 27.203 I 29.094 I 30.821 I 32.435 I 33.965 I 35니 432 j 36.850 I 39.576 I 42.839 I 45니 996 I 49.076
i h I 294 1.9 ! 3011.7 ! 3074.8 I 3133.5 I 3189.1 I 324 2. 3 i 3293.9 I 3394.0 I 3515.8 I 3636.2 I 3756.3
88. 0! 301.7 I ÿ I 25.592 I 27 .4 59 I 29.153 I 30.727 I 32. 215 I 33 .6 38 I 35.009 I 37.640 I 40.782 I 43.815 I 46.771
1 h I 2928.0 I 3000.4 I 3065 .3 I 3125니3 1 318 1.9 I 3235.9 1 328 8. 2 I 3389.2 I 3511 ‘ 8 I 3632 8 I 3753.4
92.0 I 304.9 ! ÿ 1 24.110! 25.961 1 27.6251 29.165 ! 30.615 1 31.997 1 33.328 1 35.872 1 38.904 1 4 1.824 1 44.667
1. h I 2913.7 I 2988.9 I 3055.7 I 3117.0 I 3174 .6 I 3229.4 I 328 2.4 I 3384.4 I 3507.8 1 3629.4 I 3750.5
96.0 I 308.0 ! v I 22.740! 24.581 I 26.221 I 27.730 I 29.146 I 30.493 I 3 1.785 I 34.252 I 37.182 I 39얘99 I 42.738
i h i 2898녀 8 i 2977.0 I 3045.8 I 3108 .5 I 3167.2 I 3222.9 I 3276.5 I 3379니 5 I 3503.9 ! 3626.1 I 3747.6
100‘o 1 311.0 고 2 1.468 i 23.305 I 24.926 I 26.408 I 27.793 I 29.107 I 30.365 I 32.760 I 35.597 I 38.320 I 40.963
i h I 2883냐，4 I 2964 ‘ 8 I 3035.7! 3099니 9 I 3159.7 ! 3216.2 I 3270.5 I 3374.6 I 3499 ‘ 8 ! 3622.7 1 3744、7

í 105.0 I 314 .6 ÿ I 19.997 i i

21.838 I 23 .4 40 I 24.893 I 26.245 I 27.521 I 28.741 31.054 I 33.786 I 36.4 01 I 38.935
! h 2863.1 I 2949.1 I 30 22. 8 i 3089.0 I 3150.2 I 3207.9 1 3263.1 I 336 8.4 1 3494.8 ! 3618.5 1 374 1.1
11ιo I 318.0
I h 284 1. 7 I 2932.8 ‘
ÿ 1 18.639! 20.494 ! 22.08죄 3、 512 1 24.834 I 26.078 1 27.262! 29.503 1 32.139 I 34.656 1 37.091
3009ι6 I 3077.8 I 3140‘ 5 i 3199.4 I 3255 .5 i 3362.2 I 3489.7 I 3614.2 I 3737.5

115 ‘ 01 32 1.4 1 ÿ I 17.376 I 19.255 1 20.838! 22.2471 23.543 I 24.758 1 25.911 I 28.086 I 30.635 I 33.063 I 35 .4 08
h I 2819.0 I 2915.8 I 2996 ‘ O! 306 6.4 1 3130.7 1 319ι7 1 3247.8 1 3356.0 1 3484.7 361().() I 3733.9
120.0 I 324.6 I ÿ I 16.193 1 18.108 I 19.691 I 2 1.084 i 22. 357 i 23.546 경 4.672 i 26.786 ! 29.256 I 3 1.603 1 33 ‘ 865
h I 2794.7 I 2898.1 i 2982.0 I 3054.8 I 3120.7 i 3182 o I 3240.0 3349.6 I 3479.6 I 3605.7 j 3730.2
125.0 I 327.8 1 ÿ 1 15.077 1 17.041 I 18.629! 20.010 I 2 1. 264 I 22.4 291 23 .5 30! 25.5901 27.987 I 3α259 I 32.446
h I 2768.7 1 2879.6 I 2967.6 I 3042.9! 3110.5 i 3173.1 I 3232.2! 3343 .3 I 3474.4 I 3601.4 I 3726니6
130.0 I 330.8 I ÿ I 14.015! 16.α4! I 17.641! 19. 0I 5! 20.252 I 21.397 I 22.4 74 I 24 .4 85 i 26.816 I 29.019 I 3 1. 135
h I 2740.6 i 2860.2 I 2952.7! 3030.7 I 3100.2 ! 3164.1 I 3224.2 I 3336 ‘ 8 I 3469.3 I 3597.1 I 3722.9
135.0 I 333.8 I 구 12.994 I 15.102 I 16.720 I 18.090 i 19.313! 20.4 39 I 2 1.496 i 23.461 I 25.731 I 27.870 I 29니 922
h 2709.9! 2839.7 I 2937.3 I 301 8. 3 i 3089.7 i 3155.0 I 3216.2 I 333α4 1 3464.1 I 3592.8 1 3719.3
140.0 I 336.6 I v I 11.997! 14.213 i 15.858 i 17.227 I 18.438 I 19.549 I 20.586 ! 22.509 I 24.723 I 26.804 I 28.795
! h i
2675.7 갱 l8.1 i 292 1. 4 I 3005.6 i 30

v '" spedfk voltune , cubic decime tT es per kilogram

h;;; spedfic enthalpy (totaJ heal) , kilojoules per kilogram
Note. To conver(v d:m 3 jkg to V m 3. Jkε djvide 、ralues ofv by 10 3
 A'PPEP、to+x A
A -18 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES , FITTINGS AND PIPE CRANE

Types of Valves

cρnventional Globe Valve Co nventional Globe VaJve Conventional Angle Vatve

With Disc Guide

Y -Piilttern Globe Vatve

With Stem 45 degrees frorn Run
’
Gl obe Sto p...Check Va ve Angie Stop-Check Valve

ConventÎonal Swing Check VaNe C!earway Swing Check V;허" Globe Type lift Check Va e“
 A F'Pε.ND1 X- A
CRANE ’
pHYSICAL PROPERT!ES OF FLU lQ S AND FLOW CHARACTEA!STICS Of VALVES , FITT NGS AND PIPE A ---19

Types 01 Valves

w..얘엉 Gate Valve

(Bolted Bonnet)
High Performan c: e ButterlJy Valve ’
F exibie Wedge Gate Vahre
(Pressure-$eal Bonnetì

BaU Valv 8S

Tilting Dìsc Ch eck Valve Bu tter f1y Wafer Valve

Foot Va
‘
‘.."
PQPpet and H nged Types
ThreeιWay
Se-c tiona! .a nd
Cock
OUts 써 e View$
 APP.ENDlX Ã ,

A-20 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTER1ST!CS OF VALVES , F1TTINGS AND P\PE CRANE

Flow Coefficient C for Nozzles'

약싸싸1싸싸싸싸 1싸1
c
아/‘~=ß

'"
# 떨냐
/'bH ttrnL-r=「
다 F디썩냐‘ 듀극
二二 G.7ð
1

1 ,
서 I
! tl#
1i i ‘
t= 닐ltttt I Im~H F커0평
7
L
--亡
니 111111:7f:tfHilit:$

℃에 싸
Flow 一→

C^ •• 4 J..---t •. " 응

C=J순람
ïrm~l:
t"r1

ι
l홉셰 y
Example: The flow coefficient ‘ L.-간:.-r--t::
C for a diameter ratio ß of 0 ‘ 60 H7τ'" 특-껴i ‘

f 픔 I! IL냐
at a Reynolds number of20 000
(2 x \0‘) equals 1.03 ~!111
&많
짜i
7 (1 [[ 1111 μj

, .‘잉 “’ j띠 ‘ & 8 16‘

R" - Revnolds NumhtH base !l on d 2

티 ow Coefficient C for Squa딴 Edge Orifices씨

「→짧Aj

κ - Reynolds Numbe! based On d 2

FIow_ c
a싸

d， ld~ ~il
--

j } j l i j1
나팩
、
」4
”
Cd !J!
j
싸싸

C =
( •

ν1-펴; "’‘
커0]5 흉
1

」μ
KM; r;~ce.. ---=-
tβ
~ι
~ ••---
1 -ß2 Gl~ wj i 」 1 i1111 1- 1
JJI 11
C2ß1 li仁닐 i”
뼈

’-----t .1
g
‘
υ

l
… --•
’‘ 1

룹협
ι

… f
t j
α

f# 1.=↓f-
봐
츄

i
…
@
4
--‘ •
u
μ

]
•
1 1I 니L j { 4}1μ
@
@
‘ a m z
。

’
lf , - Reynolds Nl1 mber D3sed cn d 2
 APPεNDIX A

CRANE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERIS Tl CS OF VALVES , FITT NGS AND PIPE ‘ A -21

Net ExpansionFactor , Y Crittcali'ressure Aatio , 다

For Compressible Flow through For Compressible Flow through
Nozzles and Orìfices 9 Nozzles and VenturÎ Tu양s ’

'1 = 1.3 approximately

{for CO2, S02' H20 , H.;:S , t、lR~， N ,. O , Ct;p CH., C~H3' andC H‘) ,!

10 fIIi‘ ” ’ ‘ 1

0."

“ h、
'''' ‘~N
」
gQ∞」Z

‘~ ‘ ’ 「\ It
@

"'5
‘r::::: k F i
β

~
으일∞

g
o 、、
!~h i IA' -
뼈
ai]

~、
i~s
‘F、 1--... I
l
035 ” ~、 k f'- h、 R 낙작날극- {<μ끼 i
、{

Nozzle !lf
Vσπuritèter
QL

‘ h、 l~ F、 ( μ，

동 r、F、

기
ß=Gl
,.ro ={).5
.、.、‘~ì-<

껴
"'" 0.6 1
=o}

%5
=0.1 5

”
F:::: a h、
‘ι;
、“
↑도 p ' !t ‘

r"‘

이
I!~ b .-/ ‘,
“i k ,
'.60 •
,. ,
11.1
쩨

M
0 01 A DL
따

p e Q
-P
"‘
。

’ ” - / ‘5 " L" t ‘
l
'Y = cplc v

'i = 1.4 approximately

(for AiI, H'l' O2, N 2, CO. NO ,-3 nd HCl)

10

!ì.95

，~

$Q uare Edge απιe

」
ß"~ (1..2
o "" 0.5
‘~
ιJ "" 0.6
0.85
.....
r。

r /""OJ5
~O.7

<=
ζ그

‘。
<= OBll
'"c.
>< Noul’ •
Venluri Met~
UJ
0.75
=0.6""//

A 페;/1

L냐]」」
(),2
j}lJ ιp 6P
Pressure Ratìo - ........:γ~
p, p, P;
 APPENDIX A
A - 22 PHYSICAL PROP Ef\Tl ES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES , FITTINGS AND PIPE CRANE

Net Expansion Factor Y for Compressible Flow

Through Pipe to a Larger Flow Area

'Y; 1, 3
(''{ = 1.3 for C0 1, SO:;I> H"O , H1- S, NH 3 , N10 ‘ O 2 , CH4> C2 H2 and C.l Hol) ,>

Li miting Factors
n1.。、\F、 For SonÎc Velocity
'Y; 1.3

~S§§‘:、
\
F、
n"

H , ~ r、
KI 쏠「긴
\、 、\;
O.í
N § ‘;、 ~ r、
.5 25
.5 50
6 \2
.631

、←\ X\ \\R § § 、、、「‘ 、;、

Y
\ 、\; 593 ‘ 635
r、
" 3 .642 658

N\\ \ ~\\、
\
4 .678 .670
6 .722 서685
0.70

O.ó5
\ \노 κ\사f'" PO 8
10
.750
.773
I .698
.705

h~’:쉰
\ 15 .807 718

o‘ 60 20 .831 .718
1、1↓l /-?t; 40 877 .718
100 920 1 .718
0.55
0 O. 0.2 0,‘a 0.4 ι5 0‘ 6 0.7 0.8 0.9
f'1 p
p;

'Y ;1 .4

1.0 Li miting Factors

、 F、 h\ For Sonic Velocity
0.95 'Y =1 .4

했§§§
\
N -
0.90 6p Y
K
0.85 ~ p;

0.80
j\、
§~§ § S;J SRF 1.2
1.5
.5 52
576
588
.606

~ i、 \k R§~、;、 ~\
\ 2.0 .612 ‘ 622
Y
0.75 3

0.70
N F\\R;R§RR§s3FK\ 4
6

0.65 1
"t\ \
8
10
15

0. 6D 20
40
100
0.55
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 G‘ 5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

/
6p ιF
?
f',
p') F'l
 APP-ENÐ1X A
CRANE ’
PHYSICAL PROPERT ES OF FLU !D S AND FLOW CHARACTER!STICS 。 F VALVESι FITTINGS AND P!PE A-23

Relative Roughness of Pipe Materials and Friction Factors

ForCom미ete Turbulence
Pipe Diameter , in inches
456 8 10 30 40 5060 80100 200 300
‘
3 20
’
1 2
• 05> ! LI
LI l ‘I I ι07
04
06
03
、 N
‘ 02
\ 05
F、 N \
K
o ， t、
04
\
。 08

‘
.035
홀{R§ ￥훌γξg
.006, STEEL
.005‘、F l、 \l Lß f": 。3

004
003 ‘ I、 c。N:-SwICTR。AE。VTl。EE:r-1 、

“‘ ‘
‘ !-Joo" N

@잉-
℃혀
025

\
F、 、 f
s2

다 ιl
0022
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。;。￠@g?」잉
\
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、
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‘
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=

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← ε
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r。@g

。004 14 016

밍
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0003 [，、
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r

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•

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l\ F、
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r、c、

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00000 추협
(
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。

。。

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。。
--、

a
。。 이

。 。 。 。
C
N
。

η
띠 띠 @ 。
N n * m @
]

N @ m p

Pipe Diameter , in mil metres - d “

(Absolute Roughness Problem‘ Determine ab s.olute and relative roughness , and frìctioll factor , for
Is ìn m f! limetresì fu l1y turbulent flow ín a cast iron pìpe , 250 mm in t. diam
Adapted from data extracted Solution: Absolute rou멍mess (ε); 0 .2 6 ..... Relative roughness (c/d); 0.00]
from Blbliography reîerεnc.e 18 Friction faιtor at f비ly turbulent flow ifJ = 0.0196
 APPENDIX A
A - 24 PHYSlCAL PROPERTIES OF FL니 DSAND FLOW CHARACTÊRI$TICS OF VAlVËS; FJTTINGS AND PIPE CRA I\IE
Frictíon Factors for Any Type of Commercíal Pipe
잉 잉

-=m
∞

>
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∞} 잉Q-잉

g s g 。
N -2
g E- =
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p
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:
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ZP(}a
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ι ε ι
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R
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껴양7i{(

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g
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NVh':;

g
ιz

Friction Factors for CleanCommercial Steel Pipes

Er g
-ε 응

l
ι=;

•
뿜r -•*’

1ι써
응

ζzQ →ir;;

PHYSJCAL PROPER Tl ES OF FLU lD S AND FLOW CHARACTERIST CS OF VALVES , FITTINGS AND PIPE
rg~

‘。
R
”

‘*

~H
"
--

~
~
응
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-。

Rg
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bQre
bbAt

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"-

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P
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ιv

'>,
<>
니)

x
r… ω〉)。。m- ←〈 ∞ ω』〈〉ir 。ι (1 ι。 ”ω그」

”~E
z- ∞버‘← ε〈-。 z-〉』-。。」

(EE

CRANE
 Al'PENO\)(A
A -26 PHYS1CAL PRQPERTIES OF FLU lO S AND FLOW CHARACTER1STICS OF VALVES. FITTINGS ANO P1PE CRANE

"K" FACTOR TABLE - SHEET 1014

Representative Resístance Coefficients (K) for Valves and Fittings

(“ K" is bas8d on use 01 schedule pipe as !í sted on page 2- 1Oj

PIPE FRIC Tl ON DATA FOR CLEAN COMMERCIAL STEEL PIPE

WITH FLOW IN ZONE OF COMPLETE TURBULENCE

Nominal mm
Size m
Friction
Fac\or (fr)

FORMULAS FOR CALCULATl NG "K" FACTORS.

’
FOR VALVES AND FITT NGS W1TH REDUCED PORT
(Ref. pages 2-11 and 3 -4)

Formula 1 Formula 6

0.8 l sin 인 (l -ß') ~~ Kκ’ =쓰 + Fo야fmu

삐IU띠lla뼈 간2 + Fo야rml뻐
l
K “‘
ß'
- "‘
β4
Q'

Formula 2 K +0.5
1 꾀흰1 -ß') + (1 - ß')'

Kz =Fff펴갚표= 흙
Formu .3 ‘ K, 수 + ß(Forrnula 2 + Form비a4)when e = 180
K
:::::
26 l빼윈
--~•’
(1 - ß'): K
- ,‘1
P‘ β4
얘
뼈ιF

K,
-r

F 4
YR
잉μ)

Formula 5
ß2= 폐 2 =￡
K. = 쓴 + Formula 1 + Fonnula 3
- “‘
Subsçrípt 1 detìnes dimensions
,

and coeffi이ents wìth reference to

Ka K1 +팩 [0.8 (1 - ß') + 2.6 ι ß')' J the smaller diameteε
= SUbsctipt 2 refers 10 the huger
ß' diameter

‘ Use κωrα'shed byv밍ve or ffttjng sup이er when availaαe

SUDDEN AND GRADUAL CONTRAC Tl ON SUDDEN AND GRADUAL ENlARGEMENT

해륙
휴발

.,
rτ:-T
~←"'1' ‘
/
• 、
ι

e
/

e 1 a , -td ,

’
J

’ \ d?t 1
‘ d , I a, __ a,
/
1
‘i
、

i •
、

* i /

lf θ ξ 45。 ‘ ‘ K" :::: Forrnula 1 lf: e ξ 45 0

Kz :;:: Formula 3
4Y < B ξ 180 0
•••• K. = Formula 2 45 0
< 0 " 180。 K. = FormuJa 4
 APPEND l. XA
CRANE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLU!DS AND FLOW CHARACTER!ST!CS OF VALVES , FITT NGS AND P PE ‘ ‘ A -27

“ K" FACTOR TABLE - SHEET 2 ot 4

‘
Representative Resistance Coefficíents K) for Valves and Fittíngs
(for formulas and friction d허a， see page A~26)
("K" is based on use of schedule pipe as Jisted on page 응10)

Wedge Diκ
GATE VALVES
Double Disc, 0' Plug Type
‘
SW NG CHECK VALVES

-r":
d
했헬 F
-ì.I #」*-석 r-
If: ß ~ 1, 0 ~ 0 ‘ ιι •••••• ‘ K , ~8fT K ~ 100 fr K ~ 50 fr
β< 1 and8 ξ 45。 “ ..... K, ~ Formula 5 Mìnìmum pìpe velocìty (mps) for full disc Iì ft
ß < 1 and 45" < 8 ξ 180•.... K , ~ Formula 6 ~ 4S ví/ ~ 75VVexcept
U/L listed = 120'ντ
-繼

GlOBE AND ANGLE VALVES lI FT CHECK VALVES

댈=
옳= 렐펴{→ If ß~ 1 ....
ß < 1 .... K ,
K ， ~600fT
~Formula 7
Mìnìmum pìpe velocìty (mps) for full 마 sc líft
If ß~ 1 K, ~ 340f,
'" 50 ß' 、ε

T까?
~ 1f:
織뿔ß~ l.. .. K‘ ~ 55fr
If: ß= 1 “‘ K ， ~55fr ß< 1 ‘ . K , ~ Fonnula 7
‘
M nìmum pipe velocìty (mps) for full disc lift
~ 170ß' V듀
뼈』!「-영
앉

t키F? ,
‘ 1
뻐

‘...
l

Sizes ..< ~ 15。

4 T
If ß= 1.. . K , = 150fr If ß= L .. . K , = 55fr 50mm(2 ’ )to2oomm(8")K;
3 -T
120fr
250 mm (lO ")to 350 mm (14η K= 90fT
2 T
A1 1 밍 obe and angle valves , 4oomm (1 6잉 o 12oomm(48")K; 60 /y
whether reduced seat or throttled ‘ 1 MmlrTIllm ppe velocity
L (n1ps) for full dlSC hft = 100 굉 40 굉
!f ß < 1 .... K 2 .:::: Formula 7
Note. mps::::: metres per second
 -AP'P-:EN-ßtX--A
A - 28 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS ANO FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VALVES , FITTl NGS AND PIPE CRANE

“ K" FACTOR TABLE - SHEET 3 of 4

Representative Resistance Coefficients (K) for Va ves and Fittings
(Ior formuJas and t,;ction dsta , see page A- 26)
‘
(“K" j5 b양 ed on use of $cheduJe pipe as lístoo on page 2-10}

‘STOP-C HECK VALVES

Globe and Angle Type ,)
FOOT VALVES WITH STRAINER
Poppet Disc Hin양d Di c ‘
~d~ ~
F
F 활
lf lf
ß=L." K =4oofr , ß= 1.. .. K , =2oofr K = 420fr K = 75fr
ß < L ... K , = Fonnula 7 ß< 1 ‘ Kl ::::: Formula 7
MlnlInu1fmorpf뻗
ulel velocity Minimum pfluplel vel。 lcilftty
(mps) for full disc lift (mps) for full disc
M(minpims)ufmorpfiuplel dveislcoCliIftty Min[1pims)ufmorpflupHe veloCIty
(mps) for full disc Iift =20νF = 45 ..fV
= 70 ß' ν듀 = 95 ß' 강

팩繼
BALL VALVES

콸= -꾀 누
ß= 1 “
If
K ‘ =300 fr ß= 1. ... K , =350!T
If: -1{ ~
ß< 1 “’ K , = Fonnula 7 ß< 1 “ K , = Formula 7
lf: ß = 1, 8 = 0 " . “ “ ‘ ‘ K , =3fr
Minimum pipe velocity (mps) for full disc lift ß < 1 and 8 ξ 45 。 “ . . . . . . . .. K, = Formula 5
= 75 ß' ..fV ß<Jand45'<Oξ 180 。“ ‘ K, = Fonnula 6

BUTTERFLY VALVES

녀」
{j1량
그엠F
iiM」
ß = 1. ... K , = 55 fr ß = 1“ ’ ‘ K , =55fr
ß < 1. ... K , = Fonnula 7 ß< 1 “ . K , = Fonnula 7
Sizes 50 mm (2π) to 200mm (8 ‘) . . . . . . .. K = 45 fr
Minimum pipe velocity (mps) for full disc lift Sizes 250 mm (1 0π) to 350 mm (1 4η ‘ K = 35 fr
r
=170ß' YV Sizes 400 mm (1 6") ω 600 mm (24 ") . . .. K = 25 fr
 AI'EENDIXA
CRANE PHYSICAL PROPERT1ES OF FLUIDS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS 0F VALVES ‘ FITTINGS ANO PIPE A 29

"K" FACTOR TABLE - SHEET 4 of 4

Representative Resistance Coefficients (K) for Valves and Fittings

,
(10 formuJas and frÎction dat8. see page A~26J
「‘K" is based on US6 01 schedule pípe as listed on p냉ge 2-10)

PLUG VALVES AND COCKS

fLL
STANDARD ELBOWS
Str.Îght-W.y
g
3-W.y 90 。

\
、 tI
많
〔런

쩨
If: ß= 1 ,
鍵 훌뀔lf: ß = 1 , If: ß= 1 ,
K =30 /y
T

K ‘ = 18 /y K , = 30 /y K , = 90 f T STANDARD TEES
If: ß< 1 K , = Formula 6

MITRE BENDS

g
K
플펼↓
o。
2fr Flow thru run ......... K = 20 /y
15 。 4fr
\ 30 。 8fr Flow thru branch ...... K = 60 /y
/’
>- 45 。 15 fr
거 60 。 25fr
γ/
d 75 。 40fr
90 。 60fr
--{서

PIPE ENTRANCE
90 PIPE BENDS AND
0

FLANGED OR BUTT-WELDING 90 ELBOWS 0 Inward Flush

Projecting
r/d I K
rfd K rfd I

휴좋
K 。‘ 00* I 0.5

C짧3
l 20fr 8 24 fT i 0.02 α28
1. 5 14fy 10 30fr α04 α24
2 12fr 12 34fr f 0.06 ι15
3
4
12fr
14fr
14
16
38fr
42fr i 015ogupup
& I gC 애
여
6 17 fr 20 50fr '" Sharp -edged
K=0.78 For K,
The resistance coefficient , K B , for pipe bends other than see tablc
0
90 may be determined as follows:

KB=(n-l) ( 0.25 π 퍼十 0.5 서 +K

n =- number of 90" bends
」-(

K:: resistance coefficient for one 90" bend (per table)

」「ω

PIPE EXIT
Sh.rp‘ Edged Rounded
CLOSE PATTERN RETURN BENDS
I
(
I I
M
 APPENo-lX l4,
A-30 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLU !D S AND FLOW CHARACTERIST!CS OF VALVES , FITTINGS AND P\PE CRANE

Equillalent Lengths ι an c:! LlD .1m c:! Resistance Coefficient K

L d
2000 3000
13QO
2000
a
@

￡
Q
1000
C
E 900

띠 애뻐 띠 삐
1000
0m
800 --P 800
’’
l
O 600 응 N
-m

)∞얘@@
700
O 500 a.

잉
므
O
400 ‘。 a
600
‘。
@ 24

。양 -극밍
300 」

mD ‘q J
500
E @ 20

찌
O 200

-옵
I
] 18
g 40。

료-
l
mO s m 16
。。
」객 100 I
밍 -@ M

드
--'

η
씨
‘。
80
%m ‘I E 300
찌

/
E냐 드

。
며
O z m

잉」←@E:--E
어
gN

쩌
> /
/
그
ε「
/
w /
30 200
〉〉。

/ 8
-t。‘a

/
20 /
c-
m0 /
% ‘
@qg
/ 6
」g∞Em-움--g드

% /

}。 ←
m 10 5
/
8 /

@ZEm-
m@ /
6
/
m 5 4 100
4 /

살
3% 90

。 @효ar-
애

/
3 3 80
g 。cp」
‘

m
/
30 2 /
/ /
%
/
/
Eω움〉-긍벼

/
/
/
20 / 50
/
// /
/ 1% 40
// /
/ 1 ‘ι
띠/g/8

Lkr
/ r
0.3 30

7 0.2

6 3/4
20
5 0.1
0.08
4
0.06 1/2
0.05

; 좋흥흥흉흉 3 0.04
3/8 12
’nside Oiarne er of Pipe, in mil“metres
t"
0.03

fI I J 1I 1 I I 1 11 /111111 I
연 ~
N ;::r<- o::t이이 ~"“iφ ∞~;e ~，
M ,,-
~、、
σ〉

$chedu 엄 --
• F
••-

‘
40 Pipe Slze , nches
~
“

Valve Size
EQuiv111ent length , pipe diameters
Solutîon
-•--• ISOmm 300mm
~!O blem: Fin~ the equîvalent length in pîpe 8 8
diameters and metres of Schedule 40 dean Equivalent length , metre of Sched. 40 plpe ‘ 0.62 2 .4 3
commerci a1 steel pipe , and the lesistance fact01 Resist FactorK ‘ based on Sched. 40 pipe 0.14 0.10
K for 8 0. ~~ _~nd 300 mm fUlly opened gate
‘l!ves , ANSI Class 300 , wîtn t1 0w in zone of
compiete tUTbulence
For dìscussìon 00 L/D and K see pagζs2→8 to 2-10
Engineering Data

’
APPEND XB

Thìs seζtion in cJ udes a number of tables and nomographs

for conversion to units other than the Sl units generally
used in this paper. A summary of SI uníts , prefixes and
symbols is also presented.

Tables of dimensìons of steel pìpe to ANSI , BS 따ld ISO

standards are provided as well as complete solutions of
water and air flow pressure drop problems
6-2 APPEND!X B - ENG!NEεA!NG DATA CRANE

Equivalent Volume and Mass Flow Rates of

Compressible Fluids at Metric Standard Conditions
I%

{빼
W
qd Sg

셈
10'
40 _ 3。

5000 w= Paq~Sg 2.7

30 _
20
4000 w= j.225q;,sg 2.5
1000 3000 w= 73 여 ~Sg
20
800
2000
w= 51050QdSg
10 600 where
g ρ11 ;; densíty of air at metric 2.0
10 40 。 100。

6
standard conditions
8 -‘ 80。

300 %O
(l 5 0 C and 1.01325 bar)
6 - 4 %O
째

0
200
3
4 - 30。

3- 2 1.5
20。
100
」그 。ζ 」

잉
>@{] 2- 80
“I
그

〉:iπ」。
」

그
100
」밍〔띠‘

E 1 ‘。 6。 @
」

용 0.8
g
a
80 '""
」
m
야

1 __ E "- c-:u@am
잉」←E

@
40 g
@
"
.þ 0.6 E % ”E
잉 Q-aRζ

_
얘

~
m
。 8

@ @

。 6 -
E
Q
~R ~E
a
g
。

15 0.4 ] 30 ~
그
2。
} - - ‘•。
。

Q 1. 。
。

‘•。 0.3 ” 20 이
s 。::E =-‘〉-

0 .4 - 1
t " ‘~ ‘-
읍
æ0.2
m
"
잉
이그。

0.3 -

--“
0.9

긍
@

E
그
。
10
r
10 ε - ~
0.2 -
'""
+ι

t
g -‘
>
a 드 ‘
~ --_0.8
> g a
〉。

。-ι 。 영

。
s: 6
ι←。영@마

0.' 5
。 u.
• 4 •。
교 .08
0.1 - - ‘-
o __ 4 g 0.7
m 3 m
S
α

08 - rr;
m 3
。:
2
。6 - .04
2 0.6
03
04 -
1.0
。3 - 0.8
02
6
。

1 。

5
。

。 5
。2 - 。 g
4
。

001 0.6
0.3
008
01 0 .4 。 2

。 08 -
。 06 Probìem: Wnat is the rate of flow ìn kílo-
。 3 grams per hour of a gas which has a specifiζ 0 .4

006 gra;.ity of 0.78 and is flowìng at the r없 e of

。 04
0.1 30 000 cubic rnetres per hour at metric
。 2

003 。 08 stand.ard conditions?

。 35
004 -
0.06
003 。 05
Solution: w= 29 ,000 kîlograms per hour
002
0.1
CRANE APPEND1X B - ENG1NEER NGDATA ’ 8-3

Eg lIjv ltIlt.nts 미 Al:l tiglllte (I>l'namic) Viscosity

Pasca1 second oecond

Ps양qXuQnaInded4
에 fgp@ggOet
Centip 며g Pound잉
τ’o OBTAIN
per 찍uare foot KsqgiloiC엉g@E*&mna‘pJegaorπee
MULTlPLY
BY\、\ P•• cP pdl "!t' Ibl.lft' 야!fs!m'

、、、‘ l
I P:잃1어Nl gCORd = 1000 0.672 2. 09 x 10" 0. 102
.Jm')
p .,
I cCePnt#oist : 0.001 I 6.72 x 10" 2.09 x 10-' 1.02 x 10'"

I ps여
(=qoulu1앙snlfdbef꾀ff(of/ %。tisC)m)1d peI 1.488 1488 1 0.031 0.152

s상
Ip1lpb:eofIul Xn/dflutuiafgmIiemcfeosso)et)cond - 47.88 47880 32.114 I 4.882

IPhelrosgq2ulaI1I-efomI@engecimd
C앓원흰e mett-e :::: 9.807 9807 6.590 0.205 I

To convert absolute or dynamic viscosity from one set Examp!e. Convert an absolute 꺼x。성ty of 0.0014
of uníts to another , !ocate the gíven set of units ín the slugli/foot second to centipoise. The conveIßion factor
left hand co!umn 삐d multip!y the numεrica\ va\ue by is seen to bε 47880. Then 0 ‘ 0014 times 47880 =
the factor shown horizont외ly to the ri명lt under the 67 centípoise.
set of units desíred.

Equivalents of Kinematic Viscosity

Centi앉okes
TOOBTAIN--“ * MptenIegg
iqOuIx1ded lpnecIh%찍COulxaded Fpoaotg쩍cmuaided
MULTlPLY m fs
BY 'L cSt in' Is 11' J.

l mslIeiceilsned
@o iquaRd ptr : r--.‘ 1 1 x 10' 1550 10.764

1 centistokes : 1 X 10-6 1 1.55 X 10- 3 1.0764 x 10-'

cS t

i isnecchonsdquaied pei :
6.452" 10-' 645.2 I 6.944 x 10-'
‘
in 1.

Isfcg,CoOtI1sdquaIed per
9.290 x 10-' 92903 144 l
ft'- js
뼈뼈
뼈뼈聊

’”야이
빼 원뻐--찌
뼈빠빼빠
t때

없
”ι
‘따

띠뼈 앙
띠 어t

d hm j e U m
뼈뼈
ω사빼

여 α압

mu Example. Convert a kinemafu: viscosity of 0.5 foot

ι

d
뼈
뻐 nι

’ ma @
“
빼빼

，야

squared/second to centistokes. 꺼le conversion factor

mh m
…

- y b
이
ιι…
싸싹
삐뼈

is seen to be 92 903. Then 0 .5 times 92 903 = 46 451

ι

m m m
α

띠
띠

m@
P

e
ν

centistokes
t

For conversion {rom kin. emt1tic to asbolute viscosiry , see page B.5
8 -4 ’ ’
APPENDIX 8 - ENG NEER NG DATA CRANE

Equivalents of Kínematic Equívalents of Kinematic

andSayb이t Universal Viscosity and Saybolt Furol Viscosity

‘
KinemAtio
rllCQlÏCy’
Equívalent
U!lÍVet빼 VÚCOI써.Sec
꺼><>1‘ tünematic
Visoo피ty ， FEuqn애 ‘ ’‘
j vikinatiSiryyk-Sec
Cen tistokeo At 100 F(3 8C) 1 Al 210 F Cen tUto kes At 122 F At 210 F
v B‘icV，매. . . 1 (99C) v (50 C) (99 c)

1.83 32.01 32.23 8 25.3

2.0 32.62 32.85 26.1
4.0 39.14 39.4 1 30.6
6.0 45 .56 45 .88 35.1
8.0 52.09 52.45 39.6
10.0 58.91 59.32 44.1
15 ‘ O 77.39 77.93
20.0 97.77 98.45 48.6
mj 60.1
25‘ o 119.3 mj 71.7
뻐때
30.0 141.3 3 83.8
35.0 163.7 ra
40.0 186.3
209.1
mj 95.0
106.7
45.0
ll80••41
50.0 232.1 233.8 13
55.0 255.2 257.0
60.。 218.3 280.2 141.8
65.0 301.4 303 .5 15 3.6
10. 0 324.4 326.7 165.3
177.0
75.0
80.0
341.6
370.8 •
350‘ 0
31 3.4
• 188.8
85.0 393.9 396.1 200.6
90.0 417.1 420.0 212.4
95.0 440.3 443.4 224.1
100‘ o 463.5 _.1 235.9
120.0 556.2 560.1 247.7
140. 0 648.9 653.4 259.5
160.0 741.6 27 1.3
180.。 834 .2
찌

m 283.1
찌

926.9 294.9
때

1019.6 306.7
때

1112.3 318.4
‘205.0
1297.7 330.2
]00.0 334S23.,08
1390.4
320.0 1483.1 365.5
340‘ 0 1575.8
360.0 1668 .5 SaYboI t Seconds 37 7.4
]80.0 176 1.2 equ피 389‘ 2
centistokes 400.9
400.0 1853.9 tím .. 4 .6 613 412.7
420.0 1946.6
440.0 2039‘ 3 424.5
46 0. 0 2 \32. 0 436.3
480.0 2224.7 448.1
500.0 2317 .4 459.9
S.yb여t Seconds 47 1. 7
Over 500 U외
44983 5
centistokes 5.2
tímes4 .6 347 1075 507.0 524.8

Note: To obtain the Saybo1t Universal viscosity lloo 518.8 537.2

1125 530.6 549.7
equlv:꾀ent to a kinematk viscosity detennined at t 1150 542.4 562.2
multiply the eq벼써1ent Saybolt Un:iversal YÌScosity
때

1115 554.2 574.7

떠

" 100 F by 1 + (1 - 100) 0.000 064

때떠

566.0 587.2
For exarnple , 10 Vat 210 F are equiv외 ent to 58.91 5 77. 8 599.7
‘
뼈

multipl ed by 1.0070 or 59.32 sec Saybolt Univer sa1 589.5 612.2

at 210F 601.3 624.8
(ln this formula temperature t must be in oF.) 613.1 637.3
Over 1300 • f
• OVER 1300 CEN T!STOKES AT 122 F (50 C);
Th ese tables .are reprinted with the permissiùn of the Saybolt F1 uld Sec = centistokes x 0 .4 717
American SQciety for Tei띠ng Materi외s (ASTM)
The table at the left was abstracted from Table 1‘ t OVER 1300 CEN TlSTOKES AT 210 F (99 C);
D2161 -6 3 T. The table at the ri앙1t was abstracted Log (Sa yb 이 t F U10J Sec - 2.87) " 1.0276 ILog
,
from T ble 3. D216H3T ‘ (centistokes)) - 0 .3 975
CRANE APPENDIX B - ENGINEERING DATA 8^ =S

,
Equiv dents of Kìnematic , Saybolt Universal ,

Saybolt Furol , and Absolute Viscosity

2000 μ ; vp= vS

μ’
The empirical reiation between Saybolt Universal Viscosity and
μ
Saybolt Furol Viscosíty at 100 F and 122 F , respectívely ‘ and
2 Ki nematic Víscosìty ís taken from A.S.T.M. D2161-63 T. At other
1000
900 2000 temperatures , the Saybolt Viscosîtíes va밍 only slí명üly.
800
700 Saybolt Viscosities above those shown are given by the relatîon.
600 shíps
1987
500 1000 Saybolt Uníversal Seconds; centistokes x 4.6347
900
800 Saybolt Furol Seconds; centistokes '!' 0 .4 717
400 700
6
60。
5
30。 500
4 400
20。 3 300
r‘
ζ

• z’
p
z 200
60 옹 a S
얻a

500
100 εm
. "s
g ω

1. 3
。

50
야Cg드

ι 、

400 90 Ü ε
40 8AEgd; 1. 2
?

70 ~-.~ 03
g e o7
‘
300
‘。

30 60
융 늑
μ잉g-。

06 1.1
26 50 > ~
05
o
20。
;o
•
ïii
。
u
40 04 10
§ ; 1.0
;
E

I
•
〉

'" 03
〈

;
-

30 20 응
〉--、-

g
a @
g
100 '" 02
~ 30 호
a-:

20
90 40 .:
-。

t
g
-Q@am

-g 80 >
뼈

50 ’~
m 뼈뼈

g mg
’
~
c
70
m
8 ‘
Prob em 1: Determine the absoìute visc-o sity of an
‘
oil whjçh has a kinematic v scosìty of 82 centi. 60
‘
잉

i 60
7
삐뼈

9 5 stokes and a specific gravíty of 0.83

g 0.7 70
8
g
• Solution 1: Connect 82 on the kinematic vÎscosity
:>ι”’ 5。 ?
]
scale wÎth 0.83 on the specific gravity sca1 e; read 80
004 4 61 centipoìse at the intersect‘。 n on the absolute
§ 45 6 víscosity scale
g。

>
c 5 003 3 。 5
100
그
40 Problem 2: Determine the absolute viscosity of an
’
i
。 4
002 2
‘
oil having a spec fic 응，rav‘ty of 0.83 and a Saybolt
>，。 Fm이 vis. cosity of 40 seconds
μη
3 Solution 2: Connect 0.83 on the speciflc gravity
3。 scale with 40 seconds on the Saybo1t Furol sc잉 e.
read 67 centipoÎse at the ìnteresection on the 0.5
001 absolute viscosity scale
2
 ‘-i•‘-]‘--‘‘-
-

-。
14l

。n 。6 σ 。。
a

c
CRANE

，、
。

σ
ro
(

앙
。

。
•

。
F
-
?

‘3

이
,

。
c
jj

。
N
g
[

”i:;“‘

[
j

“““i잉‘a
im
,
E

끼로 5ιa〈」증ι ωQ〈Z
Z

•@

--‘=

zξg준〕등응
싸〉←잉Qε 〈〔as
g-g

ssiι←〈q
iZ二」잉g」5
입을잉】a-을iig“‘-〕i
εgz-‘
gε ε@:;ggQ ι，‘‘
--=
C(5
gs

g~
gR

;g

g[
g[

ER

-
g[

g[

g- 옥( 긋( ε
3

긍~
g
긍〔

~
(
깅

。
•

g
g

g
•

g
;

μ”니이
r

+
;
[
[
임

~
••
g

g
Ll
ι이
U {
Saybolt Universal Viscosity Chart

η
「」 」
SQNO:l3. s lVSH3MNn 110BAVS ‘J..lISO :>SI^

4
j
ENG!NEEP, lNG DATA

μ”ιυ
g

ìVS~3^1~‘ n ~'08AYS 'Áι'5。그51^

g
5: 잉
~
g
응s;
응
g
APPEND!X 8

SQNO:J3S
응
guSE<

응 용
vs--eat
‘.;;i，ig‘E:gi--응gslgE으a it를
: J-i g -·ε
a gagiI~ @c;··h

----b
응g i- -§-s
응

;ixg
i‘‘「“gι”

t g--gcis
bpE>ga
(ilRa;·;ε i。‘ ‘ε

g3ai SEg-=I -ii?

--&ie

옹용응용§용응
mc:B

ij
r----ξ;uQ
-。
~5&

it-a
-응E;---es 으 Q 。ig
1j 5υ53

aEg
a E aig

=5 ”&
(

υEaEEg qε 。a
tl。ζJ

3
ut--Ea--s;

@
;u Q s:;a
s>
cgug--‘。ν
t1Stg

@
。，ι

” ”-5-sEEE
i잉t --￡」

S
Q
-@c;‘。u νi:。ξ r。

@ :‘
￡g

:nsg-E
g
￡
5 p3
i￡
-ε --∞‘
”，ι‘
gsaeEliι;。잉;

;-jS
ti
。cj ι

;
t@)a
;
‘:ι53g-q〕 Fτ ι

}[} -- 5
3
@;〉그니

c3gi

•
@ -g‘‘>
」ι 」li:agg-〉

-g
1。:。-

a
r-

05ig

g-;-F8
-。sis-ι ιc“IP

>iS
Cτ

” E3
、

]g
1gj
。i:sr;。uι;

”:
a」aE3 ig-。Q‘

SE
:

§
。c;ttsι1 -ιL〔

u
;。g-〉 υ;:

>

<
}。

““
j
f

올
。ω。。;‘-
m〉 」u
〈--‘‘。 〈m
”a-〕
〉〉-←
-」ι@ ∞←a‘Iυ
그∞〉‘””

g
=1”
。 n←Q그。。a흐 。ι
g그ω」。a←ω -그。-
m」。ι
-5--ι

rr며
호ω
g←，〉 ←〕띠-。
-n。 〉α〈디Z〈←
-m←띠‘〈
흐

Jl
m뉴@〈Zω
um그」〈@ω

g-g-
““서( ”υ서”“”

Z<g~;i<
gR--*

()E
” --N

Z‘azi‘
a증

g
g--(

S
둥

z---

g
g

z
--]Z

{
”〕ιεa‘--…t-←--‘“‘--“←
…}Z〈α잉
〉띠 디ω。。〈 여그--ι」ωu 잉-잉읍 잉용잉〕a‘응긍를〕톨얻
8 -6 이ωωπ잉ω디 z-mωπ그 ←〈αωaEω←

덩
。

。
。

。
‘
r、

”
a

r
;
g

[
[
CRANE APPENDJX 8 - ENG NEERING DATA’ B ~7

Equivalents of Degrees API , Degrees Baumé,

Specific Gravity and Density

at 60F/60F (1 5.6 CJ15.6 c)

Degrees V a1 ues for API Scale V허ues for Baumé S ca1 e

on
APl Oil Liquîds Ugh. ter than Water ‘
Liquids Hea'에er han Water
or
Baumé
Scale ‘
SGpteacnftiyI Dkge/Ilm8l3ty
강a꺼4 Dkge/nm외3ty SGj1gavitftty E앵
%1/ImSlt3y

S p S p S p

o 1. 0000 998.9
2 1. 0140 1013.0
4 ... 1. 0284 1027.4
6 1.0432 1042.2
8 1. 0584 105 7.4
10 1.0000 998.9 1.0000 998.9 1. 0741 1073.1
12 0 ‘ 9861 985.1 0 ‘ 9859 985.0 I. ID02 1089.1
14 0.9725 97 1.5 0‘ 9722 97 1. 2 1.1 069 1l 05.8
16 0.9593 958.4 0.9589 957.9 1.1 240 \1 22.9
18 0.9465 945.6 0‘ 9459 944.9 1.1 417 \1 40.5

20 0.9340 933.1 0.9333 932.3 1.1 600 \1 58.8

22 0 ‘ 9218 927.0 0.92 \1 920.1 1.1 789 \1 77. J
24 0.9100 909. 。 0‘ 9091 908.2 1.1 983 \1 97.1
26 0.8984 897.5 0.8974 896.6 1.2 185 1217.2
28 0.8871 886.1 0.8861 885‘ Z 1. 2393 1238.1
30 0.8762 875 ‘ 3 0.8750 874.1 1.2609 1259.7
32 0.8654 864.5 0.8642 863 .4 l ‘ 2832 1282.0
34 0.8550 854 ‘ l 0.8537 852.8 1.3 063 1305.0
36 0.8448 844‘ 0 0‘ 8434 842.6 1.3 303 1328.9
38 0.8348 833.9 0.8333 832.5 1.3 55 1353.7
40 0.8251 824.3 0.8235 822.7 1.3810
‘ 1379.7
42 0.8155 814.7 0.8140 813‘ l 1.4 078 1406.4
44 0.8063 805.4 0.8046 803.8 1.4356 1434.1
46 0.7912 796 .4 0.7955 794.7 1.4646 1463‘ 1
48 0 ‘ 7883 787.5 0.7865 785.7 1.4948 1493.2
50 0.7796 778.8 0 ‘ 7778 777.1 1.5 263 1524.8
52 0.77 \1 770.3 0.7692 768 .4 1.5 591 1557.5
54 0 ‘ 7628 761.0 0.7609 760.1 1.5934 159 1. 8
56 0.7547 754.0 0.7527 75 1.9 1.6292 1627.5
58 0.7467 746.0 0.7447 743.9 1.6667 1665.0
60 0.7389 738.1 0.7368 736.1 1. 7059 1704.2
62 0.7313 730.6 0.7292 728.5 1. 7470 1745.2
64 0.7238 723 ‘ i 0.7216 720.8 1. 7901 1788.3
66 0.7165 715.7 0.7143 713.6 1.8354 1833.5
68 0 ‘ 7ID3 708.5 0‘ 7071 706.4 1. 8831 188 1.2
70 0.7022 70 1.5 0.7000 699 .4 1. 9333 1931 .4
72 0.6953 694.6 0.6931 692.3
74 0.6886 687.8 0.6863 685.6
76 0.6819 68 1.3 0.679& 678.9 “
78 0.6754 674.7 0.6731 672.5
80 0.6690 668.3 0.6667 666‘ 0
82 0.6628 662.0 0.6604 659.8
84 0.6566 656.0 0.6542 653‘ 6
86 0 ‘ 6506 649 ‘ 9 0.6482 647.5
88 0.6446 643.9 0.6422 64 1.5

90 0 ‘ 6388 638.2 0.6364 635.8

92 0.6331 632 .4 0.6306 630.0
94 0.6275 626.8 0.6250 624 .4
96 0.6220 62 1.4 0.6195 618.8
98 0.6166 615.9 0.6140 613.3
100 0.6 \1 2 610.6 0.6087 608.1

kilo ~ams per litre (k:링 lître) divide density in kgjm Z! by 10 3

‘ For fonnulas , see
TO obtaîn densìty ìn

ρ age }.3
6-8 ’
APPENDIX B - ENG NEERING DATA CRANE

INTERNATIQNAL SYSTEM
OF UNITS (SI)

The name Système Intemational d’ Unités (l ntemational System of Units) ,

with abbreviation SI , was adopted by the 11 th General Conference of ‘1I'eights
and Measures in 1960
This system includes three classes of units
(1) base unîts
(2) supplementary units
(3) derived units
Together these form the coherent system of SI unì !s

BASE UNITS Quantity Name Symbol

Jength metre m
mass kílogram kg
time second s
electric current ampere A
thermodynamìc temperature kelvin K
Iuminous intensíty candela cd
amount of substance mole mol

SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS Quantity Name Symbol

Plain Angle radian rad
Solìd Angle steradian sr

DERIVED UNITS Quantity Name Symbol Eq uiv따 ents

frequency hertz Hz I Hz = I cycle/s

force newton N I N = 1 kgfm/s'
pressure and stress pascal Pa 1 Pa = 1 N/m'
work , energy , quantity
of heat jouJe J IJ =INm
power watt w 1 W = 1 11s
‘
quantity of e ectricíty
electric potentíal, potent찌l
coulomb C IC =lAs

difference , tenslon.
앙ectromotive force volt v 1 V = I W/A
electric capacitance farad F lP=IAs!v
electric resistance 。hm g líl=IV/A
electric conductance Slemens s 1S = 1 잉 1
flux of magnetîc
înductíon , magnetîc
flux weber 、~ö !Wb =lVs
magnetic flux density?
magnetíc induction tesla T 1 T ~! Wb /m'
inductance henry H 1 H = 1 V s/A
‘umínous flux lumen 1m llm=lcdsr
illumination ‘
ux lx Ilx = 1 lm/m'
CRANE APPENDIX B • ’
ENGINEER NG DATA B-9

‘
INTERNAT ONALSYSTEM
OFUNITS (S1l (Corìt’ dl

Certain units whlch .re outside the 81 system but have intemational recognition EXCEPTIONS
and use , will continue to be used. The most important ofthese are

TIME 1n addition to the second (s) the following units will 외so
continue in use
Narne Symbo1
nrinute rrrin
hour h
day d
Other unîts such as week~ ruonth and year will a1so
continue in USe

PLANE ANGLE:
1n addítion to the radian (rad) the foJJowing units will continue to be used ‘
뺑빼앉

Narne Symbo1
R
m
사뻐

TEMPERATURE;
1n addition to the kelvin (K)', whlch re1ates to the absolute or thermodynarnic
sc떠e ， customary temperatures wlll be measured in degrees Celsius (, C),
formerly called centigrade. Th e degree lntervals on the Kelvìn and Celsius
scales are identica1, but , whereas 0 Kelvin ìs absolute zero , 0 degrees Celsius ìs
the temperature of meltlng ice ‘

Factor DECTh‘ AL MULTIPLES AND

T SU B-MULTIPLES OF SI UNITS
10 1'l tera G - PREFIXES;
10' glga M
10' mega k
10' kilo h
10' hecto
따

10 deca d
10" deci
10" c
centì
10" n피li
m
μ

10 녕 IDICro
10" nano
n
10~l !l
plCO
pf
10~15 femto
10~ts
a
atto
When a prefix is added to a unit it’ s considered to be combined with that unít ,
forming a new unit symbol whlch can be raised to a posìtive or negative power
and whlch can be comblned with other unít symbols to form compound units
When a combined prefix and symbol is raised to a positive (or negative) power
they must be considered as one whole índividual unit and not as separate
entities

Primary units are spaced apart , WRIITEN USE OF SYMBOLS

e.g Nm (newton metre) AND PREFIXES
kW h (kilowatt hour)
Pref1Xes are placed immediately adjacent to the unit
e.g MN (meganewton)
kI (kì1 ojonie)
8 - 10 APPENDIX B • ENGINEERING DATA CRANE

Conversíon Equivalents

Th e conversion equiv잉ents given on 뻐s page and pages B- Jl , B • 12 , are based

gener외Iy on British Standard 350: Part 1 : 1974. ln some c.ses the degree of rounding
has been adjusted to an extent considered to be of va1ue to a pr.ctic잉 engìneer.

míllimetre centìmetre metre ïnch foot yy앙dd length

mm cm m m H
I 0.001
O6α0O29l3O7l689l
0.1 0.0394 0.0033
10 l 0.01 0 .3 937 0.0328
1000 100 I 39.3701 3.2808 0001• •
25.4 2.5 4 0.0254 l 0.0833
304.8 30.48 00••39@14484 12 1 0.3333
914.4 9 1.44 36 3 l
J küometre::: 1000 metres::: 0.62137 miles
‘
1m le = 1609.34 metres = 1.6 0934 küometres

m silqlullngIeeae metre square)Jκh

Area
ceIgIdJuI1g1eIehe squ앓e 찍Uigfiξ foot 찍uayrdeiyEd
mm' m' in'
cm'
l 0.01 10 …6 1.55 X 10-3 X‘ 076 x 1 밍.， 1.196 X 10- 6
100 l 10• 0.155 1.076 x 10" 1. 196 x 10"
10‘ 10000 l 1550 10.764 1.196
645.16 6.4516 6.4 52 x 10 ‘ 4 l 6.944 x 10" 7.716 X 10-4
92903 929.03 0.093 144 0.111
836 127 836 1.27 0.836 1296 9 I

cuhic cubic cubicmiehe cublC3lIlch cubic foot VoJume

m il1imetre centimetre cubyicd3yard
m 띠 ft'
mm' αn'
l 0.001 10" 6.1 X 10- 5 3.531 x 10" 1. 3앙8 X 10- 9
1000 1 10'‘ 0.061 I 3.531 x 10" I 1.308 x 10"
10' 10‘ l
16387 16 .3 9 1.639 x 10 ‘ 1 I 5.787 X 10- 4. l 2.143 x 10 ‘ S
2‘ 83 강 X 10 7 2.832 x 10‘ 0.0283 1728 0.0370
7.646 x 10' 7.646 X 10 5 0.7646 46 656 27 1

cubic metre litre millilitre UU.K.K.g-aglaloJn UU.S••S@.%lloln cubifct3foot lìquid

m' ml Measure
1000 10' 220 264.2 35.3147
‘
IO0.•001 l
0.001
1000
4546
I
0.22
2.2 X 10- 4
l
2.642 x0.I2O6442
0.0353
3.53 X 10-$
0.0여 55 4.546 1.201 0.1605
0.00378 3‘ 785 3785 0.8327 1 0.1337
0.0283 28.317 28317 6.2288 7.4805 i

1 U.S.B야r하 =42 U.S.2• - - " ‘

llitre :;:: 10~ mrn 3 = 10r cm 3 or~l cubìc de여met:re (1 dm 3)
Ilitre; 1.76 U.K. pints; 2.113 U.S.yints
U.K. gal10n 뻐d U.K. pint 외 50 c~띠어 fmperial 명Ho nand Imperi외 pint
CRANE APPEND1X B - ENGINEERING DATA B -11

Conversion Equivalents -continued

foot metre foot kilometre mile V 리 ocity

per second
m/s
per second
ft!s
per mmute
ß1 /min
per minute
ft/min
pekrnhuolulr “
pmer heo/hur
3.281 60 196.85 3.6 2.2369
0.3 05 1 18.288 60 1.0973 0.6818
0.017 0 ‘ 055 1 3.281 0 ‘ 06 0.0373
0.005 0.017 0 .3 05 l 0.0183 0.01136
0.278 0.911 16.667 54.68 l 0.6214
0.4 47 1.467 26.822 88 1.6093 l

kilokggr잉n hundredweight tonne U.K‘ ton U.S‘ ton Mass

cwt i ‘
sh On
l 0.0197 0.001 9.84 X 10- 4 O.OO l1
0.4 54 0.0089 4.54 x 1 양" 4.46 X 1O ~4 5.0 X 10- 4
50.802 112 I 0.0508 0‘ 05 0.056
1000 2204.6 19.684 l 0.9842 1.‘ 023
IOI6 2240 20 1. 0161 1.11
907.2 2000 17 ‘ 857 0.9072 0.8929 l

kìl앵Jam pound pound U K.tomllnlh/!lour !l tonne Mass Flow

kpielrog
hoaunr1 1;
per second per second per hour ton/h t/h Rate
kgis Ib!s kg/h Iblh
2 ‘ 205
0.4 54 l 1633 3600 1.607 1.633
2.78x 10- 4 6.12 x 10 ‘ 2.205 9.84 x 10" 0.001

U 폈 82
10-
4
2.78 x 10-' 0.4 54 1 4 .4 6 x 10"' .54 X 10- 4
0.622 1016 2240 1. 016
78 0.612 1000 2204 ‘ 6 0.9842 l

cubic metre I cu bic foot cubìc foot ! U.K. ga1lon IU.S.g잉 lon IU.5‘ hau잉 Volumetric
per I)our ! per þ'our per !'1 inutej per mìn.ute !perm셰이e I _J~e! day Rate of FJow
m 잉111 “3간，1 ft'lmin iù.K.gallm in/U5g 따 mîn I US barrel/d
3.6
0ι1.06
! 127.133
2.니.1189
I 35 .3 147
ι1189 ! 13.2
。1.0353 I
0.5886 I 3.666
0.22 ‘
! 15.85
.264
4 .4 03
0.0283 0.0167 I 0.104 0.125
1.6990 ! 60 6.229 I 7.4 80
α2728 9.6326 α1605 I I 1. 201
0.2271 8.0209 α1337 ! 0.833 ! 1
0.0066 0.2339 0.0039 0.024! 0.029

Jcii 앵ram
newton

1
N
kilonewton

0.001
kN kgf
force* 1 pound force

0‘ 102
bf
0α115
‘ Force

1000 101.97 ! 224.81

9.807! 0.0098 1 2.205
4 ‘448 0.0044 0.4 54
*The kil앵ram force is sometimes called the kilopond (kp)
B- • 2 APPENDIX B • ENGINEER NG DATA ’ CRANE

Conversion Equiva ents - continued ’

‘
Pressure and L quid Head

ItO2rIeIeιe ‘f!j ppoelurbinnf찍d/clufloxjrcee

newton foot of
hI
millibar bar metre of m 쳤 limetre of inch of
per squ압e (I 0'N/m') ’
(1 0 N/m') kllcpoekegnrgtfasl/nqicn1umea water water merCUIγ mercury
mN/emtI1e
mbar bar ft H 20 m 션， 0 mmHg in 씹옳
1. 45 , 10
,
0.01 10- X 02x 10- 5 ‘4 3.3 X 10- 4 1. 02 X 10- 4 0.0075 2.95 X 10- 4
‘ 3
100 0 ‘ 001 1.02 X 10- 0.0145 0.033 0.0102 0.75 0.029
10' 1000 l 1. 02 14.5 33 .4 55 10.2 750.1 29.53
98067 980.7 0.981 14.22 32.808 10.0 735.6 28.96
6895 68.95 0.069 0.0703 ! 0 j 5lJl 2. 036
2989 29.89 0.03 0.0305 0.4 33 O 1 22 .4 2 0.883
9807 98.07 0.098 0.1 1.42 23OlL.j32l043a537 l.73O3400I4535 { 73.55 2.896
133.3 1. 333 0.0013 0.0014 0.019 0 { 0.039
3386 33.86 0.0338 0.0345 0‘ 491 0 t 25 .4

Th e specia1 narne ‘ pascal ’ (symbol Pa) has been given to the unit N/m~ (1 Pa::: 1 Njm 1 ) ‘
1 mm Hg 18 a1 so known by the name ‘ torr'.
The international standard atmosphere (l atm) = 101 325 pasc a1s or 1.013 25 bar. ThÎs Ìs equ 이 to l.fU3 23 kgf/cmη or 4.6959Ibfiìn:
The technical (metric) atmo s.phere (l at) = 1 kgf/cm 2 or 0.980 66 bar. Tttis 1S equ a1 to 14.2233 bfjîn 1‘
Th e convention a1 reference conditions known as ‘ standard tempeTature and pre.s sure’ (stp) are: 1. 01325 bar at O"C::: 14.6959 Ibf!ì n 7 ‘ ‘
‘
a 0γ c
The s andard reference cond tions (st) for gas are ι013 25 bar at 15 C and dry ‘ as defined by the ntemational Gas L' nion. These
0

‘ ‘
may a1so be referred to as Metric Standard Conditions (MSC). ‘

joute kìi 이 oule megajoule foot pound British henn kilowatt Energy , Work ,
force 삼lermal unit hour
J
‘ k h
H.at
kJ MJ ft Ibf B.t.u ‘
‘rV
9 .4 8 x 10 ‘ 4 9.4 8 x 10 ‘ 9 2.78
, 10
， 샤

,,
0.001 §양→ 0.737
1000 l 0.9478 9.4 8 10-‘ 2.78 10 ‘4
10‘ 1000 737562 947.82 9.48 10 ‘ 3 0.2776
1.356 1.36 X 10- 3 1.36 x 10-' I 1.18 X 10- 3
1.05x 10 3 j 10-;; 2‘ 931xl0-4
•
1055.1 1. 0551 778.17 !
1. 0551 X 10 8 29.307
,
3.6 10‘
105510
3600
105.51
3.6
7.78x 10'
1.65 x 10 6
100 000
3412.1 0 ‘ 03412

1 jouJe = 1 newton metre

‘'Ý3tt kilogram force !

metrε pe ,
metnc
horsepower
foot pound
force per
horsepower
{p
。 wer

v
second
앨띤 1 ，
second
ft Ibf/ , hp
l‘ 0.102 0.00136 0.138 0.0013
9.806 l 0.0133 7.233 0.0131
735.5 15 l 542 ‘ 476 0.9863
J.356 0.138 1.84 x 10 3 •
1.81 X 10- 3
745.70 16.04 1. 0139 550‘ 0 l

1 watt = 1 joule per sec::: 1 ne on metre per sec.

In Germany it is
“‘
Th e metric~horsèpower is c a1‘ 1~~ ‘ che、떠 vapeur' (ch) or (CV) in France
called the pferdestärke (PSJ
’
‘

Density. 1 g/cm 3 = 1000 k잉 m3 z: 0.03611bJin3

I kg/m' = 0.001 밑 cm 3 ::: 0.0624 Ib/ft 3

Specific Volume. 1 cm 3 !g.::: 0.001 m3 !k.g::; 27 ‘ 68 În 3 1l b

m 3 /kg z: lOOOcmJjg= 16. 。‘ 85 ft'/Ib
‘
CRANE APPENDIX B ENG!NEER!NG DATA

Fl ow of Water Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe

Pressure Drop per 100 meUes and Velocî in Schedule 40 Pîpe for Water at 15 C
Veloι 까잉ζ !Vεloç- 후;꿇n강oc- 쿠표짚π강깅강r下깅짚: V하끊:-p굶표기'Veloc→
ity
Metre
Drop 1 ity Drop I
‘
ity Drop 1 ity Drop ity DrQP I ity
! Metres ! Metrcs 1 Metres Metres I Metr.es
Press.
Drop ‘
1 Veloc- Pre ss.

1 Me
ity Drop
‘'"
γ깅강:-p호꿇;
ity
Metres
Drop

pcr per per per per per per pot

Seιond har.s I Se cond bars 1 Second bars 1 Second bars Second bars ! S-econd bars I Second bars SCcond bafS

!/8 lj4/1 3매" I

…@%%?아 뼈뼈댐……떠

1/2" 3/4“
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s 0259u 0 2 s oi 7
0 5o o6 0
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z
0.272 0.136

5
l2
9
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2s
09
3 8 ‘ 0.407
0.543
0.29
0 .4 8
0o ‘ zl7sOs
0.340
OOO494l O l44
0 151 I 0.192
0 ‘ oa387
0.038 j 0.120 Û‘0
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」

0.679 0.70 o 42S O 223 0 24l 0%o O iSO

l il/4 “
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6s 23
76S? a % l2Z3 47%

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1 pn%
i2 1. 09 1. 69 ‘ 680
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• - - • • ( - -

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‘
= 000 litres
’
{<'I)t ρns.，'IHf' Jrop ond ν eloCi ty for pipe olh ε'r than Schedule 40 and ο ther th{m 100 metres iong , sεε ε xplanafiotls on page B-15
B- 14 Þ..PPENDIX B • ENGINEERI 이 G DATA CRANE

Flow of A ‘ r Through Schedule 40 Stee Pipe ’

FreqerηAir
F§rOeOss§ili:reetfIe
] IsOoPf of Ah
10 Bars per 100 Metres of Sc hedule 40 Pipe
Cubic Metres
per j써 lßute
at15Cand For Air at 7 bar gauge pres -s ure and 15 C Temperature
1. 013 bar abs

I뼈” 1μ ’ r 1/2"
3/8 "

o ‘ 03 OO O
OOO3786 0.093 0.021 0.0045
0.06 0.337 0.072 0 ‘ 016 0.0051
OOO O9 0 ??l98 O0 lS4 0.033 0.011 키4 “
12 oOOoOOll!9l540Z .261 o ‘ 058 0(} .‘OQ;iZ g7 0?OI}{i?
!5 il 942
2 0 .4 05 0.087 ‘| ’

「 0.698 0-1496 0.047

용 o ‘ Oll 0 ‘ 0035
000 • 324 oo oo236507
S33
3 35?
.554 1. 57
2.71
0 , 31
U‘ 548
0.099
Q ‘ 170
I
I
0.024
0 ‘ 041
0‘
0.Ol2
gn
3 11‘ 14"
o o9 629
OO S6 0.0
0.075
4 ‘ 10
5.90
0.842
I ‘ 19 0‘;~;;
0.370 g.g~~
I 0.088 g.g~ ~
0.026 0n ‘ 0066
nCH.A ! 11h"
8.03 X‘ 62
0007890 OOO O8
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l OlI1l6 3 ‘ 26 0.991 ‘ 231 Q.067 0.0]7 t 0 ‘ Oû79
X‘ 25 o ‘ 58 4.99 1. 55 ! 0 ‘ 353 0.102 0.026! 0.012 '"
‘

1.5 0.190 7.20 2.19 I 0 .4 99 0.147 0 ‘ 036 1 0.017

2l 75 2 1;," 9.79 2.98 Qo ‘ 679 0 ‘ 196 0.047 j 0 ‘ 022 O9 OoOOoll8O24624sll
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I 1. 36
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0 ‘ 9?4 o i79 5
10 0.07강 0.023 o ‘ 011
0.028 0.014
i
li 1 0 ‘ 98s9 0 2?~ l7
1ll 390 O. lO 0.033 o ‘ 01δ 0.0085 i 8.67 2.02 ! 0.921
564l 736l o ‘ 039 0.019 O OO98 2 38 l O8
O4
0o 2 S
S92
3
ll243 OOlI3l8
l 779 0.045 0.022 0.011 2.76 I 1 ‘ 25
0.051 0.025 0 ‘ 013 ! 3.13 I 1. 44 0 393
3
15 1.8 0.158
o os68 0.028 o ‘ t}i568 3.S7 jib4
ZZ O425l2493 O l7O24O8 0.031 0oO0o 4s4o
5o88s3
2liil6
S
790 OO l2 3 OO O
O72
S 0.035 oo ‘ 9oz2Il 5" 1 44.4
o449l
9 1 2l ‘ 85
07
22 7062 0.039 o ! 5.01 I 2.31 6S68l
2.52S 00 26
2 76 o ‘ 043 oO oO 2 O OO?Z j 5 9 2 53

22
Z 783844?0l
0 ‘ 328
OOO IllO42768
0.052
O0OιOOO0Z43437273 0O
o O OO86
olO 꺼” 1i 796 96S
8l 433 07
6l
00l 891825
22246g
30
3333 ?02593
o0 4388
0.525
55
o ‘ 603
0.171
o ‘ 197
O
OOO67l1
0.082
0.094
‘j
0.049
12
Q0 , O I 4
‘ 016
0.OO54
0 ‘ 0061 f
9.2 ‘ 22
4.86
5<62
l 3sl53
1. 52

oQoo.{)Xg 6.39 ll ?943

0O09678876Z03 0.1l4O63l49486 .020 캉 .22
4444-2S
05O495468i O OO
OOO 0O
O?7856O2765 00
Q0 ..‘.{0OO] OO[O}g86?t987i 8.09
4333324680 O0
o0o 3212
342S8l22O6I 0.1 oz?2 z2 4l71
0.1 024
5 ‘ 057 0l O557 0.16 8 ‘ 027 Q ‘ Oll 2.67

56 632889Sl
l ‘ 33 0 4345 0.207 0.107 O00 O 434 o ‘ 013 8” 4336
5
2l 6S 0.53 0 2543 Oo l3
82 042 o ‘ 016
4S678Oo005 37 0 7O6S 0.36 188 , 059 0.023
O78 8SO
5
34 2232 1. 03 0 4939S
0.6
O0 Z 3S4
332
잉‘ 080
0.104
o Oo3l
0.040 잉ó:‘gooxo?? Ig ” 8.X
X ‘ 11 1. 35

2I 70 098098 0O 4lI83 OO l3O 0.051

56 3S49 10 0.992 ‘ 160 0.062 0.015 1 0.0050 1
Ii11ll ‘ 96
384 0.192 0.019 1 0.0060
i 1lOZ9l3OOOO0 20 54 1. 19 O O?95
23S6J473 i 97 4997 3.02 OO0 67S
823692i Q ‘ 08 0.02 효 O‘ 0071
l 462
3.55 1. 67 앙 .103 0.026 o ‘ 008 강
12"
4.12 X‘ 93 X‘ 00 0 308 Q‘ 120 0.00 당 5
li7g79O f{ o깐 .034
o0239s9

§§?찍
2ii4O 0.011
OSO
2305000
235 269 68
37l 3I
4.73
ßA
’2.;‘’‘1ι
3 ‘ 94
6.16
8.B8
‘
23! ‘O5l ?3s
4.56
6353
I 0 ‘ 28
0l 49「05
o ‘ 138
0;2.4 3
0.378
0.540
o ‘ 059
0 ‘ 090
0.129
0.01α9/
o oz4
0.041

3SOO ι*4.259 6 ‘ 21 J. 9D o ‘ 735 0.174

§‘ II 0 , 960
댐

23 48
44SO 0O so63 8s 14 1. 215 0.286 0.091
36 2Jl까 3 ‘ 88 l SSO 04 352 0.112
。0 055
에

댐 많

s55 o0 0 .4 24 o ‘]3 4
4 ‘ 69 1. 82
…
깨

69.5
o l
π잉

κK

” S s8 O m 0 l
때

“ 2 l6
…
뼈

m 2 s4
야댄긴앙

0 l O
댐

O
)

6 55
o
짧띠

% % 7 6C 2 94 0 2 O
% % 8 72 3 3S o 0 2 O m j
o
%잊

j
} mi 3 84
4 34 l
0 2
0 3
O
O
j
- U 5
jj

For calculation ‘ f Oí pìpe other th3n Schedulc 40 an 이 other than 100 αetre$ lünε and for o t.her tempcratureιpressure
‘
:;ond tiùTIS , sce facìng pagc
CRANE APPENDIX B - ENGINEERING DATA B -15

Flow of Water through Schedu e ’ 40 ‘Stee Pipe ,

continued from page B - 13

P ，웅;su re
。，ther
‘
Drop for engths of pipe
than 100 metras
Pressure Orop and Val oc: ity 10r
ptpe othBr than Sc hed l,l ie 40

‘
For engths of pipe other than 100
metres the pressure drop is propor.
To determîne the velocity 01 pressure
drop of water through pÎpe other
tion a1 to the length. Thus , fOI 50 than Schedule 40 , use the followìng
metres of pipe , 상le pressure drop is
approximately one.-b.alf the value
formu 1a s
/ 、

gìven in the table ... for 300 metres ‘ I d. ‘

γ~:= 'tι ‘ I-=-
three times the given va1 ue , etc. \ d ,
\ /

ÁP. = ð.μ。 I 작g
a “
ubscript “ "a" refers to 1
of pipe through which velocity or
‘
Veloc ty ‘
pressure drop s desired
V잉。디 ty is a function of the CIOSS Subsζnpt “ 40" rcfers to the velocìty
sectional flow area; thus , ìt isconstant or preSSUte drop through Schedule 40
for a given fl。、N rate and is îndep- pipe , as gíven in the tables on page
pendent of pipe length D.13

Flow of Air through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe ,

continued from facing page

Pressure Drop for lengths of pipe

。ther than 100 metres
Pressure Drop through pÎpe other
th a. n Sc hedule 40
‘
F ow Rate of compr훌훌d &Î r at
tBmperat Ll re and pressurø other th il:n
Metric Stendard Condition‘ (MSC)
For lengths of pipe other than 100 To determìne the pressure drop
meires the pressure drop 1S propor~ through pipe othcr than Schedule 40 , The cubîc metres per minute of com-
tional to the leng1h. Thus , for 50 use the following formula prcssed a1r at 잉ly press Ll re 15 inversely
metres of pipe , the pressure drop is proportio na1 to the absolute pressure
approximately one-half the va1ue l 서 ‘ s
and directly proportiona1 to the absQ~
given in the table + for 300 metres
• •
A p.= Áp" 1각이 lute temperatuIι
three tim es th e gi‘ en va1 ue , etc ‘ “, I
To detennme the cubic metres per
The pressure drop is a 1.so inver s.e Jy Subscript “ a" refers to thc Schedule minute of compressed air at any tem-
proportion띠 to the absolute preS 5U re of pipe through which pressure drop perature 잉ld pressure other th잉1
and dìrectly proportion a1 to the ab:so~
lute t잉nperature
‘s desÌIed standard conditions (MSC), mu1tiply
the v a1ue of cubic mctres per minute
Subscript “ 40" refers to the presSUfe of free air by thc ratio
Therefore , to deterrnine the pressure drop through Schedule 40 pipe , as
drop for inlet or average pressures
other than 7 bar and at temperatures
other than 15 C, multiply thε va1 ues
given in the table by the rati。
glVεn ìn the table on facing page fi막.L \
\1. 013 + P ’‘ I 김효소」니
288 !

‘
I 7 + 1. 013 \
‘
p+ l. 013!
1273 + t
‘---‘
\ 288
‘!
where
갱" is the inlet or average gauge pres~
sure in bars, and ,
“ t" ‘
s thB temperature in degrees
Celsîus under consideration
8 -16 APPENDIX B - ENGINEERING DATA CRANE

Commercial Steel Pipe

8ased On ANSI 836.10: 1970 and BS 1600: Part 2: 1970
Schedule Wall Thicknesses

Nominal Outside Th ick. lnside f에 omìnal Outsjde Thick. lnside

RSipzee
Di 잉n‘
eter
ness Diameter RSipzee
Diam.
eter
ne ‘ S Diameter

lnches rnrn rnrn mm Inches mrn rnm rnrn

101.6
::: 14
16
355.6
406.4
6.35
6.35
342‘ 9
393.7
31>
4 114.3
8‘ 08
8 .5 6
85‘4
97.2

영:i§g 18 457.2 6.35 444.5 5 14 1.3 9.52 122.3

ζsi
20 508.。 6.35 495.3 6 168.3 10.97 146.4
24
30
609‘ 6
762.0
6.35
7.92
596.9
746.2
∞
>
8
10
219.
273.0
‘ 12.70
15.09
193‘ 7
242.8
8 219.1 6.35 206.4 어
12 323 ‘ 9 17.47 289.0

등i경~
10 273.0 6.35 260.3 14 355 ‘ 6 19.05 317.5
g 12 323.9 6.35 31 1. 2
16 406.4 2 1.44 363 ‘ 5

c동i…응
355.6 7.92 339 ‘ 8 18 457.2 23.82 409.6
l l146 406.4 7.92 390‘ 6 20 508.。 26.19 455.6
18 457.2 7.92 44 1.4 24 609.6 30‘ 96 547.7
20 508.0 9.52 489.0 8
9.52 590.6 219 ‘ l 15.09 188.9
24 609.6 273.0 18.26 236.5
30 762.0 12.70 136.6 323.9 2 1.44 28 1.0
8 7.1닝 205.0 355.6
홍혀alX46
219.1 23 ‘ 82 308‘ 0
10 273.0 7.80 257 .4
8.38 301.1 406.4 26.19 354 ‘ 0

텅정ι:」성
323.9 18 451.2 29.36 398.5
355.6 9.52 336.6
|ll 11426
l 20 508.0 32.54 442.9
406.4 9.52 387.4 24 609.6 38.89 53 1.8
18 457.2 11. \3 434.9 4 114.3 1 1.\3 92.0
20 508.0 12.70 482.6 141.3
609.6 14.21 58 1. 1 5 12.70 115.9
24 6 168.3 14.21
30 762.0 15.88 730.2 \3 9‘ 8
ζfii‘ 8 219.1 18.26 182.6
10‘ 3 1.13 6.8 273.0 230.1
13.7 2.24 9.2 21 .44
응경
17.1 2.31 12.5 323.9 25 .4 0 273.1

’%’‘i
5 l ll42 355.6 27.19 300.。
2 1.3 2.77 15.8 406.4
26.7 2.87 2 1.0 tJ5 16 30.96 344.5
I 3.38 26.6 18 457.2 34.92 387 .4
33.4 508.0 38.10 43 1.8
I~ 42.2 3.56 35.1 20
24 609.6 46.02 517.6
l잉 48.3 3 ‘ 68 40‘ 9
3.91 52.5 8 219.1 20.62 177.9
2 60.3
-‘* 21>
3
73.0
88.9
5.16
5 .49
62.7
77.9
:‘i:r 10
12
273.0
323.9
25.40
28 .5 8
222.2
266‘ 7

검JV6iQ:iJ
14 355.6 3 1.75 292.1
31> 10 1.6 5.74 90.1 응

공ai
4 114.3 6.02 102.3 406.4 36.52 333 .4
128.2 }jjI 2Il68O4 457.2 39.69 377.8
5 141.3 6.55 508.0 44 .4 5 419.1
6 168.3 7.11 154.1
609.6 52.39 504.8
8 219 ‘ I 8.18 202.7 2 1.3 4.78 1 1. 7
10
12
213.0
323.9
9.27
10.31
254.5
303.3
333.3 1
’‘% 26.7
33 .4
5.56
6.35
15.6
20‘ 7
!4 355.6 11. \3 42.2 29.5
I~ 6.35
16 406 .4 12.70 381 ‘ 0
18
i 20
457.2
508.0
14.27
15.09
428.7
477.8 2l
2써
’‘ 48.3
60.3
73.0
7.14
8.74
9.52
34.0
42.8
54.0
24 609‘ 6 17.48 574.6 88.9
3 1 1.1 3 66.6
8 219.1 10.31 19 8.5 114.3 87.3
247.6 4 \3.4 9
:‘ :i
10
12
273.0
323.9
12.70
14.27 295.4
융
5
6
14ι3
*ι 。，
.0 t’
15.88 109.5
1'1 Q

‘4
16
355.6
406.4
15.09
16.64
325 .4
373.1
d; 8
19.05 419.1 10
18 457.2 12
20 508.0 20.62 466‘ 8
609.6 24.61 560.4 14
24
l생
2.4 1 T 5.5 16
10‘ 3 18
10.7 20 508‘ 50.01 408.0
3.20
-∞

24 609.6 59 ‘ 54 490.5
--:1gSQg 3.73 13.8
3.91 18.9
4 .5 5 24.3
4.85 32.5
5 ‘ 08 38.1
5.54 49.2
7.01 59‘ 0
7.62 73.7
CRANE APPEN Ol X B • ENG!NEER!NG DATA 8 -17

Commercíal Stee Pípe ‘

‘
Based on ANS 836.10: 1970 and BS 1600 : Part 2 ‘ 1970
s ‘ anda:rdW 따1 Pipe Exσ'3. Strong Pipe
Nomin a1 Outsìde Thic k-• Inside Nominal Outside Thick- lnside
Pipe D웰n- ness Diameter RSupee Diam- ne55 Dîameter
Size eter eter
In￡hes mm mm mm lnches mm mm mm
118 10.3 1. 73 6.8 ‘'. 10.3 2 .4 1 5 .5
3 ‘'. 13.7
17.1
2.24
1 .3 1
9.2
12.5 ”
3 /8
J3‘7
17.1
3‘ 02
3.20
7.7
10.7
'1,
';'
2 1.3
26.7
2.77
2.87
15.8
2 1.0
y,
%
2 1.3
26.7
3.73
3.91
‘3.8
18.9
33 .4 3.38 26.6 i 33 .4 4.55 24.3
H4 42.2 3,56! 35 ‘ l l~ 42.2 4.85 32.5
‘
2
l/z 48.3
60.3
3‘ 68
3‘ 91
40‘ 9
52.5
1%
2
48.3
60.3
5.08
5.54
38.1
49.2
2 J，스 73.0 5.16 62.7 2% 73.0 7 ‘ 01 59‘ 0
3 88.9 5.49 77‘ 9 3 88.9 7.62 73.7
3 Yí 10 1.6 5‘ Î4 90.1 3Y , 10 1.6 8.08 85 .4
4 114.3 6.02 102.3 4 114.3 8.56 97.2
j 5 I4L3 655 l28J 5 14 1.3 9.52 122.3
l 6 168.3 7.11 154 ‘ l 6 168.3 10.97 146.4
202.7 8 219.1 12.70 193.7
t 10 273.0 12.70 247.6
12 323.9 S I 9.52 I 3여 .9 12 323.9 12.70 298.5

Double Ex tra Strong Pì pe

Nomin a1 Outside Thick Inside
Di am‘ ncss Diameter
RSipzee eter
Inches mm mm mm
2 1.3 7.4 7 6.4

l잉
’‘
% 26.7
33.4
42.2
7.82
9.09
9.70
1 1.1
15.2
22.8
H~ 48.3 10.16 28.0
z 60.3 1 1.07 38.2
2 Yz 73.0 14.02 45.0
3 88.9 15 ‘ 24 58 .4
4 1l 4.3 17.12 80.1
5 14 1.3 19 ‘ 05 103.2
6 168 ‘ 3 2 1.95 124.4
8 219.1 22깅 j 174.7
!o 273.0 25 .4 0 222.2
12 323.9 25 .4 0 273.1
B - 18 ‘
APPENDIX B - ENG NEERING DATA CRANE

Staìnless Stee! Pìpe

Based on ANSI 836.19 1965 and BS 1600 : Part 2 : 1970

‘

Scbedule 5 S Schedule 10 S
Nom쇄 .1 Outside Thick ￥ mide 협 omin a1 Outside Thick In싫 de

FSiupge Diam* "ess Dîam앓 er Dìam • ness- Diameter

‘
e er
RSupee eter
Inches mm mm mm Inches mm mm mm
νi 2 1.3 1.65 18.0 '" 10.3 1. 24 7.8
l
깅4 26.7
33.4
‘.65
1.65
23 .4
30 ‘ l ’,.,
4
13.7
17.1
1.65
1. 65
10.4
13.8
1% 42.2 1.65 38.9 Vz 2 1. 3 2.11 17.1
I x
2
’ 48 .3
60 .3
1.65
‘.65
45.0
57.0 ’4
26 ‘ 7
33 .4
2.11
2.77
22.5
27.9
2 lh. 73.0 2.11 68.8 1 lf.; 42.2 2.77 36.7
3 88 ‘ 9 2.11 84.7
1lJ.: 48.3 2.77 42.8
3Yz 10 1.6 2.11 97‘ 4 2 60.3 2.77 54.8
4 114.3 2.11 110.1 2νl 73.0 3.05 66‘ 9
5 14 1.3 2.77 135.8 3 88 ‘ 9 3.05 82.8
6 168 .3 2.77 162.8
8 219‘ I 2.77 213.6 34 ’: 10 1.6
114.3
3.05
3.05
95.5
108.2
10 273.0 3‘ 40 266.2 5 14 1.3 3.40 134.5
12 323.9 3.96 316‘ 0 6 168.3 3 .4 0 16 1.S
8 219 ‘ I 3.76 211.6
10 273.0 4.19 264.6
12 323 ‘ 9 4.57 314‘ 8

Sc hedule 40 S

l'8 VaJ ues are the same , size for sìze , as those shown 00 page B ~ 17 for Standard Wall Pipe
‘12o

Schedule 80 S
llS Valu야 are the same , sîze for sìze , as those shown 00 page B - 17 for E.x tra Strong Pìpε
10
12
CAAN f. APPENQIX B - ENGINEERJNG DATA B -19

CDmmerciaî Steel Pipe

5elected from 150336. 1974 and BS 3600 : 1973

、()lml“‘ Out s.ide Thick • lnside Outsíde Thick. lnsîde

Diam ‘ n", Diamet‘" Diam- ne >.S Di따πeter
l ’.,’‘ PSllpzee
eter
cler
s’“
Indw_\ mm mm mm Inches mm mm ”‘n‘
10.2 1. 6 7.0 2 60.3 3.6 53.1
1. 8 6 ‘6 4.0 52 .3
2.0 6.2 4.5 5 1. 0
2.3 5 ,6 5‘ 0 50.3
135 1. 8 9,9 5 .4 49.5
2.0 9.5 5,6 49.1
2.3 8.9 5‘ 9 48‘ 5
8 ,3 6‘ 3 47.7
2.6 46 , 1
2.9 7, 7 7.1
8, 0 44 .3
•, 17.2 2,0
2.3
‘ 3, 2
12 , 6
8, 8
10 , 0
42.7
40‘ 3
2, 6 12.0 1 1. 0 38.3
2.9 I L4
3,2 10.8 2 ‘/‘ 76.1 5 ,0 66 , 1
5 .4 65.3
2 1. 3 2,6 16.1 5 ,6 64 ‘ 9
2.9 15 , 5 5, 9 64 , 3
3.2
3, 6
‘4 ,9
14 ‘ X
6 .3
7.1
63 , 5
6 1. 9
4.0 13.3 8.0 60 , 1
4.5 123 8.8 58.5
5 ,0 1 1.3 10.0 56.1
5 ,4 10.5 1 1. 0 54.l
4 26 、 9 2, 6 2 1. 7 12.5 51 ‘ i
2.9 2LI 14.2 47.7
3, 2 20 .5 3 88.9 5.4 78.1
3,6 19.7 5 ,6 77.7
4 ,0 18‘ 9 5,9 77.1
4.5 17.9 6,3 76.3
5 ,0 16‘ 9 7, 1 74.7
5 .4 16 , 1 8 ,0 72. 9
5.6 15 , 7 8 ,8 7 1. 3
5.9 15 , 1 10, 0 68 , 9
6 ,3 14.3 1 1. 0 66.9
7, 1 12 , 7 12 , 5 63.9
33.7 J ,2 27.3 14.2 60.5
26 , 5 16 , 0 56 , 9
3.6
ιo
4ζ5
25.7
24.7
3'/, ‘
10 6 5‘ 6
5, 9
90 .4
89.8
5.0 23 ‘ 7 6,3 89 , 0
5 .4 22 ‘ 9 7, 1 87 .4
1 ‘6 21 , 5 8, 0 85 , 6
5.9 2 1. 9 8, 8 84 , 0
6.3 2 1. 1 10 , 0 81 ‘ 6
7, 1 19.5 11. 0 79 , 6
8 ,0 17‘? 12‘ 5 76 ‘ 6
8, 8 16.1 IU 73 ‘ 2
1%. 42 .4 3.2 36 , 0 16 ‘ 0 69.6
3, 6 35.2 17 .5 66 ‘ 6
4 ,0 34 .4 4 114.3 5,6 103.1
4 .5
5, 0
33 ‘ 4
32 .4
5.9
6 .3
‘02.5
10 1.7
5 .4 31 ‘ 6 7.1 100 , 1
5, 6 3 1. 2 8.0 98.3
5, 9 30‘ 6 8.8 96 , 7
6, 3 29 , 8 .00 。“
7, 1 28 , 2
8 ,0 26 .4
8.8 24.8
lO .O 22‘ 4'
I '/l 48.3 3 .2 4 1. 9
3‘ 6 4 1. 1
4.0 40.3 , 139.7
4 .5 39 , 3
5.0 38 , 3
5 .4 37 ‘ 5
5.6 37.1
5, 9 36 .5
6,3 35.7
7, 1 3 혜 .1
8.0 32.3
8, 8 30‘ 7
10.0 28.3
20 , 0 9
‘ !'i ol mduded in BS 3600: 1973
CRANE

-------
8AAAO4

----!
44A44

··”
}8J4

A80

,..
Di amctcr

*
*
4*

.
‘
*
*

,‘
』 4Uoo600060 』』』』 』 48OAJJo6 』』』 bjnjon』』 AgJnAOM』 jj 』』 6O 』 oonM』onnw

i
i
OO
』
…m……………
44 4 00
…”……………생젠잉
y찌뼈때m낌…찌@씨……뼈
%……
…
…
α…”
”……
… …
…”…
… 쩌…뼈’뼈…뻐…뼈 에 ”m”m” …
lnsîde

-m
뼈뻐뼈없뼈m
뻐m …m
뼈Mmi …
mm…
MM m꺼 w m g m … ……
m…… …@갱생
m……?
…m…
% ” … “ 뼈……
j…m…M…
mn

m …
}Jl0800 52』
0갱뻐
5
MMO2
OM 3U뻐뼈
N mjJ 05M』2
M0M』M M 3J뻐
67 8 M』5Jn3M』J MN
』』 3ln 뼈M。잉J05MUNM
』m씨mmmNM
67

。 。 OO

6?
。。
mm

“ 88m ” ημ nm낀 n mηv애

mnm깅성왜
linu “ m“” mnxm찌%% sm u써“ ” ωrm
깅앙갱mnxm씨%%% 88m ”uμ“ ω2nLm”
mη” 3”ιιmsm
•

508.0
457<0

610‘ 0
406 .4
‘,
Diam

mm
c e
continued
APPENDIX B - ENGINEERING DATA

뼈빠
뼈싫-“

20
IE

24
‘‘ •
Stee p pe
Commercí하

• No in c1 uded in BS 3600 : 1973

323.9
273.0

355.6
219.1

10

12

J4
8

‘
B- 20
CRANE APPENDIX B • ENG!NEERING DATA 8-21

Power R멕uired for Pumping

l찌jntlernre.s 1l ‘”
1ne0'etic.l POwer lntokiDlolwffaetrtesn(tkH el8‘h。tsRaise Water {at 15 C)

Metres

2 I 4 I 6 I 8 I 10 12 I 14 I 16 I 18 I 20 I 25 I 30 I 35 I 40 45

20 ! 0.007 I 0.013 i i
0.020 I 0.026 0.033 I 0.039 I O.여610‘052 1 0.059 I 0.065 1 0.082 1 0‘ 098 I 0.114 1 0.131 10.147
40 11 0.013 I 0.026 1 0.039 1 0.052 I 0.065 I 0.078 10.091 1 0.105 1 0.118 I 0.131 I 0.163 I 0. 196 I 0. 229 I 0. 261 I 0.294
60 11 0.020 I 0‘ 039 I 0.059 1 0.078 I 0.098 1 0.118 1 0.137 1 0.157 I 0.176 1 0.196 1 0.245 1 0.294 1 0.343 1 0.392 1 0.441
80 11 0.026 I 0.052 I 0.078 I 0.105 I 0.131 ! 0‘ 157 I 0.183 I 0.209 I 0.235 1 0.261 1 0.327 1 0.392 1 0.4 57 1 0.523 1 0.588
0 ‘ 490 1 0.572 1 0.653 I 0‘ 735
120 U 0.0391 0.078 I 0.118 I 0.157 ! 0.196 I 0.235 I 0.274 i 0.314 ì 0. 353 1 0.392 1 0.4 901 0.588 J 0.686 J 0.784 10.882
140 11 0.046 I 0‘ 091 I 0.137 I 0.183 1 0.229 1 0.274 1 0 .3 201 0.366 1 0.412 1 0 .4 57 I 0 .5 72 1 0.686 1 0.800 1 0.915 I 1.029
160 11 0.052 I 0.105 I 0.157 I 0‘ 209 i 0.2611 0 .3 14 i 0.3661 0.418 ! 0.470 1 0‘ 523 1 0.653 1 0.784 I 0.915 ! 1.045 1 1. 176
180 11 0.059 I 0.118 1 0.176 1 0.235 1 0.294 I 0.353 I 0.412 1 0.470 1 0.529 I 0.588 I 0.735 I 0.882 1 1.029 1 1. 176 I 1.323
200 11 0.065 I 0.131 I 0.196 ι261 1 0. 327 I 0.392 I 0‘ 457 1 0‘ 523 1 0.588 I 0.653 1 0.817 I 0.980 1 1.143 I 1.307 I 1.4 70
250 \1 0.0821 0.1631 I
().245 0.3271 0.4081 0.4901 0.572 α653 I 0.735 1 0.817 I 1.021 I 1. 225 1 1.429 i 1.633 1 1.838
300 ‘ 0.098 I 0.1961 !
0.294 1 0.392 0.490 i ! 0.588 I 0.686 0.784 I 0.882 i 0.980 I 1. 225 I 1.4 70 i 1.715 I 1.960 I 2.205

~:~
4에 I ~.~~~ I ~.:2~ I ~.~~~ I ~.~:: I ~.5:: I ~.~~ I ~'~?<l l ?~~:
‘
0.131 0.261 1 0.392 1 0.523 1 0‘~~; I ö:;; I ö:~~~ I 여5
1 1.?:? 1 1
1 J.l 76 I 1.307 1 1.633 1 1.960 1 2.287 I 2.614 1 2.940
V
I ~.~~~ ~.4:~ I ~.:I~ :'?<l~ I :.2~71 :.::~
450 11 0.1471 0.2941 0.441 10.5 881 0.735 I 0.882 ! 1.0291 1.1 76 1 1.3 231 1.4701 1.838 I 2.205 I 2.573 1 2.940 ! 3.308
I i I
500 11 0.163 0.327 0.4 90 0‘ 653 I 0.817 I 0.980 I J.l 43 I 1.3 07 1 1 째 1.633 2.042 1 2.4 50 2. 859 1 3.26713.675 I I
600 ~ 0.196 I 0.3921 0 .5 88 1 0.7841 0.980 1 J.l 76 1 1.3 721 1.568 1 1.764 I 1.960 i 2.450 1 2.940 I 3.4 30 I 3.920
I 4 .4 10
7% OJ29 0.457 0-686 0.9l5 l.l43 1.372 l 6OI l.829 2.o58 2.287 1 2 859 3 ‘ 430 I 4.002 1 4.574 1 5.145
800 11 0.261 1 0‘ 5231 0.784 I 1.0451 1.3 07 1 1.568 1 1.829 I 2.091 I 2.352 1 2.614 I 3.267 1 3.9201 4.574 I 5.227 I 5.880
900 11 0.294 I 0.588 I 0.8821 1.176 I 1.4701 1.7641 2.0581 2 .3 521 2.646 1 2.940 I 3.675 1 4 .4 101 5.145 1 5.880 1 6.615
1000 11 0.3271 0.6531 0.9801 1.3 071 1.6331 1.9601 2.2871 2.614 1 2.940 1 3.267 i 4.084 i 4.900 I 5.717 i 6 .5 34 I 7.351
1250 11 0.4 081 0.8171 1. 225 1 1.633! 2.0421 2.4501 2 .8 591 3.267 1 3.675 1 4.084 1 5.105 1 6.125 1 7.1461 8.167 1 9.188
1500 11 0.4 90 I 0.9801 1.4 70 I 1.960 i 2.4501 2.9401 3 .4 30! 3.92014.4101 4.900 1 6.125 1 7.351 1 8.5761 9.801 11 1. 03
2()00 ‘
0.653 1 1.3 80l7O7 jl 1.960 1 2.6l4 {j 3.267 I 3.920 14.574 I 5.227 1 5.880 1 6.534 1 8 I67 1 9.801 111.43 113.07 114.70

Li tres Mehes

Mpienr‘ 50 I 55 I 60 I 70 I 80 I 90 I 100 I T L ___ -' __ ' D_ ... __ .. QHp .. Qp

Theoretical Power
:;: ,..:.:::..:-,... kilowatü ~~~r
20 11 0.163 1 0.180 i 0.196 1 0.229 1 0‘ 261 1 0.2941 0.3271 6116 x 10' 600
40 iI 0.327 1 0.359 1 0.392 1 0.457 1 0 .5 23 1 0‘ 588 0.653Power Demand (Brake P er) = I1leoretical PoweI
60 11 0.490 I 0.539 I 0.588 1 0.686 I 0.784 1 0β 82 1 0.980 1 ruwer LJt'mana ~tlraKe rower) :;;;: e
p

120
~~ I ~.~~: I ~.:~~ I ~.:~: I~.:~: I ~.~: I “~.~:~ I ~':?:I
100 11~ 0.980
0.817 1 0.898
1. 078 1
I 0.980
1.1 76 I1 1.3
1.1 43!
72 I 1.5 07 1 1.7641360
1.368 470! 1.6331
whe e , Z:
bn := F
11 :P nulpom
‘ wrp; I νI”
‘ hauteaeatdin1i;n”li1tr1rineA@st‘ r”pees 11/1{m3ute
140 11 1. 143 1 1.2581 1.3 72 1 1.601 1 1.829 1 2.058 I 2‘ 287 Pνru‘e1i1si1sipl lteeff
ei =P I Ulin4ci“be“anrcAigyUauiig“eEIiII
160 11 1. 307 I 1.437 I 1.568 I 1.8291 2. 0911 2.352! 2.614
Overall efficìency (e o) takes into account alllosses in
180 11 1.4701 1.617 ì 1.764 12.0581 2 .3 52 I 2.6461 2 ‘ 9401
the pump and driver
200 11 1.6331 1. 797! 1. 960 I 2.287! 2.614 I 2.9401 3.2671
250 I1 2.042 I 2.2461 2.4501 2.8591 3.2671 3.675 ! 4.0841 eo =- e p eD e '1'
300 II 2.4 50 1 2.695 1 2.940 i 3.430 i 3.920 1 4、4101 4.9001
350 !ì 2.859 i 3.144 ! 3ι430 4、.002 ‘ ‘ 4.574 1 5니 145 1 5.717
、‘!here:en= driver effìciency
e T= transmiss‘ on effidency
400 11 3.267 i 3.594 i 3.920 I 4 .5 74 I

’
450 11 3.675 1 4.043 1 4.4 10 ì 5.145
500 11 4.084 1 4.492 4.900 15.7171
‘ 5.227 J 5.880 I 6.534
5 ‘ 8801 6.615 1 7 .3 51
6.5341 7.3 511 8.167
ev volumetdc efficiency
actu a1 pump displacement (Q) (1 00)
ev(%) "" τrτ ←~ (Q)
theoretic a1 pu빼 disp1acement '^'
600 11 4.900 1 5.3901 5.880 1 6.861 1 7.841 1 8.821 1 9.801
700 11 5.717 1 6.2891 6.861 i 8.0041 9.147 니 0.29 11 1.43 Note: For fluids other 미 an water , multiply table
800 11 6.5341 7.1871 7.841 1 9.147110 .4 5 I1 L7 6 113 .07 v aJ ues by specific gravity. ln pumping lìquìds with a
900 11 7.351 i 8.0861 8.821 110.29 11 1.7 6 113 ‘ 23 114.70 ηscosìty considerably higher than that of water , the
pump capacìty and head are reduced. To c a1 culate the
1250 1110.21 1 1.23 112.25
1500 112.25 113 、48 114.70
’
1000 11 8.1671 8.9841 9.801 111.43
!14.29
117.15
113.07 녀 114、 70 116.33
116 .3 3 118.38 12 0.4 2
119.60 녕 2.05 124.50
power required for such fluids , pipe friction head
must be added to the elevatîon head to obtain the
2000 1116.33 117.97 119.60 122.87 126.14 129ν40 132.67 total head; thís value is jnserted in the first power
equation gìven above
Specη 'ic gravity ofwater pageA-6
Specific gravity 낀fiíqιLids other rhan w l1 ter pιgε A-7
B- 22 APPENDIX B • ENGINEERING DATA CRANE

TEMPERATURE CONVERSION

-460"" to 0 0 p. to 60 0 61 ll to290 0 300 0 to 8900 900 0 to 3000 0

-273
C
N
-460
F c
-17 .2
\
~\
l
F

33.8 16.1
x 61
F

14 1.8
c
149
X
300
310
F
572
590
C
482
488
x 900
910
1652
1670
g

-268 -4 50 -16.7 2 35.6 16 ‘ 7 62 143.6 154

-262 -4 40 -16.1 3 37 .4 17.2 63 145.4 160 320 608 493 920 1688
257 -4 30 -15.6 4 39.2 17.8 64 147‘ 2 166 330 626 499 930 1706
-251 -4 20 15.。 5 4 1.0 18.3 65 149.0 171 340 644 504 940 1724
-246 410 • 14.4 6 42.8 18.9 66 150.8 177 350 662 510 950 1742
-240 -4애 13.9 7 44.6 19.4 67 152.6 182 360 680 516 960 1760
-234 -390 -13.3 8 46.4 20‘ 0 68 154.4 188 370 698 521 970 1778
-229 -380 -12.8 9 48.2 20.6 69 156.2 193 380 716 527 980 1796
-223 -370 -12.2 10 50.0 2 I.l 70 158.0 199 390 734 532 990 18 J4
218 -360 -1 1.7 11 5 1.8 21.7 71 159.8 204 4애 752 538 1000 1832
-212 -350 I I.l 12 53.6 22.2 72 16 1.6 210 410 770 549 1020 1868
-207 -340 -10‘ 6 13 55.4 22.8 73 163.4 216 420 788 560 1040 19 여
-201 -330 -10.0 14 57.2 23.3 74 165.2 221 430 806 571 1060 1940
-196 -320 - 9.4 15 59.0 23.9 75 167.0 227 440 824 582 1080 1976
-190 -310 - 8.9 16 60.8 24.4 76 168.8 232 450 842 593 1100 2012
-184 -300 - 8.3 17 62.6 25.0 77 170.6 238 460 860 604 1120 2048
-179 -290 - 7.8 18 64 .4 25.6 78 172.4 243 470 878 616 1140' 2084
-173 -280 - 7 .2 19 66.2 26.1 79 174.2 249 480 896 627 1160 2120
-169 -273 -460 6.7 20 68.0 26.7 80 176.0 254 490 914 638 1180 2156
-168 -270 -4 54 - 6.1 21 69.8 27.2 81 177.8 260 500 932 649 1200 2192
-162 -260 436 - 5.6 22 7 1.6 27.8 82 179.6 266 510 950 660 1220 2228
-157 -250 -4 18 - 5.0 23 73 .4 28.3 83 18 1.4 271 520 %8 671 1240 2264
-151 -240 -4 00 - 4 .4 24 75.2 28.9 84 183.2 277 530 986 682 1260 2300
-146 230 -382 - 3.9 25 77. 0 29 .4 85 185.0 282 540 1004 693 1280 2336
-140 -220 -364 - 3.3 26 78.8 30.0 86 186.8 288 550 1022 7(껴 1300 2312
134 -210 •346 - 2.8 27 80.6 30.6 87 188.6 293 560 1040 732 1350 2462
-129 -200 -328 - 2.2 28 82.4 3 1. 1 88 190.4 299 570 1058 760 1400 2552
-123 -190 -310 - 1. 7 29 84.2 3 1. 7 89 192.2 304 580 1076 788 1450 2642
-118 -180 -292 -I.l 30 86.0 32.2 90 194.0 310 590 1094 816 1500 2732
-112 -170 -274 0.6 31 87.8 32.8 91 195.8 316 600 1112 843 1550 2822
-107 -160 -256 0.0 32 89‘ 6 33.3 92 197.6 321 610 1130 871 1600 2912
-101 -150 -238 0.6 33 9 1.4 33.9 93 199.4 327 620 1148 899 1650 3002
-% -140 -220 I.l 34 93.2 34 .4 94 20 1.2 332 630 1166 927 1700 3092
-90 -130 -202 1.7 35 95.0 35.0 95 203.0 338 640 1184 954 1750 3182
-84 -120 -184 2.2 36 96.8 } 35 6 96 2 여 .8 343 650 1202 982 1800 3272
- 79 -110 一 166 2.8 37 98.6 36.1 97 206 ‘ 6 349 660 1220 1010 1850 3362
- 73 -100 -148 3.3 38 100.4 36.7 98 208.4 354 670 1238 1038 1900 3452
- 68 90 •130 3.9 39 102.2 37.2 99 210.2 360 680 1256 1066 1950 3542
- 62 • 80 -112 4.4 40 lα4.0 37.8 100 212.0 366 690 1274 1093 2000 3632
- 57 • 70 - 94 5.0 41 105.8 43 110 230 371 700 1292 1121 2050 3722
- 51 60 - 76 5.6 42 107.6 49 120 248 377 710 1310 1149 2100 3812
46 - 50 - 58 6.1 43 109.4 54 130 266 382 720 1328 1177 2150 3902
• 40 - 40 40 6.7 44 11 1.2 60 140 284 388 730 1346 1204 2200 3992
- 34 30 - 22 7.2 45 113.0 I 66 150 302 393 740 1364 1232 2250 4082
- 29 20 - 4 7.8 46 114.8 71 160 320 399 750 1382 1260 2300 4172
-23 - 10 14 8 .3 47 116‘ 6 77 170 338 404 760 1400 1288 2350 4262
- 17.8 0 32 8‘9 48 118.4 82 180 356 410 770 1418 1316 2400 4352
9.4 49 120.2 88 190 374 416 780 1436 1343 2450 4442
10.0 50 122.0 93 200 392 421 790 1454 1371 2500 4532
10‘ 6
11.1
51
52
‘23.8
125.6
99
100
210
212
410
413.6
427
432
800
810
1472
1490
1399
1427
2550
2600
4622
4712
11.7 53 127.4 104 220 428 438 820 1508 1454 2650 4802
12.2 54 129.2 110 230 446 443 830 1526 1482 2700 4892
12.8 55 13 1.0 116 240 464 449 840 1544 ‘ 1510 2750 4982

‘3.3
13.9
56
57 134.6 I 127
250
260
482
500
454
460
850
860
1562
1580
1538
1566
2800
2850
2900
5072
5162
5252
14.4 58 136 .4 I 132 270 518 466 870 1598 1593
15.0 59 138.2 I 138 280 536 471 880 1616 1621 2950 5342
15.6 60 140.0 I 143 290 554 477 890 1634 1649 3000 5432
Locate temperaαre in mid d1e column. If in d연!'""s C앙.sius ， read F외"e띠，.;‘ equivalent
în ri영lt hand column; if in de얽es F메R빼eι read Cel혀us equivaJent ìn leCt hand colllmn.