Short Definitions:

 Observation- Anything that can be measured or observed is called an observation

 Data- Numbers or measurements that are collected as a result of an observation
 Population- A population is the set of all units in a particular study
 Sample- A sample is a subset of data selected from the population
 Parameter- is a value associated with a population
 Statistic- is a value computed from a sample
 Statistics- is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analysing and
interpreting data to assist in making more effective decisions
 Characteristics of Statistics-
o Aggregate of facts
o Numerically expressed
o Standard of accuracy
o Collected in a systematic manner
o Must be comparable to each other
 Variable- a quantity that keeps on changing
 Constant- a quantity that remains the same
 Quantitative Data- are observations measured on a numerical scale
 Qualitative Data- are observations that are non-numerical
 Discrete Data- Data whose possible values are countable
 Continuous Data- Data whose possible values are uncountable
 Primary Data- are those data which are collected for the first time and are
original in character
 Secondary Data- Are those data which are already collected and compiled by
another source.
 Mean- The mean of a set of data is found by adding up all the observations and
dividing by the total number of observations
 Weighted Mean- The mean for a set of data obtained by assigning each data
value a weight that reflects its relative importance within the set
 Grouped Data- Data available in class intervals and summarized in form of a
frequency distribution
 Class Limits- the smallest and largest values in any given class are its class limits
 Class Boundaries- The class boundaries are obtained by increasing the upper
class and decreasing the lower class limits by the same amount so that there are
no more gaps
 Class Width- is the difference between two consecutive lower class limits or
between the upper and lower class boundaries of any class
 Class Midpoint- the point in each class that is halfway between the lower and
upper class limits is called class midpoint.
Formulas
o How to Make a Frequency Distrubtion:
1. Find the range first
Range = Xm-Xo (m=maximum number/o= minimum number)
2. Number of Classes: (Represented By K)
K=1+3.22log(n) where n is the total number of units in the set
3. Class Interval: (represented by H)
H= Range/No of Classes
4. Class Boundary
5. Cumulative Frequency

Class Tally Frequency Class Cumulative

Boundary Frequency
(Only if (only if
question asks question asks
for it) for it)
Inclusive Classification: 55-57, 58-60, 61-62
Exclusive Classification: 55-57, 57-59, 59-61 (if one of the units is 57, then it is
excluded from the class 55-57 and put in class 57-59